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    Wurm49 Kirghiz

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    The (Kara-)Kirghiz Language Stefan Wurm Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Unive) 1 (1949), 97-120, ty of London, Vol. 13, No. Stable URL Inupuinks jtor.ongsicsici=0041-977%¢281949%2913%3A 1%3C97%E3AT2SLT3E2.0,.CO%SB2-K Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London is currently published by School of Oriental and African Studies. ‘Your use of the ISTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at hup:/www,jstororglabout/terms.hml. ISTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www jstor.org/journals/soas hum. Each copy of any part of @ JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the sereen or printed page of such transmission. STOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support @ jstor.org, bupslwww jstor.org/ Mon Aug 16 08:36:04 2004 The (Kara-)Kirghiz Language By Sraraw Worn Ixmnopucrion 1HE (Kara-)Kinghiz language is spoken on the territory of the Autonomous Republic of the Kirghiz by about 650,000-700,000 individuals. My Kinghiz informant was Odajarov Abdilla (20 years old), of a village near Frunze (Purunza, 42° 60" north latitude ; 75° east latitude), the capital of Kinghisistan, He and his parents had always lived in that village, where they Ihad worked as agricultural labourers. He had been to school forfour years and spoke a little Russian apart from Kirghiz. For the literary language I had a grammar at my disposal (Qurgsz Tilinin elementardsq gramatikesi = “ Elementary Grammar of the Kirghiz language”, by Sadan wulu Agoman and I. A. Batmanov), from which I had taken most ofthe examples. Kirghiz is considerably different from the Kazak language, and can be characterized as follows -— (1) Acoustic Inpression.—Kirghiz is spoken more slowly than most of the Kazak dialects. The phrases are rather long, and so are the pauses between them. (2) Phonetics —The labial attraction is stronger than in Kazak, in spite of the very slight rounding of the lips. Kazak au > 0:; -uyand uw > u:; JH> Mes 8 and *% (Razak é and ») remain & and &. *j > dé (@’) (Kazak di). ‘The consonantal assimilation is very strong. *m appears in some sufixes as ab, eg. be, bes (neg); bi (interrog.). m, however, remains unchanged (Kazake m > bp). The pers. suff. Ist p.pl. *biz does not change to -miz as in Kazak. (3) Grommar-—Thore are a number of verbal forms in Kirghiz which (almost) do not exist in Kazak and in other Turki dialects. (Durative preterite -uén; compounds with ele ; imperative and conditional -+ &i (the last three are also sometimes found in Kazak). Other verbal forms, which exist also in other Turki dialects, have developed different meanings. (Verbal noun -mek > necessitative ; -ar — suppositional future; iptir expressing an unexpected action.) (4) Vooabulary.—Kirghiz has a great number of words which have no phonetic equivalents in other Turki dialects Abbreviations : LL, = “literary language” ; sl. = mony type 1”, “spoken language” ; PHONETICS Vowsrs Descriptions of the Vowels Front vowls . ee @ @i i 6 Central vowels qar at =the black horse”; if the final vowel is long itis shortened in this case, e.g. t0: aldi > to aldi = “he bought a camel ”. (2) Through, 102 sreraN WoRM— (2) When the verbal noun suffix -u: (At: -0: 8) is added to a verbal stem with « final vowel, this vowel is dropped (also in LI.) e.g. qaro: = “‘(the) looking” < qara-:, The same happens when the suffix forming substantival numerals is added to a numeral with a final vowel; e.g. eki-+ 6:> oko (L1.) (si. Okt). @) If vowel is added to a word with a final -r or -n, the vowel of the last syllable is dropped and -n changes to-d (also 11.) ; e.g murund > murda = “ his nose”. (4) If the last syllable of a word has an initial j and a final voiced consonant, its vowel is normally dropped in the spoken language when a vowel is added to the word ; o.g. ajiMi > ajtl="“his aul”. (8) When the word- building suffix -ki is added to a word with a final short vowel, the latter is Aropped (also LL); e.g. ilgeri-ki > ilgerki = “previous” Intrusive Vowels Jn the literary language intrusive vowels are often used to avoid accumula- tions of consonant (in the spoken language they are never used) ; e.g. dribek (o.. Sxbek) = “Uzbek” ; attimié (or also aitmié; sl. always aitmis) “sixty”; eto Vowel-Pransitions See “Desoription of the Vowels, ¢, & (and the influence of vowels upon e and i-sounds)””; “Disturbance of the Vowel-Harmony (1), (2); ‘“ Mutual Vowel-Influences and Consonantal Influences on Vowels”. ‘The following additional cases should be mentioned :— © >. Appears sometimes in the plural-suffix -ler ; . nations ”, (a>. Appears very often in the s.1. (1) In the verbal noun suffix -gen ; e.g. bokyun ( p(s) (only 4). Initial b changes to » or p if the preoe ‘a voiceless final consonant ; e.g. qarap bardi > qarap sardi looking...” >t (LL, s1.). Initial ain suffixes changes to t- when the word is added to a voiceless final ; e.g. baé-ta (LL, si), Initial g- in suffixes changes to k- when the suffix is added to 1 voiceless final ; e.g, mektep-ke (<-ge) ~ “ to (the) school ”. (6 > a)¥>a(61.,11). Initial y (= *g) in suttixes plus a back vowel changes to q- when added to a voiceless consonant ; e.g. ats ( 4". ‘Tue (KARA-)KIROHIZ LANGUAGE 105 > (only s.L). Intervocaliok changes to g; e.g. bata gordi (< kirdii) oy saw”. Initial k also changes to g if the preceding word has a final nasal ; eg. a'ay getti (< q'an ketti) = “ the khan went”. 44> € (@) (only 6). Initial q changes to g (org) after afinal-a (orn); e.g. a'89 ‘gatdi (or gabdi) 9) =“ the khan remained”, >a /(only sl). ‘The final z of a syllable changes to s before a voiceless con- sonant ; e.g. ais tapti (n (61, LL). The ablative-suffix den changes to nen when added to the ‘poss, suff rd P., e.g, atinan = “from his horse ”. 12> m (only 61). The final -n ofa syllable changes to m before m,b, », and p, e.g. qem bar 4 (only 1). The final -n of a syllable changes to 9 before g, ¥, and 4 (cee k > g and a> g). (8) Regular changes of 1, n, m (s.,L) and & (only 81.) through assimilation. 1> 4.1 changes to a after voiced consonants, except after j and r?; eg. z “languages”; qlzdar <-tar = “ girls”, but heroism ” ; baj-tar = “ the beys (rich men) ”. 1> t. 1 changes to t after voiceless consonants ; e.g. attar <-lar =“ the horses”; gitar <-tar = “the winters”. n>d.m changes to d after voiced consonants; eg. q/amdi <-ni = “the Khan (ace); gizdi <-ni="“‘the girl (ace.)”; q‘andin <-nin = “the khan’s”. n> t.m changes to t after voiceless consonants, e.g, attin <-nin = “of the horse”. *m > b(p). The negation-sulfix *-me appears always as be after vowels and ‘voiced consonant and as pe after voiceless consonants. Eg. ak-ba (el. often atfa) <*atma = “do not take”. dészba <-ma “do not take ” déazba <-ma = “donot write”; oguba (6. ogufa) = “do not read” ata <-ma = “do not throw ”. &>4. The final & of @ syllable changes to & before i, s, t, and 6; eg. qaiti B (only), Intervocalicb almost always changes to B ; sei < sebeb “ite reason”; kit’ fotyon = “‘he was strong”; after -r, 1, and also b almost always changes to B; eg. kélpejt —“‘he does not come”; (<*kelmej-dir > Kkelbe-) ; otk Ba:tir — “brave (lt. sharp) heroes” ; tijpedi (u through rounding of the lips B> w>o) *taar"n ps e.g. aipaizt = “ very red”. Nouns meaning “ any kind of ...” are formed by iteration ; the initial consonant of the second word changes to m-; or, if it is im, it changes to # ; e.g. kili-midi = “all sorts of people ” (kibi =" person ”) ; “any kind of cattle ” (mat = “ cattle ”). Srress asp Prroa Unfortunately the Kirghiz material T have at my disposal is not sufficient for a thorough inquiry into the extremely intricate problems of stress and pitch in the Kirghiz language. Generally speaking, however, I wish to state that the accentuation and intonation of Kirghiz corresponds more or less to that of the Karakalpak language, which I have set forth in detail in a study on that language.* GRAMMAR Nouxs Genitive — -nin (din, -tin) (v.h.2). Tt always precedes the dependent noun, to which the poss. suf. Srd P. is added ; e.g. at-tin bab — “the head of the horse ”. Ifa genitive combination is regarded as a compound noun, the genitive suffix (and sometimes also the possessive suffix) is dropped; e.g. gam u:ku “‘kchan-son, prince”; of araba = ‘“‘train”” (lit. “‘fire-carriage”). The genitive suffix is also often dropped, if the noun to which it should be added i the subject of a sentence-construction with a verbal noun ; e.g. adam (for ‘adamdin) Kelyen "wayi Potéu = “‘it was the time at which the man came” (lit. “ the-man’s coming his-time it-was”). Dative — -ge, -ya (-e, aa), etc (wh), After the poss. suff. Sr P. it i -ne, et., e.g. tind — “ to his house ”. It indicatas also the direction towards something and normally precedes the accusative-object ; e.g. uitya atti Kbrsbtet = “‘he shows the son the horse”. Accusative —-ni (i, i) (v-h.2). at-ti (< at-nl) Kéré-mtin = “I see the horse”. After the poss. suff. rd P. it is -n, e.g, qandin at-in sldird = “ he killed the Khan’s horse”. If the accusative is not determined, the suffix is dropped, e.g. aitin dana giimté alyisl keldi = “‘he wished to take (receive) gol and silver ” (lit. “his wish to take... came”), An accusative is often regarded as determined if there are explanatory words added to it, but it still has to be translated into English with the indefinite article, e.g. zi tendt- diaé batant ta: “p ( -¢ + pers. suff. = Present: original -e + pers. suff.) coalesce, as in inal of the latter is not dropped, the verbal form has a specialized meaning (see below). ‘Suppositional Future tis formed by adding the personal suffixes to the participle er (v.h.1) (after ‘8 final vowel -r), negative -bes (<*mes); the Srd P. has no suffix: dfazarmin “perhaps I shall write”; diszar =" pethaps he will write”; negative Aiazbaspis = “we shall not write perhaps”; Kelbesmin —“ perhaps T shall not come”; interrogative: kelersigerbi f=“ will you (pl.) come perhaps 1” ‘This form indicates an action which is supposed to take place in the future. 2nd Preterite (Pluperfet) It is formed by the participle (and verbal noun) -gen (v.h.1) + the personal suffixes (3rd P. has no suffix). dénzyanmin = “I had written”; diazyan 4 STEFAN WURM— = “‘he had written” ; negative : dzazbayansigar = “ you (pl.) had written” ; interrogative : kériiipdyondil (31. yémbl) = “had they not seen ?” ‘This form expresses a terminated, definitely completed action, that took place in the pluperfect once or repeatedly or customarily. Tales and stor ‘usually begin with this form; eg. bir qandiy qizi aupan sulu: folyon . “the daughter of a khan was very beautiful . ..”” An emphatic negative is formed by adding diaq Thad not written ”, Preterite ~iptir ‘This preterite is formed by the converb ip + tir + the personal sulfixes or (more rarely) by -ip + the personal suffixes; the 3rd P. has no suffix; éaziptirmin (déazipmin) = “I apparently have written already”; diazipti ="‘he apparently has written already”; negative déazbaptirsigar = “ apparently you have not written”; interrogative kértptiirmtinbt! = “have seen already ?”” This verbal form, which in Uzbek, for instance, expresses an unfinished past, has a very specialized meaning in Kirghiz. It indicates « past action, the consequences of which are still perceptible and which is unexpected for the speaker, who (I) has heard about this action from other people or has iseovered it by logical conclusions ; or (2) has been an eye-witness of the action himself; e.g. tj érténtiptitr = “the house has burt out apparently ” (somebody is walking through a street and sees a burnt-out ruin at a place at; which he expected to see house), Axmet keliptir =“ Akhmet has arrived apparently ” (the speaker comes home and sees Akhmet who has been away for a long time). Durative Preerite Ii is formed by adding t; eg. tjrén- = “to learn”; jrdt =“ to teach” ; ir (v.h.2), -er (veh), added to a number of monosyllabic stems with a final consonant, e.g. qabir = “to mhke flee”; gajtar =““to make retum” = ‘to send back”; dir (ir, v.h.2) added to stems with a final consonant or with a inal long vowel (¥Y, w) 5 og. tuxdur = “to assist at a confinement ” (lit. to make bear <*tuy-dur-) ; -tit (-kiz, v.h.2), added to stems with a final consonant, e.g. min make mount”; to a few stems -ger (-ker, vib.) is added; e.g. qutgar — save” (<1); Btker- = “to pass (time) ”. (©) Possibility and Impossibility —Converb - + al-=“‘to take”; eg. iste atamin = “I can work” ; neg, iéte albajmin = “I cannot work.” (6) Compound Verbs.—They consist of a converb -e + an auxiliary verb, (@) A verb indicating a motion + kel- = “to come”, indicates hurry ; e.g. ditind geldi = “he came in a hurry”; qajta geldi=“‘he retumed in a hurry”. (0) kele (

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