ICEE2007185-567

PSU-UNS International Conference on Engineering and

Environment - ICEE-2007, Phuket May10-11, 2007
Prince of Songkla University, Faculty of Engineering
Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand 90112

TWO – PASS COUNTER CROSS-FLOW

HEAT EXCHANGERS WITH BOTH
FLUIDS UNMIXED THROUGHOUT
Dušan Gvozdenac1,*
1
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
*
All correspondence to the author should be addressed by email: gvozden@uns.ns.ac.yu

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present formulas
for computing effectiveness and spatial temperature
distribution of each stream and wall of two-pass counter
cross-flow heat exchangers with both fluids unmixed
throughout for all possible flow arrangements.
Making usual idealizations for analysis of any heat
exchanger flow arrangement and giving the coupling
conditions for each pass, the problem of finding the
spatial temperature distributions in the cross-flow heat
exchanger core is reduced to the solution of Fredholm’s
second order integral equation. By using the collocation
method the solution of this integral equation is
obtainable in the form of power series. The explicit
formulas for the spatial temperature distribution and
effectiveness are then obtained by simple integrations.
The relations are particularly helpful for computer-
aided design procedures of two-pass counter flow-heat
exchangers.
possible flow arrangements for such a type of heat
exchangers. When both fluids are unmixed in the
interpass, the resulting flow arrangements can be
differentiated only by the order in which the streams
enter the next pass. The coupling is referred to as an
identical order if the stream leaving one pass enters the
next pass from the same side as in the previous pass. The
coupling is considered in an inverted order if the stream
leaving one pass enters the next pass from the side
opposite the previous pass. The knowledge of
temperature fields both of streams and the wall enables
us to perceive properties of each flow arrangement. It
should be noted that in all cases the relation W1≤W2 holds.
Type I: Type II:
Both fluids coupling in Fluid 1: Inverted order
identical order Fluid 2: Identical order

Key words: heat exchangers, cross-flow, two-pass,

analytical solution

Type III: Type IV:

1. INTRODUCTION
An increasing rigorousness of demands for rational
energy consumption accompanied by significant support
to the application of heat recovery systems in various
industrial fields is permanently pronounced today. Cross-
flow heat transfer equipment is widely used in such
systems. A number of papers have dealt with the
development of methods of designing two- and three-
pass cross-flow heat exchangers, but the analytical
solutions of the mean-temperature difference and thermal
effectiveness as a function of number of transfer units
and heat capacity ratio, are available only for a number
of possible cases.
The purpose of this paper is to present analytical
solutions for spatial temperature distribution and
effectiveness in two-pass counter cross-flow heat
exchangers when both fluids are unmixed in each pass
and between each pass. Fig. 1 schematically shows the
Fluid 1: Identical order Both fluids coupling in
Fluid 2: Inverted order inverted order
Fig. 1: Complete list of two-pass counter cross-flow heat
exchangers with both fluids unmixed throughout (W1≤W2)
The numerical solutions for the effectiveness of such
type of heat exchangers are given by Stevens et al. [1].
The author of this paper published analytical solutions
for all these heat exchangers [5] but in this paper, nine
Chebyshev collocation points for solving the integral
equations are used. In [5] the equally spaced points in
closed intervals are used.
 ICEE2007185-568

2. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION is presented here by a known system of partial

The following analysis presents in short a method for differential equations:
∂θ1,i ( x, y)
determining spatial temperature distribution, outlet − = θ1,i ( x, y) − θ2,i ( x, y) (1)
temperatures and effectiveness for two-pass counter ∂x
(i = A, B)
∂θ2 ,i ( x, y)
cross-flow heat exchangers with fluids unmixed = θ1,i ( x , y) − θ 2, i ( x , y) (2)
∂y
throughout.
Sketches of two-pass counter cross-flow heat We used the dimensionless temperature θ and the
exchangers for mathematical analysis are presented in dimensionless space variables:
the Figure 2. This Figure contains the necessary notation x = A⋅
X
x ∈ [0, A ]; y = B ⋅
Y
y ∈ [0, B]
(3)
X0 YB
for recognizing the boundary and coupling conditions for
the passes. By changing the coupling conditions between where X0 and Y0 are the heat flow lengths in X- and Y-
two passes, four types of heat exchangers are obtained. direction.
For all cases, fluid W1 enters a heat exchanger in pass A Boundary conditions are:
and fluid W2 in pass B. Temperature profiles of streams For PASS A For PASS B
between passes are labeled by φ1B(y) for fluid W1 and by θ1, A (0, y) = 1 θ1,B (0, y) = ϕ1B ( y)
φ2A(x) for fluid W2. θ 2,A ( x,0) = ϕ 2 A ( x ) θ 2,B ( x,0) = 0
Outlet temperature profile of stream W1 in the pass A
TYPE I TYPE II determines boundary condition in the pass B by using the
θ2 1
coupling condition (Fig. 2), and outlet temperature
B 1
0
x
A
B 1
profile of stream W2 in the pass B determines boundary
W1 condition in the pass A. The mathematical statement of
y
A y this coupling problem can be given by the Fredholm’s
0 θ1
θ2 1
0 θ1 second order integral equation by applying Laplace
0
φ2A
A
transform. Integral equations for all heat exchanger types
x
B
1
B 1 are given below.
y
φ1B B y
Type I:
0 θ1 AB
θ2 10 θ1

0
x
A
ϕ1, B ( y ) = V1 (A, y ) + ∫∫ϕ
0 0
1, B ( v ) ⋅ V1, 0 ( u , B − v ) ⋅ V1,0 (A − u , y) ⋅ du ⋅ dv ( 4)

W2 ϕ 2,A ( x ) = 1 − V1 ( B, A + x ) +
φ2A(x) = θ2B(x, B) φ2A(x) = θ2B(x, B) AB

φ1B(y) = θ1A(A, y) φ1B(y) = θ1A(A, B-y) ∫∫ϕ

0 0
2, A (u ) ⋅ V1,0 (A − u , v ) ⋅ V1,0 ( x , B − v) ⋅ du ⋅ dv (5)
TYPE III TYPE IV
θ2 1
Type II:
ϕ1, B ( y ) = V1 ( A, B − y ) +
0 A
x
B 1 B 1 AB

W1
y
A y
∫∫ϕ
0 0
1, B ( v ) ⋅ V1, 0 ( u , B − v ) ⋅ V1,0 ( A − u , B − y ) ⋅ du ⋅ dv ( 6)

0 θ1 0 θ1
B

∫
1
θ2
φ2A ϕ2, A ( x ) = V1 (A , v) ⋅ V1, 0 ( x , v) ⋅ dv +
0
x 0
AB

θ2
φ2A
1
∫ ∫ϕ
0 0
2 , A ( u ) ⋅ V1, 0 ( A − u , v) ⋅ V1,0 ( x , v ) ⋅ du ⋅ dv ( 7)
0 A
x
B B 1
1

y
φ1B
B y
Type III:
AB

∫∫ϕ
0 θ1 0 θ1
θ2 1 ϕ1, B ( y ) = V1 ( A, y ) + 1, B ( v ) ⋅ V1, 0 ( u , B − v) ⋅ V1, 0 ( u , B − y ) ⋅ du ⋅ dv (8)
0 A 0 0
x

W2
ϕ 2,A ( x ) = 1 − V1 ( B, 2A − x ) +
A B
φ2A(x) = θ2A(A-x, B) φ2A(x) = θ2A(A-x, B)
φ1B(y) = θ1A(A, y) φ1B(y) = θ1A(A, B-y)
∫∫ϕ
0 0
2, A (u ) ⋅ V1,0 ( A − u , v ) ⋅ V1,0 ( x , v) ⋅ du ⋅ dv (9)

Fig. 2: Sketches of two-pass counter cross-flow heat

exchangers for mathematical description Type IV:
ϕ1, B ( y ) = V1 ( A, B − y ) +
The problem of establishing the spatial temperature AB
distribution is in fact the problem of finding solutions of ∫∫ϕ 1, B ( v) ⋅ V1, 0 ( u , B − v) ⋅ V1, 0 ( u , B − y ) ⋅ du ⋅ dv (10) )
differential equations that govern the cross-flow heat 0 0
B
transfer in each pass. By making usual idealizations for
the analysis of any heat exchanger flow arrangements ∫
ϕ 2,A ( x ) = V1 (A , v) ⋅ V1,0 ( x , v) ⋅ dv +
0
[2], one is led to the mathematical formulation of the AB

problem for determining the temperature distribution in ∫∫ϕ

0 0
2, A (u ) ⋅ V1,0 (A − u , v ) ⋅ V1,0 ( A − x , v) ⋅ du ⋅ dv (11)
the cross-flow heat exchanger core for each pass, which
 ICEE2007185-569

For each type of heat exchanger it is necessary to solve

only one of integral equations. The solutions of integral
equations give the temperature profiles of stream W1 or
W2 between passes.
The Vi,0(x,y) (i=1,2,3,…) and Vn(x,y) (n=0,1,2,3,…)
special functions appearing in Eqs (4-11) and later on,
can be expressed explicitly in the form of series of x

modified Bessel functions, as described below. ∫

θ1A ( x, y) = V1 ( x , y) + ϕ 2 A ( u ) ⋅ V0 ( x − u , y) ⋅ du
0
(12)
i −1
y 2
Vi , 0 ( x, y) = exp( − x − y) ⋅   (
⋅ Ii −1 2 x ⋅ y ) (12) θ 2 A ( x , y) = 1 − V1 ( y, x ) + φ 2 A ( x ) ⋅ e − y +
x x

Vn ( x , y) =
 i 
  ⋅ Vi ,0 ( x, y)
∞

∑ (13) ∫ϕ
0
2 A (u ) ⋅ V1 ( y, x − u ) ⋅ du (13)
i = n −1 n − 1

V0 ( x , y) = V1, 0 ( x , y) (14)
Some other relations and features for Vi,0 and Vn special
functions are given in [3]. One very important relation
used for computer calculation of Vn functions is
recursion formula:
y i −1 x i
Vi +1 =
i
⋅ (Vi −1 + Vi ) −
i
⋅ Vi − ( −1) i ⋅ ⋅ Vn
i n =0
∑ (15) θ1B ( x , y) = ϕ1B ( y) ⋅ e − x +
y

(i = 1, 2, 3,...) ∫
V1 ( x , y) + ϕ1B ( v) ⋅ V1 ( x, y − v) ⋅ dv
0
(14)
This formula is used for developing backward recursion y
as forward recursion or individual calculation values of
this function produce oscillation of results for higher ∫
θ 2 B ( x , y) = ϕ1B ( v) ⋅ [1 − V1 ( y − v, x )] ⋅ dv
0
(15)

class of function. Examples of single calculation of the The average outlet temperatures can be found by
function for x=2.5 and y=0.25 are presented in the Fig. 3. integrations of above mentioned equations of spatial
0.2 temperature fields as follows:
B
1
0.1 θ1" =
B0 ∫
θ1B (A , y) ⋅ dy (16)
Value of Function, Vn(x, y)

0.1 A
1
0.0
θ"2 =
A0 ∫
θ 2 A ( x , B) ⋅ dx (17)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

-0.1
3. METHODS FOR SOLVING INTEGRAL
-0.1
EQUATIONS
n (Class of Function Vn)
Equations (4-11) represent the set of integral
Fig. 3: Function Vn(2.5;0.25) Values versus Class of Function equations which should be solved. The collocation
method is used to determine unknown functions φ1B(y)
For unified treatment of various flow arrangements and φ2A(x). We use nine Chebishev collocation points:
the dimensionless temperature θi (i=1,2) in the 0.0000000000; ± 0.1679061842; ± 0.5287617831; ±
mathematical model is adopted in such a way that the 0.6010186554; ± 0.9115893077 in closed intervals [0, B]
'
weaker fluid enters the exchanger at θ1 = 1, and the for the function φ1B(y) and [0, A] for the function φ1A(x).
'
stronger fluid enters at θ2 = 0 . For this case, the exit For all integral equations, the temperature profiles
temperatures are related to the heat exchanger can be taken by power series:
K
effectiveness as: ϕ1B ( y) = ∑a k ⋅ yk (18)
θ1" = 1− ε (16)
k =0
or
θ"2 = ω ⋅ ε K

The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ϕ1A ( x ) = ∑a

k =0
k ⋅ xk (19)
ratio between overall temperature drop of the weaker
stream and maximum possible temperature difference, For example, by replacing φ1B(y) in Eq. (18) with the
i.e. the difference between the fluid inlet temperatures expression from Eq. (4) and by applying so obtained
[2]. The stream W1 has a capacity rate lower than the equation at K+1 values yh (h = 0, 1, 2,…, K) of y on the
other (W2). That is the reason we call them “weak”. The range 0≤y≤B, we get the set of K+1 simultaneous linear
stream with (M ⋅ c p ) = W2 is the “strong” stream. equations with K+1 unknown coefficients a0, a1, a2, …,
max ak. These equations are written in the form:
If φ1B(y) and φ2A(x) is known, spatial temperature K

distributions in the cross-flow heat exchanger core can ∑α

k =0
k ,h ⋅a k = βh (k , h = 0, 1, 2, 3,..., K )
be found by simple integrations, as presented below.
(20)
For other integral equations (5-11), similar procedure can
be used.
 ICEE2007185-570

Table 1: Coefficients of Simultaneous Liner Equations and Formulas for Effectiveness

Type Coefficients of Simultaneous Linear Equations Special Functions Effectiveness
k
Bi
I α h,k = y kh − k!⋅J k J k = Vk +1 (A, B + y h ) − ∑ i!
⋅ Vk − i +1 ( A, y h )
1 K
β h = V1 (A , y h ) k
i =0

Ai
ε =1− ∑
B k =0
a k ⋅ k!⋅Vk + 2 (A, B)
II αh, k = (B − yh ) − k!⋅Jk
k
J k = Vk +1 ( B, A + x h ) − ∑i =0 i!
⋅ Vk − i +1 ( B, x h )

III β h = 1 − V1 ( B, A + x h ) ∞
  ∞
 n + m  A m + k +1 
Jk = ∑ (− 1)n ⋅ ∑ (− 1)m 
n =0  m = 0
 ⋅
 m  (m + k + 1)!
⋅ ε = 1−
V2 ( A, B)
B
+
α h , k = (A − x h ) − k!⋅J k
k ∞
nn

IV βh = ∑
Vn + 2 (A, B) ⋅ ∑
(−1) m   ⋅ Vm +1,0 (B, x h )  n B n − r r +1   1 K
∑
n=0 m=0  m  ∑ ∑
⋅ (− 1)i +1 ⋅ Vi ( x h , B)   B k=0
a k ⋅ k!⋅Vk + 2 ( B, A)
 r = 0 (n − r )! i = 0  

Table 2: Analytical Solutions of the Temperature Fields

Typ
e
Spatial Temperature Distribution Special Functions
K
θ1A ( x, y) = V1 ( x, y) + ∑a
k =0
k ⋅ k!⋅J k
k
K
 ∂J  Bi
I θ2 A ( x , y) = 1 − V1 ( y, x ) + ∑a k ⋅ k!⋅ J k + k  J k = Vk +1 ( x, B + y) − ∑ i! ⋅ V k − i +1 ( x , y )
k =0  ∂x  i=0
and k +1 k k − i +1
∂J k Bi
∑ (−1) ∑ i! ⋅ ∑ (−1)
K

∑a
j+ k +1 j + k − i +1
II θ1B ( x , y) = ⋅ k!⋅Vk +1 ( x, y) Jk + = ⋅ Vj ( x, B + y) − ⋅ Vj ( x , y)
k =0
k
∂x j= 0 i =0 j= 0
K k +1
θ 2 B ( x , y) = ∑a
k =0
k ⋅ k!⋅∑ (−1)
j= 0
j + k +1
Vj ( x , y)

K k +1
θ1A ( x , y) = V1 ( x , y) + ∑ a ⋅ ∑ (−1)
k =0
k
j= 0
j + k +1
⋅ Vj ( y , x )

K k
Ai
θ2 A ( x, y) = 1 − V1 ( y, x ) + ∑a
k =0
k ⋅ k!⋅Vk +1 ( y, x ) J k = Vk +1 ( y, A + x ) − ∑ i! ⋅ V
i =0
k − i +1 ( y, x )

III k +1 k k − i +1
∂J k Ai
∑ (−1) ∑ i! ⋅ ∑ (−1)
K
 ∂J 
∑
j + k +1 j + k − i +1
θ1B ( x, y) = V1 ( A + x , y) + a k ⋅ k!⋅ J k + k  Jk + = ⋅ Vj ( y, A + x ) − ⋅ Vj ( y, x )
 ∂x  ∂x j= 0 i=0 j= 0
k =0
K
θ2 B ( x , y) = 1 − V1 ( y, A + x ) + ∑a
k =0
k ⋅ k!⋅J k

n m
∞ n
θ1A ( x , y ) = same as for Type III
θ 2 A ( x , y ) = same as for Type III
β= ∑V
n =0
n + 2 ( A , B) ⋅
m =0 
∑ (−1)
 m  ⋅ Vm + 2 ( y, x ) −

∞ ∞
 m + n  xm
∂β K
∑ Vn + 2 (A , B − y) ⋅ (−1) m  ∑
 m  m!
 ⋅
 ∂J 
∑
n =0 m =0
θ1B ( x , y) = β + + a k ⋅ k!⋅ J k + k 
n m
∞ n
∂y k = 0  ∂x  ∂β
β+
∂y
= ∑V
n =0
n + 2 ( A , B) ⋅
m
∑ (−1)
  ⋅ Vm + 2 , 0 ( y, x ) −
m=0

[Vn + 2 ( A, B − y) − Vn +1 (A, B − y )] ⋅ (−1) m 

∞ ∞
m + n  xm
IV ∑
n =0 m =0  m  m!
∑  ⋅

∞
n
 ∞
n  A m + k +1   n Bn − r r +1
m m +  
Jk = ∑ (−1)  ∑ (−1)   ⋅
 m  (m + k + 1)!  r =0 (n − r )! i = 0
∑
(−1)i +1Vi (x , y) 
 
∑
K n =0  m = 0
θ2 B ( x , y) = β + ∑a k ⋅ k!⋅J k ∂J k
k =0 Jk + =
∂y
∞
n
 ∞
mm + n  A m + k +1   n r B
n−r
 
∑ (−1)  ∑ (−1)    ⋅  (−1)
 m  (m + k + 1)!  r =0 (n − r )!
∑
⋅ Vr +1 ( x, y) 
 
n =0  m = 0

Temperature filed in the heat exchanger wall can

In order to evaluate the elements of the Eq. (20) be calculated by the formula:
the Table 1 is used. The formulas for effectiveness are θ ( x , y) =
ω ⋅ NTU1 ⋅ θ1 ( x , y) + NTU 2 ⋅ θ2 ( x , y) (21)
w
given in the same Table. In our case, the integral ω ⋅ NTU1 + NTU 2
equations (4), (6), (9) and (11) are solved for heat where NTUi = hi F/W1 (i = 1 and 2) is the unit of heat
exchanger of the type I, II, III and IV, respectively. In transfer and h1 and h2 are heat transfer coefficients for
other words, temperature profiles φ1B(y) for type I and the heat exchanger wall surfaces exposed to fluid 1
II and φ1A(x) for types III and IV are found. It is also and 2, respectively. The thermal conductivity of the
possible to find temperature profile φ1A(x) for types I wall material is ignored.
and II and temperature profile φ1B(y) for types III and With the above relations all relevant performances
IV. of two-pass cross-flow heat exchanges with fluids
The formulas for spatial temperature distributions unmixed throughout can be determined.
in both fluids in the heat exchanger core are presented
in the Table 2.
 ICEE2007185-571

4. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
For all NTU and ω, nine collocation points in the A W1
equation (18) or (19) for solving the integral equations
are used. The accuracy of six significant figures of B
effectiveness and other temperatures are reached.
Some computational problems appear in connection
with the calculation of spatial functions for some
θ1
parameters. Because of that backward recursion is
used.

ξ
η
A

θ2

η
ξ

W2
Fig. 5: Spatial Temperature Distribution for the Type I
Fig 4: Correction Factors for Two-Pass Counter Cross- (NTU=4 and ω=1), (ξ = x/A; η = y/B)
Flow and Single-Pass Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger for ω =
1 A W1
B
The Fig. 3 presents influence of the number of
transfer units on correction factor for all heat
exchanger types discussed in this paper in the case
ω=1. This figure shows also the correction factor for θ1
single-pass cross-flow heat exchanger as comparative
value. The correction factor is the effectiveness of any
heat exchanger divided by the effectiveness of a true ξ
counter heat exchanger having the same NTU and ω. η
The best of two-pass cross-flow heat exchangers
presented here is the type I and the worst one, mostly A
used in practice, is the type IV. Correction factors for B
types II and III are the same. This is logical because of
ω=1. θ2
Furthermore, the heat exchanger type I is the best
one of all two-pass cross-flow heat exchangers. The
performances of other types of cross-flow heat
exchangers are given in [5]. It is noticeable that the
difference between effectiveness of heat exchanger of η W2
the type I and of true counter-flow exchanger is less ξ

than 3%. This holds for ω=1. This difference for the
case ω<1 is always less than for case ω=1. In the case
ω=0, the effectiveness of all possible types of heat
exchangers is given by ε = 1 − exp( − NTU ) and thus
correction factor is 1.
From the Fig. 4, it can also be seen that there is an
advantage of coupling in identical order in regard to
coupling in inverted order.
For ω=1 the effectiveness of types II and III are
equal. That is a natural consequence of the fact that
the only difference between them is the place of
entering of streams W1 and W2. In case 0<ω<1, the
effectiveness of these two types is different.
Fig. 6: Spatial Temperature Distribution for the Type
IV (NTU=4 and ω=1), (ξ = x/A; η = y/B)
Individual characteristics of spatial temperature
distributions of the heat exchanger core for types I and
IV are illustrated in the Figs. 5 and 6, respectively. In
both cases NTU=4 and ω=1. Inverting the streams
between passes causes the increase the temperature
differences between the streams what is
thermodynamically unpleasant.
 ICEE2007185-572

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS η = y/B, dimensionless coordinate

The formulas for computing spatial temperature
distributions in the cross-flow heat exchanger cores Subscripts
and effectiveness for two-pass counter cross-flow heat 1 refers to fluid with (M cp)min
exchangers with both fluids unmixed throughout are 2 refers to fluid with (M cp)max
presented in this paper. These will be useful for A refers to the pass A
designers for computer-aided design procedures. B refers to the pass B
The cross-flow heat exchanger of type I is the best CF true counter-flow
of all two-pass cross-flow heat exchangers. i, j, k, h, m, n, r integers
w refers to heat exchanger wall surface
6. REFERENCES
Superscripts
[1] Stevens, R. S., Fernandez, J., Woolf, J. R.: Mean- ‘ at exchanger inlet
temperature difference in one-, two- and three-pass ‘’ at exchanger outlet
cross-flow heat exchangers, Trans. ASME 79,
1957, 287-297.
[2] Kays, W. M., London, A. L.: Compact heat
exchangers, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1964.
[3] Serov, E. P., Korolkov, B. P.: Dinamika
parogeneratorov (Dynamic of steam generators),
Moscow, Ehnergoizdat, 1981.
[4] Bačlić, B. S., Gvozdenac, D. D.: ε-NTU-ω
Relationships for inverted order flow arrangements
of two-pass cross-flow heat exchangers, The 102nd
ASME winter annual meeting, Regenerative and
recuperative heat exchangers, HTD-21, Eds. Shah,
R. K., Metzger, D. F., Washington, 1981.
[5] Gvozdenac, D. D., Two-pass counter cross-flow
heat exchangers with both fluids unmixed
throughout, Wärme und Stoffübertragung (20),
1986, Springer-Verlag, 151-161

Nomenclature

A = NTU/2
ak coefficients of Eqs. () and ()
B = ω NTU/2
C correction factor, ε/εCF, dimensionless
F heat transfer area, [m2]
h heat transfer coefficient between fluid and
exchanger wall, [W/(m2 K)]
In modified Bessel function of n-th (integer) order
M mass flow rate, [kg/s]
NTU = UF/W1, number of transfer units,
dimensionless
T temperature, [K]
U overall heat transfer coefficient, [W/(m2 K)]
Vi,0 and Vi functions defined in Eqs. () and ()
W thermal capacity rate, M cp,
x dummy variable, [0, A]
y dummy variable, [0, B]
α coefficient in Eq. ()
β coefficient in Eq. ()
ε = (T1' − T1'' ) /(T1' − T2' ) ,-effectiveness of the heat
exchanger, dimensionless
ω = W1/W2, thermal capacity rate ratio,
dimensionless
θ = (T − T1'' ) /(T1' − T2' ) , dimensionless temperature
−
θ dimensionless mean mixed fluid temperature
φ temperature profile of stream between passes
ζ = x/A, dimensionless coordinate