Case no.

362
 
Case title: People v. Tudtud (GAMAR)
 
 
Syllabus topic: No Presumption of Regularity in Search Cases
 
Condensed summary of facts:

Sometime during the months of July and August 1999, the Toril Police Station, Davao City
received a report from a “civilian asset” named Bobong Solier about a certain Noel Tudtud.

Solier related that his neighbors have been complaining about Tudtud, who was allegedly
responsible for the proliferation of marijuana in their area. Relating to the report, the police
conducted surveillance in Solier’s neighborhood. For 5 days, they gathered information and
learned that Tudtud was involved in illegal drugs. According to his neighbors, Tudtud was
engaged in selling marijuana.

Solier informed the police that Tudtud had headed to Cotabato and would be back later that day
with new stocks of marijuana. Solier described Tudtud as big bodied and short, and usually wore
a hat. At around 4:00 pm that same day, a team of policemen posted themselves at the corner of
Saipon and McArthur Highway to await Tudtud’s arrival. All wore civilian clothes. About 8:00
pm, 2 men disembarked from a bus and helped each other carry a carton marked “King Flakes.”
Standing some 5 feet away from the men, PO1 Desierto and PO1 Floreta observed that one of the
men fit Tudtud’s description. The same man also toted a plastic bag. PO1 Floreta and PO1
Desierto then approached the suspects and identified themselves as police officers. PO1 Desierto
informed them that the police had received information that stocks of illegal drugs would be
arriving that night. The man who resembled Tudtud’s description denied that he was carrying
any drugs. PO1 Desierto asked if he could see the contents of the box. Tudtud then said “it was
alright” and let them see the box which contained bundles of dried fish, one wrapped in a plastic
bag and another in newspapers. When the bundles were unwrapped, there contained marijuana
leaves.

The police arrested Tudtud and his companion. They were charged with illegal possession of
prohibited drugs before the RTC of Davao City which convicted the accused.
 
Issue: 
 
Whether or not Tudtud’s implied acquiescence is considered a waiver.
(Acquiescence when a person knowingly stands by without raising any objection to the infringement of their
rights)

Ruling:

No.

Courts indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver of fundamental constitutional

rights; acquiescence in the loss of fundamental rights is not to be presumed. The fundamental
law and jurisprudence require more than the presence of these circumstances to constitute a
valid waiver of the constitutional right against unreasonable searches and seizures. The fact that
a person failed to object to a search does not amount to permission thereto. As the constitutional
guaranty is not dependent upon any affirmative act of the citizen, the courts do not place the
citizen in the position of either contesting an officer’s authority by force, or waiving his
constitutional rights; but instead they hold that a peaceful submission to a search or seizure is
not a consent or an invitation thereto, but is merely a demonstration of regard for the
supremacy of the law.

On the other hand, because a warrantless search is in derogation of a constitutional right, peace
officers who conduct it cannot invoke regularity in the performance of official functions and
shift to the accused the burden of proving that the search was unconsented.

The implied acquiescence of the accused, if at all, could not have been more than mere passive
conformity given under coercive or intimidating circumstances and is, thus, considered no
consent at all within the purview of the constitutional guarantee.

Note: The signatures of the accused on the boxes, as well as on the plastic bags containing
“shabu” are inadmissible in evidence where the accused were never informed of their
fundamental rights during the entire time that they were under investigation. (People vs.
Wong Chuen Ming, 256 SCRA 182 [1996]).

JUDGEMNET REVERSED, THE APPELANT ACQUITTED for insufficiency of evidence.

Effective waiver of rights against unreasonable searches and seizures if the

following requisites are present:

1. It must appear that the rights exist;

2. The person involved had knowledge, actual or constructive, of the existence of such
right;
3. Said person had an actual intention to relinquish the right.

Other details:

The proscription in Section 2, Article III, however, covers only “unreasonable” searches and
seizures. The following instances are not deemed “unreasonable” even in the
absence of a warrant:

1. Warrantless search incidental to a lawful arrest. (Sec. 12, Rule 126 of the Rules of
Court and prevailing jurisprudence);
SEC. 12. Search incident to lawful arrest.—A person lawfully arrested may be searched for
dangerous weapons or anything which may be used as proof of the commission of an
offense, without a search warrant.

Section 5 (a), Rule 113 of the Rules, in turn, allows warrantless arrests:
SEC. 5. Arrest without warrant; when lawful.—A peace officer or a private person may,
without a warrant, arrest a person:
(a) When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing,
or is attempting commit an offense.
(b) such overt act is done in the presence or within the view of the arresting officer.
2. Search of evidence in “plain view.” The elements are: (a) a prior valid intrusion based on
the valid warrantless arrest in which the police are legally present in the pursuit of their official
duties; (b) the evidence was inadvertently discovered by the police who have the right to be
where they are; (c) the evidence must be immediate apparent; (d) “plain view” justified mere
seizure of evidence without further search;
3. Search of a moving vehicle. Highly regulated by the government, the vehicle’s inherent
mobility reduces expectation of privacy especially when its transit in public thoroughfares
furnishes a highly reasonable suspicion amounting to probable cause that the occupant
committed a criminal activity;
4. Consented warrantless search;
5. Customs search;
6. Stop and Frisk; and
7. Exigent and emergency circumstances.

Hierarchy of Rights; The right against unreasonable search and seizure is at the top of the
hierarchy of rights, next only to, if not on the same plane as, the right to life, liberty and
property, which is protected by the due process clause.