i’) Fo P necessary for equilibs Resolving the forces on the rod along its axis, we get S04 500 = P+ 200 P=350kN (Ans) (if) Total elongation of the bar : Let &),, 8/, and &/, be the changes in lengths LM, MN and NP respectively. a ay = fh - 507 10001 __ 3.97 10-4 m increase (+) en, AE 600x 10° x 210 10" 3001000 x1 5.95 x 10m decrease (~) 2400 % 10% x 210 x10" — Ply _ 200100006 __ _ 4.76 x 10 m.....inerease (+) AXE 1200 x 10° x 210x 10” - Total elongation,/ = 8/, ~ 81, + 8/, = 3.97 x 107 - 5.95 x 104 +4.76 x 10% = 104 (3.97 — 5.95 + 4.76) = 2.78 x 104 m, or, 0.278 mm Hence, total elongation of the bar = 0.278 mm Ans.) Example 1.10. In Fig. 1.15 is shown a steel bar of cross-sectional area 250 mm? held firmly by the end supports and loaded by an axial force of 25 KN. Determine : Zz (i) Reactions at L and M. (ii) Extension of the left portion. E= 200 Gm. Solution. Refer to Pig. 1.15 (i) Reactions at L and M: & 0.25 m <— 0.6m ——> Ry As the bar is in equilibrium. Fig. 1.15 , R, + Ry = 25 KN i) Also, since total length of the bar remains unchanged, Extension in LN = contraction in MN R, x 0.25 _ Ry X0.6 AXE AXE R, x 0.25 = Ry x 0.6 Ry X06 60.25 Substituting the value of R, in (i), we get 24 Ry + Ry = 25 From which Ry = 7.353 KN (Ans.) _ R, = 257.353 = 17.647 KN (Ans.) ii) Elongation of left portion : = 24 Ry Elongation of left portion _ R025 17.647 x 108 x 0.2 250 x10 x 200x108 = 0,0000882 m = 0.0882 mm (Ans.)———————oer Example 1.11. A straight uniform bar AD is x clamped at both ends and loaded as shown in Fig. 1.16. Initially the bar is stress free. Determine the ~ stresses in all the three parts (AB, BC, CD) of the ~~ - bar ifthe cross-sectional area of bar is 1000 mm? Solution. Refer to Figs, 1.16 and 1.17 8 Let R, and R,,be the reactions atthe supports jg_S0mm_y.g_S00.mm _ yj 400mm yp Aand D respectively. For equilibrium of the bar AD, these reactions must act towards the left. Fig. 1.16 ] «Ae B woe? Ry “15-R, Rp —600mm—> 10 Ro 4500 mm '€400 mm > 1.17 Hence Ry+Ry=5+10= 15 KN © Fig. 1.17 shows the free-body diagram for the parts AB, BC and CD. Let 81,5, 8lyc and 8/,,, be the extensions in the parts AB, BC and CD respectively Then Blyy = (5 = Ro) Xan van (extension) Agy XE (extension) .. (compression) Since the supports are rigid, therefore elongation of AB and BC shall be equal 10 the compressions of CD Hence, Bly + Bly Substituting the mineteeiae = Sey (15 = Ry) 600 | JO -R,) x 500 _ Ry, x 400 all 1000 x E 1000 x E 1000 x E p= 1000 mm?........ given) or, 6 (1S —R,) #5(10- Ry) = or, 90-6, +50-SR,=4R, or, 15 R, = 140 140 Ry = > = 9.33 KN From eqn. (ii), we have R,+933=15 | on R, = 15 -9.33 = 5.67 kN Load in part AB Stress in part / yp = —— ae Pat AB Stress in part AB, “® Cross-sectional area of part AB(5 — Ry) 1000 15 - 9.33 B N/mm 7 1000 1000 1000 = 5.67 Nimnv (tensile) (Ans.) do » 1000 2 10 933 10 = Ry) 41090 im? = D on : 7 1000 Stress in part BC Sac 1000 1000 = 0.67 N/m? (tensile) (Ans.) R,, «1000 2 Stress in part CD. Sep = — 0 Nimm? = 9.33 Nimm? (Ans.) 4 1000 1.18, calculate the reaction produced by the Loy r 4 Example 1.12. For the bar shown in Fig. stresses in the bars. support on the bar. Take E 200 GN/me. Find also the Solution. Refer to Fig. 1.18. R, Let. R, = Reaction at the upper suppert ; ‘ R, = Reaction at the lower support when the 4 sapsssdbass i bar touches it. # A= If the bar MN finally rests on the lower support, we have a Nom R, + R, = 55 KN = 55000 N Yo For bar LM, the total force x | = R,= 55000 — R, (tensile) 7 y las For bar MN, the total force = R, (compressive) 3 55 w/ 220 mm 81, = Extension of LM { 12mm _ (55000 - R)x12 ae aa ~ (110 x 10°) x 200 x 10” 1 A and, 81, = Contraction of MN R, Ry x24 Fig. 1.18 pie 220 x 10° x 200 x 10° In order that N rests on the lower support, we have from compatibility equation, 81, - 81, = 1.2/1000 = 0.0012 m (5000-R)xL2— X24 _ ogy (10x 10%)x 20x10 20x10 x 200x108) on, 2 (55000 — R,) x 1.2 = 24 Ry = (220 x 10°) x 200 x 10° x 0.0012 or, 132000 - 2.4 R, - 2.4 R, = 52800 or 4.8. R, = 79200 R,=16500N or 16.5KN (Ans.) and, R,=55~16.5=385KN (Ans) Stress in LM 1 w “A 10x10" = 350 MN/m? (Ans.) 0.350 x 10° kN/m?low speeds. Stress in WV R165 5 = 0.075 x 10° kN/m? 2 220x107 o = 75 MN/m? (Ans.) Example 1.13. A 700 mm length of aluminium alloy bar is suspended from the ceiling so as to provide a clearance of 0.3 mm between it and a 250 mm length of steel bar as shown in Fig. 1.19. Ay = 1250 mur E = 70 GNine. A, = 2500 mm’, E,= 210 GN/ne. Determine the stress in the aluminium and the steel due to.a 300 kN load applied 500 mm from the ceiling. i Solution, Refer to Fig. 1.19. On application of load of 300 kN at Q, the portion LQ will move Torward and come in contact with N so that QM and NP will both be under compression. LQ will elongate. while OM and NP will contract and the net elongation will be equal to gap of 0.3 mm between M and N. Let, 6, = Tensile stress in LQ, aoe ©, = Compressive stress in QM, and i Z ©, = Compressive stress in NP. 2 S e Aluminium : a EI : 6, x 0.5 (4) 2 ongation of LQ = 70 x10° | : 6 x02 1) + a Contraction of QM = 70 x 10° = a ae 03 X025 7 + re Contraction of NP = 310 x 10° of ysl But, force in QM = force in NP E z a 6, x 1250 x 10% = 6, x 2500 x 10% q - G2 0, = ry Fig. 1.19 6, x 0.25 -. Contraction of NP = eRe Paty6, x 0.5 9, x 0.2 0, x! Net elongation = sox” 70x 10? 2x 210% 10 This must be equal to 0.0003 m (given) 6, x OS 6, x02 0) «025 = 09,0003 7x10" 701 2% 21010" 46, - 1.26, -0.250,= 2 « 210x 10? « 0.0003 3, - 1450, = 2x 210x 10? x 0.0003 a Tensile force in LO + compressive force in QM = 300000 1280 x 10% x 6, + 1250 x 10 6% 6, = 300000 6, +6, = 24x 10° NAv? iy Solving (i) and (ii). we get 6, = 1.065 x 10° N/m? 106.5 MN/m? (tensile) (Ans-) 1.335 x 108 N/m? 133.5 MN/m? (compressive) (Ans.) " 9, 6, = 3 = 0.667 x 108 NAn? = 66.7 MN/m? (compressive) (Ans.) Example 1.14. Two parallel steel wires 6 mlong, 10 mm diameter are hung vertically 70 mm apart and support a horizontal bar at their lower ends. When a load of 9 KN is attached to one of the wires, it is observed that the bar is 2.4° to the horizontal. Find ‘E’ for wire. Solution. Refer to Fig. 1.20. a Two wires LM and ST made of steel, each 6 m long and 10 mm diameter are fixed at the supports and a load of 9 KN is applied on wire ST. Let the inclination of the bar after the application of the load be 8. +70 mm > The extension in the length of steel wire ST, & = = 70 tan @=70 x tan 2.4° = 70 x 0.0419 = 2.933 mm = 0.00293 m_ : ; 8! _ 0.00293 y <. Strain in the wire, e = athe 0.000488 and stress in the wire P 9000 _ Ce a on N/m* | r 10 x}|— 4 (1000 . 11.46 x 107 Young's modulus E = = = ? 2 @ 0.000888 235 x 10” N/m 235 GNim? (Ans,)