eee wy oon tnegiaen a htt FL ALY Reinforced Concrete an N. Krishna Raju R.N. PraneshCopyright ©2003, New Age Intemational (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers First Edition : 2003 Reprint: 2008 Alll rights reserved. ‘No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the copyright owner. ISBN : 81-224-1460-5 Rs. 250.00 C-08-03-2345 5678910 Printed in India at Nagari Printers, Delhi. PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEWAGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newngepublishers.com The book is dedicated to The pioneers and research workers, Isaac Johnson, Thaddeus Hyatt, Koenen, Coignet Whitney, Emperger, Jenson, Chambaud, Hognestad Baker, Evans, Neville, Fintel, Johanssen, Wood, Jones, Regean, Bresler, Park, Paulay, Gerwick, Murashev, Collins, Taylor, Newmark and a host of others wio toiled incessantly for the development and widespread use of Reinforced ConcretePreface ‘The widespread use of reinforced concrete in a variety of structural mem- bers in the construction industry has necessitated a proper understanding of the design and detailing procédures adopted” by civil and structural engineers. The first Indian standard code of practice for plain and rein- forced concrete was published in 1953 and revised in 1964 with major emphasis on working stress design. The third revision published in 1978 incorporated the limit’state design in conjunction with the working stress design. In recent years valuable information regarding the various aspects of rein- forced concrete such as durability, fire resistance, type of concrete, quality assurance and limit state criteria, has been gathered and hence the recently revised fourth edition of the Indian standard code IS: 2000 incorporates the latest developments and design practices accumulated during the last three dccades and also based on the various national codes such as the British code BS: 8110, the American code ACI: 319, the German code DIN: 1045, the Buropean concrete committee (CEB-FIP) model code of 1990, the Canadian code CAN-A23.3 and the Australian code AS: 3800. This text book entitled "REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN (IS: 456-2000) is a modern comprehensive text meetirig the requirements of lergraduate students of civil engineering and as a reference book for civil engineering teachers and practicing structural engineers. The material covered in the book comprises the first course forming the foundation for the theory and design of reinforced concrete structures and is class tested over several years of teaching by the authors. ‘The book is spread over seventeen chapters covering the fundamental top- ics in reinforced concrete design generally taught in the first course of BE and B-Tech (Civil enginecring) curriculum in Indian universities to be covered in a time frame of 50 hours. . In the first Introductory chapter, the evolution of reinforced concrete as a structural material for domestic industrial, highway, marine, environmen- tal and storage structures is highlighted and prominent landmarks in the development of the material during the 20th century is examined in the light of continuous research by various investigators about the different properties of structural material. The second and third chapters present a comprehensive description of the various properties of concrete and types of reinforcement used in structural concrete along with the relevant Indian Standard code specifications.* Preface - Blastic Theory of Reinforced concrete sections in flexure is presented in Chapter-4 along with some numerical examples of analysis of structural elements. ‘The concepts of Limit State Method of design which includes the various limit states of collapse and serviceability such as deflections and cracking is presented in Chapter-5. In chapter-6, the ultimate strength of structural concrete members in flex- ure, shear, compression and torsion and their combinations followed by their serviceability requirements at working loads is presented in Chapter-7 The limit state method of designing, slabs, columns, footings, and retain- ing walls is presented in a logical sequence in Chapters 8 to 1. Typical Design examples are worked out using the Indian Standard Code: 456-2000 equations and also checked by the use of design aids such as SP: 16, generally used in design office to save time. ‘The limit state design of different types of staircases such as doglegged, open well, and tread-riser configurations are presented in Chapter-12 fol- lowed by the design of corbels and nibs in Chapter-13, The theory and design of pile and raft foundations are detailed in Chapter-14. The traditional working stress method of design extensively used in the first half of the 20th century is presented in Chapter-15 with some numer- ical design examples. Chapter-16 deals with detailing aspects of reinforcements in structural concrete members to be followed to achieve adequate strength and ser- viceability. A large number of figures are presented to illustrate the wrong and right methods of detailing of reinforcements in various structural concrete members. Chapter-17 deals with the Principles of earthquake resistant design. The Indian standard codal recommendations regarding the detailing of mem- bers in seismic zone is presented. Each chapter is fortified with a variety of worked numerical examples and a large number of practice examples are included at the end of each chapter (o help the students preparing for university and competitive examinations. In keeping with the spirit of ‘drawing is the language of the engineer’, numerous figures have been included which it is hoped will heip in a clearer understanding of the subject matter. S.I units have been adopted throughout the text for all design examples, Finally, the authors welcome constructive criticisms and useful sug- gestions, which will immensely help in updating and improving the con- tents of the book. N. Krishna Raju Bangalore. RUN. Pranesh January 2003 Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the following societies, journals, associations, building standards of various countries and several authors for the reproduction of salient design data, charts, tables, figures and refer- ence material mentioned throughout the text, Bureau of Indian standards, American Concrete Institute, British Standards Institution, German Standards Institution, Canadian Standards Associ- ation, American Society of Civil Engineers, Australian Standards Associ- ation, National Building Code of Canada, European Concrete Committee, Institution of Engineers (ndia), Institution of Civil Engineers (London) Structural Engineer (London), Torstcel Research Foundation, Cement & Concrete Association (London), Structural Engineering Research Centre Roorke), Magazine of Concrete Research (London). John Wiley & Sons (New York), Mir Publishers (Moscow), McGraw Hill Publishers (New York), Prentice Hall of India (New Delhi), Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co (New Delhi), Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs (New Jersey), Narosa Publishing House (New Delhi), Pitman (Australia), Asia ~ Publishing House (New Delhi), C.B.S, Publishers & Distributors (New Delhi), Oxford & LB.H. Publishing Co (New Delhi), Khanna Publishers (New Delhi), Chatto and Windus (London). In addition to the above publishers, the authors are deeply indebted to the following research workers and professors for freely using their published work in compiling this book. Professors A.M. Neville, R.H.Evans, P.C. Verghese, R.H. Wood, L.L. Jones, R.E.Rowe, S.Unnikrishna Pillai, Devdas Menon, V. Murashev, MP. Collins, K.T.S. Iyengar, R.F.warner, B.V. Rangan, A.S.Hall, P.Purv- shothaman, K.W. Johansson, B. Bresler, R. Park, T.Paulay, M.R. Kalgal, K.S. Jayasimha, M.S. Sudarshan, N.M. New Mark, A.K. Jain, M. Fintel, ER. Khan and several other research workers. The complete details of the source material used for the preparation of the text matter are presented in the form of references at the end of the book. ‘The authors wish to record their gratitude to Pradeep for preliminary com- pilation of the master copy of the text on a computer floppy and Master B. Srikanth, for incorporating the various mathematical equations in the textviii Acknowledgements using the Microsoft Windows soft ware. Thanks are also due to V.B. Pra- sad for preparing the master tracings of the large number of figures pres- ented in the book. Finally, the authors also express their gratitude to their collegues, students, friends and family members for their kind encouragement, co-operation and timely help extended during the preparation of the text book. : List of Symbols Cross sectional area Lever arm Breadth of beam, or shorter dimension of a rectangular.colummn. Effective width of slab . Effective width of flange . Breadth of web or rib mo Overall depth of beam or slab or diameter of column; dimension Of a rectangular column in the direction under consideration Thickness of flange Dead toad Effective depth Depth of compression reinforcement from the highly compressed face Modulus of elasticity of concrete Barth qnake foad Modulus of elasticity of steel Eccentricity Resisting force Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete : Modulus of rupture of concrete (Flexural strength of concrete) Split tensile strength of concrete Design strength Characteristic strength of stecl Gravity load or dead load Overall height of retaining wall Height of stem Second moment of area or moment of inertia Effective moment of inertia Moment of inertia of gross section excluding reinforcement Moment of inertia of cracked section a Bee lever arm factor osWL List of Symbols Stiffness of member Constant or coefficient or factor Development length Live load Length of a beam or column between adequate lateral restraints Or the unsupportediength of a column Effective span of beam or slab Length of shorter side of slab Length of longer side of slab Effective span length alongX-X axis Effective span length along Y-¥ axis Clear span face to face of supports Span in the direction in which moments are determined, c/c of supports Span transverse to L1, centre to centre of supports Distance between points of zero moments in a beam Bending moment | Moment of resistance Modular ratio Neutral axis depth Actual neutral axis depth Critical neutral axis depth Axial load on a compression member Safe bearing capacity of soil or intensity of pressure Percentage reinforcement in tension Percentage reinforcement in compression Live load Design coefficient Radius Spacings of stirrups Torsional moment Shear force Distributed load per unit area Total load or concentrated load Wind load Neutral axis depth Modulus of section ‘List of Symbols xi Displacement Partial safety factor for load Partial safety factor for material Coefficient of friction or coefficient of orthotropy Permissible stress in concrete in bending compression Permissible stress in concrete in direct compression Permissible stress in steel in compression Permissible stress in steel in tension Permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement Design bond stress Shear stress in concrete Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement Noninal shear stress Diameter of bar Shrinkage curvature Strain in concrete Strain in steel Creep coefficient Poisson's Ratio Angles or RatioT-Tamie ARAGAN Contents Preface v Acknowledgements vit List of Symbols . ix 1, INTRODUCTION 1 1,1 Basic Concepts of Reinforced Concrete 1 1,2 Historical Development 1 1.3 Philosophy of Structural Design 3 1.4 Applications of Reinforced Concrete 4 1.5. Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems 5 1.6 Design Codes and Hand Books 10 1.7 Loading Standards 11 2. MATERIALS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE 15 2.1 Concrete 15 2.2 Steel Reinforcement 25 REINFORCEMENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE MEMBERS 29 3. 3.1 Reinforcements in Slabs 29 3.2 Reinforcements in Beams 29 3.3 Reinforcements in Columns 30 4, ELASTIC THEORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS IN FLEXURE 33 4,1 Blastic Theory of Reinforced Concrete Sections 33 4.2. Neutral Axis Depth and Moment of Resistance of Sections 33 4.3 Balanced, Under Reinforced and Over Reinforced Sections 37 44 Analysis Examples of R.C. Sections 46 4.5 Examples for Practice 52Contents ‘5, LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN 54 5.1 Philosophy of Limit State Design 54 5.2 Limit State Design and Classical Reliability Theory 54 5.3 Limit States 55 5.4 Safety Factors 56 5.5 Characteristic and Design Strengths and Partial Safety Factors 56 5.6 Characteristic and Design Loads 57 ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS 60 6. 6.1 Introduction 60 6.2 Ultimate Flexural Strength of Rectangular Sections 60 6.3 Ultimate Flexural Strength of Flanged Sections 84 6.4 Ultimate Flexural Strength of Doubly Reinforced Concrete Sections 109 6.5 Ultimate Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Sections 126 6.6 Torsional Strength of Reinforced Concrete Sections 147 6.7 Bond and Anchorage in Reinforced Concrete Members 172 6.8 Examples for Practice 191 7, SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS 195 ‘ 7.1 Introduction 195 1.2 Codified Deflection Limits 196 7.3 Deflection Control in Beams and Slabs (Empirical Method) 196 74 Deflection Computations (Theoretical Method) 201 7.5 Control.of Cracking in R.C. Members 203 7.6 Examples 209 7.7 Examples for Practice 218 8. LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF BEAMS 220 8.1 Introduction 220 8.2 Guidelines for Selection of Cross Sectional Dimensions and detailing of Reinforcements 220 8.3 Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams 221 Contents xv 8.4 Design of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beams 227 8.5 Design of Flanged Beams 233 8.6 Design of Cantilever Beams 246 8.7 Design of Continuous Beams 249 8.8 Examples for Practice 254 9. LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF SLABS 256 9.1 Introduction 256 9.2 Design of One Way Slabs 256 9.3 Design of Two Way Slabs 259 9.4 Design of Cantilever Slabs 272 9.5 Design of Continuous Slabs 275 9.6 Design of Flat Slabs 279, 9.7 Yield Line Analysis of Slabs 287 9.8 Examples for Practice 318 10. LIMIT-STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS AND FOOTINGS 321 10.1 Introduction 321 10.2 Classification of Columns 321 10.3 Effective Length of Columns 323, 10.4 Design of Short Columns Under Axial Compression 330 10.5 Design of Short Columns Under Compression with Uniaxial Bending 336 10.6 Design of Short Columns Under Compression and Biaxial Bending 345 10.7 Design of Slender Columns 352 10.8 Design of Footings 361 10.9 Examples for Practice 382 11, LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS 384 11.1 Introduction 384 11.2 Types of Retaining Walls 384 1L.3 Forces Acting on Retaining Walls 385 11.4 Stability Requirements 388 1L.5 Proportioning and Design of Retaining Walls 390 11.6 Design Examples 392 11.7 Examples for Practice 405xvi Contents ~ 12, DESIGN OF STAIR CASES 12.1 Introduction 408 12:2 Types of Staircases 409 12.3 Loads on Staircases 414 12.4 Design Examples 420 12.5 Examples for Practice 428 13. DESIGN OF CORBELS (BRACKETS) AND NIBS 13.1 Introduction 430 13.2 Shear Span/Depth Ratio and Shear Resistance 431 13.3 Dimensioning of Corbels 431 13.4 Analysis of Forces in a Corbels. 432 13.5 Design Procedure of Corbels 434 ~ 13.6 Design of Nibs (Beam Shelves) 436 13.7 Design Examples 439 13.8 Examples for Practice 445 14, PILE AND RAFT FOUNDATIONS 14.1 Introduction 446 14.2 Design of Pile Foundations 447 14.3 Design of Pile Caps 448 14.4 Design Examples of Piles and Pile Caps 453 14.5 Design of Raft Foundations 463 14.6 Design Example 463 14.7 Examples for Practice 468 15, WORKING STRESS METHOD OF DESIGN 15.1 Introduction and Permissible Stresses. 470 15.2 Design of Slabs 473 15.3 Design of Beams 477 15.4 Design of Columns and Footings 483 15.5 Design of Retaining Walls 486 15.6 Design of Staircase 492 15.7 Design of Water Tanks 494 15.8 Examples for Practice $17 408 430 446 470 Contents — xvii 16, REINFORCEMENT DETAILING IN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE MEMBERS 521 16.1 Introduction 521 16.2 Structural Distress and Collapse 522 16.3, Common Shapes of Reinforcements in Slabs 522 16.4 Detailing of Reinforcements in Slabs 524 16.5 ng of Reinforcements in Beams 528 16.6 Detailing of Reinforcements in Columns 531 16,7 Detailing of Reinforcements in Foundations and Walls 533° 16.8 Detailing at Junctions 535 16.9 Detailing in Corbels 543 16.10 Lapping, Splicing and Welding of Reinforcements 545 16.11 Bundling of Reinforcing Bars 548 16.12 Cover to Reinforcement and Reinforcement supports 549 16.13 Expansion Joints in Concrete Structures 550 16.14 Do's and Dont’s in Detailing of reinforcements 553 17, EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND DETAILING 567 17. Introduction 567 17.2 Earthquake Forces 568 17.3 Duetility of Reinforced Concrete Members “569 17.4 Design Principles and Code Provisions 576 17.5 Indian Standard Code Provisions for Earthquake Resistant Design 579 ; 17.6 Isolation Concepts in Barthquake resistant Design 588 REFERENCES 592 SUBJECT INDEX 603 AUTHOR INDEX 610CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE Reinforced-concrete is basically concrete in which steel bars of desirable magnitude, are introduced in the casting stage so that the resulting com- posite material resist the stresses developed due to the external loads. In flexural members ‘the steel reinforcement is generally provided near the tension face to resist the tensile stresses since the tensile Strength of con- crete is hardly one tenth Of its compressive strength, In the case of com- pression members, the.steel reinforcement is distributed uniformly in the cross section to resist the compressive stresses developed due to the external loads. 5 . : ‘The revolutionary engineering concept of reinforcing the weak tensile zone of conerete by steel reinforcement was developed in mid-nineteerith Century, The early 20th century witnessed significant improvements in the development and use of reinforced concrete mainly due to the production . of good quality concrete. with improved strength and improved quality of Steel with surface characteristics suitable to develop good bond ‘between concrete and steel. . : oe ‘The success of reinforced concrete as a revolutionary material for use in various types of structures is mainly due to the improved quality of Conerete and stcel over the years and also the improved bond characteris- tics between the two in, gredients, . 1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT The present state of development in the field of reinforced concrete is due {0 the continuous research done by scientists and engineers in this field during the last 150 years. 1 Isane Johnson! first made the prototype of modern cement in 1845, by burning a mixture of clay and chalk until clinkering, so that reactions nec- - @ssary for the formation of strong cementatious compounds are complete. Early 20" century witnessed the development of mass production of good quality cement. At present Ordinary Portland cement of various strengths designated as C-33, C-43, and C-53 are available for use in different types Of structures. Different types of cements with specific properties have becn2 Reinforced Concrete De ate in the cons uction of highways, marine structures, mul- und industrial uctures. jnforeed masonry during first century B.C, Lambot of France constructed a Fow boat 3.3m. long by nlastering Roque. fort cement on it keleton networ! ot iron and wire. Coignet? of France and his contemporul in England filed the first patents for the use of cre 5 seinforeed concret developed for use tistorey bul ding! Roman we around 1855. | in 1855, Wilkinson sec\ ed a patent in England for a concrete arch floor reinforeed with tie bar Many scientists around this time obtained son reinforced com rol different types of structures in various tent . an . boul In the Later part of 19" century, reinforced concrete passed through a pried! of patents fel by several specialists. during the early part of 20" century resulted Significant developments fe in improved quality of ‘concrete and steel. Cement was mass-produced with quality control and improved method of proportioning concrete mixes resulted 1) concrete of desired compressive strength ranging from 15 7 Némnv’ to 60 Némar. ; / Barly Investigntors worked on the theoretical basis to explain the structural behavior of reinforced concrete as early as the end of the nine- teenth century. . ° In 1877, ‘Phaddeus Hyatt, a0 American lawyer established tHe basis of analysis of stress in reinforced anerete by explaining the concept of bond $s LOnereles between steel ‘ads and GOncTe ; Later Koenen of Germany developed the design rules of analysis of reinforced concrele seetions in 1880. Coignet of France also published the principles ofelastic design ‘of reingewed concrete during the same period, rly 20" centucy wvimessed the end of patents in this field when the Prussian regulations ‘comprising 1 complete set of design rules of rein- forced eonerele appeared in 1907, While the French commission on rein- foreedd concrete Tact formulated the design rules in 1906, professional like the Ame! jenn, Conerete Institute (ACI) and the American Soviety of Civil Engineers casceY introduced the first joint code on rein- foreed concrete it 1909. ‘Tho first major appli mainly due 10 the economy’ method of desiga was TE “phe rebuilding: of brides sovivti ieation vf reinforced concrete was in bridges jn comparison with steel bridges. The elastic qaplished and widely used during this oe ih i buildings during the post war periods resulted in establishing reinfonees SONCTELE as an economical structural material for use in different typessestructures. Howoves, the inadequacy of the elastic or working load design in pre- Jonds af a SiAeue paved the way for the ultimate load dicting the ultimate eores and design daged On NIRTALE Toads computed by applying load factors to the working loads. Several Investigators’ like Emporger (1936) Whitney (1937) Jenson (1943), Chambaud (1949) and Hognestad (1951) developed the ultimate load theory based on different types of stress blocks. Reinforced concrete structures designed solely on the basis of ultimate load theory resulted fin. slender structural elements and their serviceability characteristics (deflec- tions and cracks) under working loads were not within the codified accept- able limits. The ultimate load method of design ensures the safety of the structures against the collapse limit state only and as-such does not give any infor- mation about the behaviour of the structure at service loads and the range between service and collapse loads, The inadequacy of the ultimate load method in not ensuring the serviceability of the structure resulted in the development of fimit State design. ° The philosophy of limit state dosign*** was first incorporated in the Russian code in’ 1955. Basically, limit state design is a method of design- ~ ing structures based on @ statistical concept of safety and the associated . statistical probability of failure. Limit state design is based on the concept of probability and comprises the application of the method of statistics to the variations that occur in practice in the loads acting on the structure and “the strength of the materials. The Limit state design overcomes the inadequacies of the working stress and ultimate load methods and ensures the safety of the structure against excessive deflections and cracking under service loads and also provides for the desirable load factor against failure. Hence, the British Code’, American Code®, Australian Code? and German Code" and the recently revised Indian Code!’ have adopted the limit State design con- cepts. 4.3 PHILOSOPHY OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ‘The main objective of reinforced conerete structural design is to comply + with the following essential requirements. 1) Structures designed should satisfy the criterion,of desirable ultimate strength, in flexure, shear, compression, tension dnd torsion developed under a given system of loads and their combinations. In addition, the stresses developed in the structure under the given system of loads should be within the safe permissible limits under service loads. 2) The structure designed should satisfy the criterion of serviceability, which Jimits the deflections and cracking to be within acceptable lim- its. The structure shoutd also have adequate durability and imperme- ability, resistance to acids, corrosion, frost etc.4 Reinforced Concrete Design 3) The structure should-have adequate stability against overturning, slid- ing, buckling, and vibration under the action of loads. A satisfactory stcuctural design should ensure the three basic criteria of strength, serviceability and stability. In addition, the structural designer should also consider aesthetics and economy. The structural designer and the architect should co ordinate so that the structure designed is not only aesthetically superior, but also strong enough to safely sustain the designed loads without any distress during the life time of the structure. 1.4 APPLICATIONS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE Reinforced concrete is well established, as an important construction imaterial often preferred to steel construction mainly due to its versatility, adaptability, and resistance to fire and corrosion resuiting in negligible maintenance costs. Development of better quality cements during the last decade has resulted in stronger and more durable concrete for use in dif- ferent types of structures. Reinforced concrete is ideally suited for the construction of floor and roof slabs, columns and beams in residential and commercial structures. ‘The present trend is to adopt reinforced concrete for bridges of small, medium and long spans resulting in aesthetically superior and economical structures in comparison with steel bridges. Typical use of reinforced concrete in earth retaining structures Includes abutments for bridges and retaining walls for éarthen embankments. Reinforced concrete is ideally suited for water retaining structures like ground and overhead tanks and hydraulic structures like gravity and arch dams. The material is widely used for the construction of large domes for water tanks and sports stadiums and conference halls. Reinforced concrete grid floors comprising beams and slabs are widely used for covering large areas like conference halls where column free space is an essential requirement. For aircraft hangers, reinforcement concrete shells comprising of thin circular slabs and deep edge beams provide an economical solution. Reinforced concrete folded plate construction has been used for indus- trial structures where large column free space is required under the roof. In coastal areas where corrosion is imminent due to humid environment, reinforced concrete is ideally suited for the construction of marine structures like wharfs, quay walls, watchtowers, and lighthouses. For warehouses in coastal areas, reinforced concrete trusses are preferred to steel trusses. a Keinforced concrete poles have almost replaced steel poles for power transmissions, Tall towers for T.V.transmission are invariably constructed using reinforced concrete. seen cgege ~ ‘Introduction. 5 Multistorey reinforced concrete buildings are routinely adopted for both residential and office complexes. For heavy-duty floors.in factories, reinforced concrete is ideally suited due to its resistance to wear and tear and improved durability. In atomic structures, reinforced concrete is preferred to steel for pres- sure vessel construction due to the superior radiation absorption character- istics of high strength and high density concrete. Reinforced concrete piles, both precast and cast in sites have been in use for foundations of structures of different types likes bridges and build- ings. Another novel application of reinforced concrete is in the construction of pavements for highways and airport runways. ‘The Twentieth century has witnessed reinforced concrete as a revolu- tionary material suitable for the construction of most simple to complex structures. With significant improvements in the quality of cement and steel, reinforced conerete will continue to find néw applications and wide- spread use in the 21st century. 1.5 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS Any type of structure may be considered as an assemblage of various structural elements, which perform a predetermined function of resisting various types of forces. Basically a structure can be built up using struc- tural and non-structural elements", The structural elements (beams, stabs columns etc,) have the primary function of resisting the external loads, while the nonstructural elements (partitions, false ceiling, doors ete.) do not support the external loads. Basically, the structural elements can be classified as one-dimensional elements (Ex: beams, columns, arches etc) or two-dimensional elements (Ex: slabs, plates, shells ete.) and three-dimensional elements (thick pipes, walls of nuclear reactor vessels, domes etc.) Circular girders generally used in water tanks are subjected combined flexure, shear and torsion while the corner columns in a multistorey framed structure is subjected to biaxial bending, a) One Way Slab Systems Fig. 1.1(a) shows the floor system comprising ‘a one-way slab supported at the edges by walls or beains and supports dead and live loads. The slabs are subjected primarily to maximum flexure at centre of span along the shorter dircction and maximum shear at supports under gravity loads.Kemsforcea Concrete Design Fig 1.1(b) shows a cantilever slab generally used in chajjas Projecting from lintel beans. Fig 1.1(c) shows a continuous slab, supported on beams generally used ina building complex. Slab ‘Support (a) One Way Slab Walt Lintel beam (b) Cantitever Stab Slab (c) Continuous Slab Fig. 1.1 Types of Refnforced Concrete Slab System b) Two Way Slab floor Systems Fig 1.2. shows a typical two-way slab floor system commonly used in buildings. In this case the slab is supported at the edges and it is subjected to flexure in two principal directions while resisting gravity loads, ¢) Beam and Siab floor systems Fig 1.3 shows a typical beam and slab floor system generally used in resi- sential and commercial building structures. In this case the Sravity loads are resisted by flexure of slab and beams, Introduction 7 Section-yy ¥ lob Section- xx Fig-1.2 ‘Two Way Slab Floor System Section- Section- xx Fig. 1.3 Beam and Slab Floor System @) Flat Slab floor System Fig 1.4 shows a flat slab floor system in which the slab is supported on columns directly without any beams. This type of floor system is generally Preferred for large span office complexes, commercial buildings and garages, where headroom is less, ¢) Grid Floor system Fig 1,5 shows a typical grid floor system comprising beams spaced at short intervals running in perpendicular directions and supports a thin slab. ThisSection- yy Section-xx Column Fig. L4 Flat Slab Floor System {ype of roof is generally used for large conference halls and commercial buildings requiring coluzon free space. The grid floor is supported at the calyes on solid walls or columns at regular intervals. 1 Mallistorey Vertical Framing System Vig 1.6 shows the multistorey vertical frame-comprising columns beams and slabs forming three-dimensional structure. The gravity loads are trans- Mitted from slab to beams which in turn transfer the loads to columns and finally to the foundations. The rigid column and beam frame can resist lateral loads due to wind. Introduction Section-xx Fig. 1.5 Grid Floor System a column Fig. 1.6 Multistorey Vertical Freimiing System Section- 9.10 Reinforced Concrete Design g) Slicar Wall System ‘This system consists of solid concrete walls covering the full height of the building. Generally the shear wail box is located at the liftstaircase regions. Sometimes the shear walls are located as exterior or interior walls placed along the transyerse direction of the tall building to resist lateral loads due to wind. A typical shear wall provided at-the core of a tall struc- ture is shown in Fig 1.7, RCC. Wall N 1 Wy [> Floor slabs Fig. 1,7 Shear Wall System 1.6 DESIGN CODES AND HAND BOOKS ‘) Objective of Codes Based on extensive research and practical knowledge, various countries have evolved their national codes, which serve as guidelinés for the design of structures. The main objectives of the codes are 1) To provide adequate structural safety by ensuring strength, service- ability and durability. . 2) To specify simple design procedures, design tables and formulae for easy computations. 3) To provide legal validity and to protect structural engineers form any liability due to failures of structures caused by inadequate design and improper materials and lack of proper supervision during construc- tion. 4) To provide a uniform set of design guide lines to be followed by vari- ous structural designers in the country. National building codes are periodically revised to reflect the improve- ments in the quality of materials and design procedures evolved as a result of comprehensive research investigations conducted. in the various institutions in the country-and abroad. Introduction 11 b) Design Codes and Handbooks All reinforced concrete structural design in our country should confotm to the recently revised Indian Standard Code 1S:456-2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (Fourth Revision). The corresponding national codes of other countries, which are often referred to, are the Aunerican Concrete Institute Code ACI-318 and the British Code BS: 8110. The design examples presented in this book conform to the Indian standard code. The Bureau of Indian standards have released over the years several handbooks to facilitate reinforced concrete structural designers to design routine structural elements quickly by referring to the various tables and graphs presented in the handbooks. The following handbooks will serve as useful design aids for structural conerete designers. 1) SP: 16-1980". Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456. 2) SP: 24-1983". Explanatory Handbook on IS: 456. o 3): SP: 34-1987'*- Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing. 4); SP: 23-1982". Hand book on Concrete Mixes (Based on Indian Stan- dards) 1,7, LOADING STANDARDS Reinforced concrete structures are clesigned to resist the following types of Toads: - a) Dead Loads These are loads that will not change with respect to time. The dead loads acting on the structure include the self-weight of the structural elements, partitions, and finishes, which depends upon the type of material used in the structure. The Indian standard code IS: 875(Part-1) - 1987'7 prescribes the unit weight of building materials and stored materials to be used in the design. Salient dead loads of most common materials used in structural elements are presented in Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Dead Louds of Materials H Erica Masonry 18.85 to 22 Plain Concrete 22,00 to 23.60 Beinforced concrete 22.75 to 26.60 Stone Masonry 21 1027 Tenber 60 10 (Contd...)12:. - Reinforced Concrete Design ‘Table 1.4. Dead Loads of Materials (Contd...) Cement Mortar 20.4 Lime Mortar 15.7 to 18.50 Steel 785 Ftoor Finishes 0.6 to 1.2 Roo! Finishes 02012 ‘Stoel work for Rooting 0.16 10. 0.23 02 ‘Cement plaster - 10mm thick Concrete Tile flooring 25 mm thick 05 Terrazzo, 10mm thick 02 Brick Wall, 100mm thick 4.91 b) Live Loads ‘These are loads that change with respect to time. Live or imposed loads include the loads due to people occupying the floor and those duc to mate- rials stored or vehicles in garage floors, The imposed floor and roof loads for different occupancies are specified in IS 875 (Part-2) - 1987'*. Some of ive loads encountered in the design of buildings are compiled the common in Table 1.2 ‘Table 1.2 Live or Tesposed Loads : Loading Types of Floors Minimura Live Class. Load kN/im? 2 Floors in dwolling houses, tenements, hospital wards, 2 Bedrooms and private sitting coms in hostels and dormi- tories. 25 Office floors other than entrance hall lors of ight work 25-40 rooms. 3.0 | Floors of banking halls, office entrance halls and reading 30 rooms 5 ROOFS Live Load in plan Types of Root kN? 40 ‘Shop floors used for display and sale of merchandise, 4.0 floors of work rooms, floors of class rooms, restaurants, machinory halls power stations etc, where nol occupied by plant or equipment. 50 Floors of warehouses, workshops, factories and other ‘buildings of paris of building or similar category for light weight loads, office lloors for storage and filling purposes. 50 ‘Assembly floor space without fixed saating, public rooms in hotels, dance halls and waiting halts. (Contd.) ; yess, Introduction «13 ‘Table 1.2 Live or Imposed Loails, (Contd...) : 75 Floors of warehouses, workshops, factories and ‘other buildings or paris of buildings of similar category for 75 heavy weight loads, floors of bookstores and iibrarie 10.0 Floors of ware houses, work shops, factorias and other buildings of parts of buildings of similar catogory for 10.0 heavy woight loads, floors of book stores and libraries Garages (light) Floors used for garagos for vehicles not exceading 25 kN Sigs Be gross walght, Slabs 4.0 Bea 25 ms. __| Garages (Heavy) ° Floors used for garages for vehictes not exceoding 40 KN 75 ‘gross weight, Staircases Stairs, landings and corridors for class 2 but not liabto to 3.0 over crowding, Balcony Balconies not liable to over-crowding for class 2 loading Loading for other classes 3.0 Balconies liable to over crowding 5.0 5.0 Flat, Stoping or Curved roof with slopes up to and includ ing to degrees. ja) “Access provided. 15 0.75 b) Accass not provided, except for maintenance. Sloping rool with slope grealer than 10°:- 0.75 kN/mn? Ic) ess 0.001 kNim? for ovory increase in slope over 10 degrees up to and including 20° and 0.002 kN/m* for ‘every degree increase in slope over 20° Seas Bai ¢) Wind Loads Wind loads have to be considered in the design of multistorey buildings, towers and poles. Wind loads depend upon the intensity of wind prevailing in the locality of the structure. 1S: 875(Part-3) -1987" prescribes basic Wind speeds in various zones by dividing the country into 6 zones. The . design wind pressure is computed as p,=0.6¥2 Where _p, = design wind pressure in N/mm? at a height Z and V, = design wind velocity in m/s at a height Z. Wind Load ‘F acting ina direction normal to the individual structural element or cladding unit is commputed as, Fa(G-G)Ary14 Reinforced Concrete Design ~ Where +-C,, = external pressure coefficient. Cy = inteinal pressure coefficient. A. = surface area of structural clement or cladding unit and Pa = design wind pressure. ‘The values of external and internal pressure coefficients depend upon the type of Structure and are presented in a tabular form in IS 875 (Part-3) - 1987. ‘ d) Snow Loads and Local Combinations Structures subjected to snow loads'have to be designed suitably by consid- ering the snow loads prevailing in the region and also the various load combinations, ‘These are specified in IS 875 (Part-4) and (Part-5) - 1987"° ~respectively. e) Earth Quake Loads Seismic or earthquake forces have to be considered in the design of struc- tures located in seismic zones according to 1$:1893-84". The horizontal seismic force (F,.) is computed as, Fg? (@BAG] Where & = Horizontal seismic coefficient depending on location with values of 0.08, 0.05, 0,04, 0.02, and 0.01 for Zones V, IV, HL, 11, and I. B = A coefficient depending on soil-foundation system ranging from 1.0 to1.5 4 = A coefficient depending upon the importance of the struc- ture varying from 1.5 to!.0 G = Dead load above the section considered. Structures located in Zone Y to IU (Severe earthquake zone) should be designed for seismic forces. CHAPTER 2 Materials For Reinforced Concrete 2,1 CONCRETE Plain Concrete is a composite material composing of cement, aggregate and water, in suitable proportions. Cement reacts‘in thie presence of water to produce complex compounds which gradually harden and bonds the aggregate comprising sand and coarse aggregate into a solid mass with — time. Fresh concrete exhibits plasticity and flowability so that it can be placed irito the moulds of required shape and compacted to form a dense mass. The compacted and hardened concrete is cured in the presence of water so that it gains most of its strength within four weeks, after which the external loads can be applied. 2.1.1 Cement Various types of cements have been developed for use in different types of structures. For a detailed study of the type and properties of different types of cements, the reader may refer to the treatise on properties of concrete authored by Neville. According to IS: 456-2000, the types of cements and their suitability for a specific situation are outlined in Table.2.1. 2.1.2 Aggregates In concrete, aggregate volume is nearly 75 percent of the total volume. Hence, the structural behavior of concrete is significantly influenced by the type of aggregates used. Fine aggicgate comprises of sand dug out from tiverbeds and pits having particle sizes from 0.075 mm to 4.75 mm. Crushed rock and gravel are generally used as coarse aggregates with maximum size of 10 mm, 20 and 40 mm. For reinforced concrete work 10 and 20 mm are commonly used. For mass concrete works like dams, larger Sizes of aggregates upto 150 mm are used. The nominal maximum size of Coarse aggregate should be as large as possible but it should be limited:to one fourth of the minimum thickness of the member. Lightweight and heavy weight aggregates are also used in specific works. The various“116: : Reinforced Concrete Design ‘Table 2.1 ‘Types of Cements und their use [No | Type of Cement 1S:Codo ‘Where used 1 ‘Ordinary Portland Gement ¢-33 Grade Is; 260 All General Concrating works. | C43 Grado 1g: 8112 Multistorey structures. C53 Grade Is: 12269 Bridges-Tall structures “ Prestressed concrete work, 2 Rapid Hardening Portland 1S: 8041 Road works and Repairs. Cement 3 | LowHoat Portland Comant | IS: 12600 ‘Mass Concrete Dams 4 Portland Slag Cement’ 18: 455 ‘Marine Structures. 3 1 portand Pozzolana Cement | IS: 1489 | Mass Concrete = ‘Marine Structure : _|___and General building Works, Marine Structures foundations In ‘Sulphate bearing soils. | Sulphate Resisting Périand -| -1S: 12890 ‘Cement T Hydrophobic Cement 1S: 6043 | Swimming Pools floors of food Pro- cessing plants, 8 High Alumina Cement 18: 6452 Marine Structures, 3 ‘Supersulphated Cement 16:6909 | Marine Structures construction of sewers. s of aggregates like specific gravity, strength, toughness, hard- properties 1g) should comply with the ness, soundness, particle size distribution (gradin; Indian Standard Code: IS: 383-1979”. i Crushed rock and gravel aggregates with specific gravity in the range of 2.5 to 2.7 yields concrete with a density in the range of 23 to 24 kN/mi However special concretes like light weight and high density required for, specific applications can be produced by using suitable aggregates. : Light weight aggregates” generally used to produce structural light’ weight concrete having a density in thy range of 10 to 18 kN/m’, widely used in U.K., U.S.A and Enrope belong to the category of and slates produced in a rotary kiln (Leca, a) Expanded shales, clays, Kermazite) ° b) Expanded shales or clay produced on a sintering grate (Aglite, Aglo- porite) ¢) Slags expanded mechanically or by water jet process (Foamed Slag) 4d) Sintered pulverized fuel ash aggregate (Lytag) Lightweight concrete is now a firmly established building material having extensive applications in most of the developing and developed countries. Light Weight concrete is used in the block making industry and also in reinforced and prestressed concrete constructions.” High density concrete with a density, in the range of 30 10 40 kN/m’ required for the construction of biological shields for atomic reactors Materials For Reinforced Concrete 17 made by, using heavy aggregates like Magnetite, Hematite, Limonite and Barytes™, Steel punchings” and shots have been successfully used for producing concrete with a density in the range of 50 to 60 KN/n?, 2.1.3 Concrete Mix Proportions The main objective of eqnerete mix design is to select the optimum pro- portion of the varions ingredients of concrete, which will yield fresh con- crete of desirable workabllity and hardened concrete. possessing the specified: characteristic compressive strength and durability. The mix Propottions should also satisfy the additional requirement of the use of minimum possible cement content so that the maximum economy is achieved in the unit cost of concrete according to the author”. a) Nominal Mix Concrete The Revised indian Standard Code IS: 456-2000, prescribes the propor- tons of ingredients of concrete for nominal mixes of conerete grades lower M-20 which are used for ordinary and small works, as shown in Table ‘Table 2,2 Proportions for Nominal Mix Concrete (Table-9 oF IS: 456-2000) Total Quantity of Dry Aggre- gatos by mass por 50 kg of Proportions of Fine Grace | Cement, to be taken as the sum Aggregate to coarso Quantity of water rele of the individual masses of Fine —--Aggrogale par 50 kg of” and Coarse Aggregates (kg) (By Mass) Cemont (Max) Max litres) 1 2 3 4 ae, 800 Generally 1: 2 but 60 Mrs 625 | subject to an upper 45 Mag 480 Limit of 4:1'% and a 34 20 399 lower limit of 1:24, sa 250 30 b) Design Mix Concrete ror aimporiant works involving large quantities of concrete, it is prefer- to use design mix, which results in considerable economy ensuring the required strength. The design mix uses the following parameters:- 1) Type of cement 2) Aggregate size and grading 3) Water / Cement ratio 4) Aggregate / Cement ratio18 Reinforced Concrete Design «5) Workability of concrete 6): Relation between mean and maximum strength and standard deviation 7) Grade of concrete Over the years, several mix design methods have been developed based ‘on the above parameters, The most prominent, well-established and widely used methods are, 1) The American Conérete Institute Method”, 2) The British Method, developed by Teychenne, Franktin and Erntroy"® 3) The Indian Standard Method”. ‘The above methods are based on extensive experimental investigations in their respective countries. A critical review of the Indian, British and American methods of concrete mix design has been reported by Krishna Reddy” and the author. The salient experimental observations being that the American and British methods resulted in conerete having compressive strength nearly equal to the desired characteristic strength while the Indian Standard method yields significantly higher compressive strength than the desired characteristic strength. Also the concrete mixes designed by’ the Indian Standard Code method utilized the highest cement content for unit volume of concrete in comparison with the American and British methods, For exhaustive information regarding the format of design of. concrete mixes of various types and computer aided design of mixes, the reader may refer to the treatise on ‘Design of Concrete Mixes’ recently revised by the author”. ¢) Properties of Concrete i) Compressive strength The Characteristics strength is defined as the strength of material below which not more than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall. The concrete mix should be designed for the target strength computed as, Target Strength = (Characteristic Strength) + (1.65 time the Standard deviation) The Indian Standard Code IS: 456-2000 specifies the characteristic compressive strength of 150 mm cubes at the age of 28days as Grades of concrete varying from 15 to 50 N/mm? designated as M-15 to M-50. For Reinforced concrete, the minimum grade of concrete to be used is M-20. ii) Tensile Strength The flexural strength of| concrete generally referred to as Tensile strength is Materials bor Kenijoreeu Conerere ay required to compute the on set of visible cracks in a concrete structure under flexure. For computation of load factor against cracking, knowledge of the flexural strength is required, According to IS: 456-2000, the tensile strength of concrete can be computed from the compressive strength using the empirical relation given by Flexural strength f.= 0.7 Wf, Némm? Where fy = Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete «Nimm’) iii) Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of elasticity of concrete which is significantly influenced by the type of the aggregates used, type of cement and mix proportions is an important property required for the computations of deflections of struc- tural concrete members which forms an important limit state in the design of concrete members. In the absence of test data, the modulus of elasticity of concrete is normally related to the compressive strength and is com- puted by the empirical relation recommended by IS: 456-2000 code and is expressed as, _ : E,= 5000 Vf, Where E, is the short-term static modulus of elasticity of concrete expressed in N/min*. fa is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete expressed in N/mm? : iv) Shriukage of Concrete The ingredients of concrete and environmental conditions like temperature and humidity influence the total shrinkage of concrete. Water content in concrete significantly affects the shrinkage. The IS: Code 456-2000 rec- ommends the total shrinkage strain as 0.0003 in the absence of test data. Drying shrinkage in plain concrete may result in surface cracks. Shrinkage of concrete also influences the deflections of reinforced concrete members. y) Creep of concrete The inelastic time dependent strain developed in a concrete member under sustained loading is referred to as creep of concrete: Creep of concrete is influenced by cement content, W/C ratio, A/C fe io, temperature and humidity, size, of the structural element, type of loading and’ period of loading. .f36°’ Reinforced Conérete Design In the absence of reliable experimental data, the creep coefficient is expressed as the ratio of ultimate creep strain / elastic strain at various ages of loading as recommended by IS: 456-2000 are given in Table 23. Table 2.3 Creep coefficient (IS: 456-2000) ‘Age at Loading Creep coofficiont 7 days 22 28 days 16 year 4A Creep of concrete significantly affects the deflections of reinforced concrete flexural members. Higher creep coefficient results in larger deflections, The value of creep coefficient is useful in the computation of time dependent deflections in reinforced concrete members. vi) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion “The coefficient of thermal expansion of conerete, influenced mainly by the type of aggregate used in concrete is required for the design of structures like chimneys, water ianks, silos ctc. ‘The values recommended in IS: 456-2000 are compiled in Table 2.4. ‘Table 2.4’ Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for Concrete Type of Aggregate Coafiiciont of Thermal expansion for concrete /’C Quartzite 4.210 1.310 ‘Sand stono 0.9 to 1.2.x 10% Granite 0.7 to 95x 10° Basalt 0.8 to 0.95 x 10% Lima stone 0.6 to 0.9 x 107 - vii) Durability of Concrete ~ a) General Features Concrete is durable if it performs satisfactorily without deterioration when exposed to different types of exposure conditions during its service life. ‘The main factors influencing durability ate, the type of environment, the ‘type of quality of concrete, cement content, water/cement ratio, workman- ship, cover to the embedded reinforcement, the shape and size of the structural member. IS: 456-2000 categorizes the exposure conditions into six types designated as a) mild b) moderate, ¢) severe d) very severe ¢) extreme f) abrasive. The Indian code prescribes the miim cement and maximum water- cement ratios to be used in concrete for different exposure conditions to 4 > whaterials’ For Reinforced Concrete 21 ensure the durability of concrete. ‘The values of cement content, water/cement ratio and minimum grade of concrete-for normal weight aggregates of 20mm nominal maximum size are compiled in Table 2.5 and the adjustments required for cement content when other sizes of aggregates used aré shown in Table 2.6. ‘Table 2.5 Minimum Cement Contents, Maximum W/C Ratio, and Minimum Grade of concrete for different exposure condition with normal weight aggregates of 20mm ‘Nominal maximum size, (Table,5 of IS: 486-2000) Exposure Plain Concrete Reinforced concrete | Minimum Grade of . Concrete Minimum | Maximum | Minimim ] Maximum cement can-| Free WIC |coment con-| Free WIC, | P.0.C. | R.C.C tent (kg/m?) Ratio tent {kg/th} Ratio Mild 220 0.60 300 0.55 M20 Moderate 240 0.60 300 0.50 Mets | M25 Severo 250 -|- 0.80 320 0.45 M20 | M30 Very severe 260 0.45 340 0.45 M20, | M35 Extreme 280 0.40, 360 40]. 25 | M40 ‘Table 2.6 Adjustments to Minimum Cement contents for Aggregates other than 20 ‘mim nominal maximum size. (Table -6 of IS: 456-2000) ‘Adjustments to Minimum Cement Contents Nominal Maximum Aggregate size (mm) In Table 2.4-(kg/m*) 10 +40 20 0 40 - 30 b) Freezing and thawing ‘Under severe exposure conditions where concrete is subjected to freezing and thawing, it is. preferable to use air-entrained concrete for grades less than M-50, Air entrained concrete obtained-by using air entraining admix- tures is ideatly suited to resist the destructive effects of freezing and thaw- ing conditions,-The IS; 456-2000 code recommends the percentages of entrained air for nominal maximum size of aggregates of 20 and 40 mm as shown in Table 2,7. t Table 2.7 Air Entrained Conerete Nominal Maximum size of Aggregate (mm) | __Entrained alr (percentage by volume) 20 541% 40 441%6 ANGULO Cutter ere aroun Notes: 1) Minimum Cement Content prescribed in the Table is irrespective of grgdes of cement and it is inclisive of supplementary cementatious materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag or silica fume. 2) . Minimum grade for PCC under mild exposure conditions not speci- *. fied. . . ‘ ¢) Exposure to sulphate attack Concrete used in marine structures is subjected to extreme exposure con- ditions due to the sulphate bearing waters of the sea. Depending upon the concentration of sulphate expressed as SO, ,different types of cements are preferred to resist the destructive effects of sulphate bearing waters in marirfe environment. 1S: 456-2000 recommends different types of coments from ordinary Portland to sulphate resulting Portland depending upon the sulphate con- tents, The minimum cement content and the corresponding maximum free water/cement ratios are compiled in Table 2.8. 4) Fire resistance, Corrosion and Cover requirements for R.C.C. members The alkaline environment of Portland cement concrete generally protects embedded steel reinforcement, against corrosion from various environ- mental agencies. However, the carbonation of hydrated cement gradually progresses from the surface to the interior of conerete, thus reducing the effective protection provided by the concrete against rusting of steel rein- ~ forcement. Many codes have provided for minimum cover requirements in - this regard, It is important to note the thickness of clear cover and the density of concrete in the protection to steel against corrosion and fire resistance. Notes: I) Cement content given in Table 2.7 for ordinary Portland cement is irrespective of grades of cement. 2) Use of supersulphated cement is generally resteicted wheré the pre- vailing temperature is above 40°C. 3) Supersulphated cement gives an acceptable life provided that the con- crete is dense and prepared with a water/ceinent ratio of 0.4 or tess, In mineral acids, down to pH 3.5. Materials For Reinforced Concrete 3 Table 2.8 Requirements for Concrete Exposed to Sulphate Attack (Table-4 of IS: 456-2000) Class Concentration of Sulphate expressed as SO, Type of cement Requirements for dense fully com. pacted concrete mado with Aggregates com. plying with 1g; 383-1970 In Soit In ground Min. | Max. water (g/l) coment] Free content) waters (Kg/m*) | coment ratio Total SO, | SO, in 2:1 th (percent) | water soll oxtract (gi!) 1 | Traces | Less than | Less than] Ordinary portland ~ Less.than 41.0 ‘| 03 |cementor porttand 0.2 slagcementor | 280 | 0,55 ‘ - portland pozzo- ‘ lona cement. 22 | 0.21005 | 1.0101.9 [03to 1.2] Ordinary portland | 330 |” 0.50 or portland slag or portland pozzo- lona cement: Supersulphated | 310 | 0.50 ‘cement or sul- phate resisting portland cement 3 | 0.51010 [ 1.9t03.1 | 1.21025) Super sulphated coment or sul- phate resisting portiand cement. Portland pozzo- | 350 | 0.45 Jona or portland slag cement 4 | 1.01020 |'3.1t05.0 [281050] Supersilphated | 370 | o.45 or suiphate resisting portland cement — 5 | More than | More than [More than! Sulphate resisting | 400 | 0.40 2.0 5.0 5.0 _ |portiand cement or; super sulphated cament with pro- fective coatings4°" Reinforced Concrete'Design ~~ >. 4) Thie cement contents given in class 2 are the minimum recommended. For SO} contents néar the upper limit of class 2, cement contents © above these minimums are advised. 5) | For severe conditions such as thin sections under hydrostatic pressure on one side only and sections partly immersed, considerations should be given toa flurther reduction of water/cement ratio. 6) Portland slag-cement conforming to IS: 455-1989 with slag content more than 50 percent exhibits better sulphate resisting properties. 7) Where chloride is also encountered along with sulphate in soil or ground water, ordinary Portland cement with C,A content from 5to8 percent shall be desirable to be used in concrete, instead of sulphate resisting cement. Alternatively, a blend of ordinary Portland cement and slag may also be used provided sufficient information is available on performance of such blended cements in these conditions. The Indian Standard Code IS: 456-2000 provides for separate nominal cover requirements to meet durability and fire resistance requirements. The cover requirements varying from 20 to 75 mm for durability requirements depend upon the type of exposure conditions as outlined in Table 2.9. ‘These covers may be used for reinforcements in beams and slabs. In the case of longitudinal reinforcements in columns, the code prescribes a minimum nominal cover of not less than 40mm or Jess than the diameter of the bars, In the case.of columns having minimum dimension of 200mm or under and where reinforcing bars do not exceed 12 mm, a cover of 23mm may be used. Por footings of columns where the footing stab is in contact with soil, the minimum cover shall be 50 mm. The minimunh nominal‘ cover requirements to be provided to all rein- forcement including links embedded in normal aggregate concrete to meet specified periods of fire resistance varying from 0.5 to 4 hours is compiled in Table 2.10. The cover requirements depend upon the type of Structural element such as, beam, floor, ribs and columns as well as the support con- dition’, which include simply supported or continuous members, These specifeation| are based on the British Code BS: 8110” recommendations for fire resistance. Table 2.9 Nominal Cover to meet Durability Requirements (Table-16 of 1S: 456-2000) Nominal Concrete cover in (mim) not less ‘Exposure than Mild 20 Moderate 30 Sovere 45 Very Severe 50 Extreme 75 . Materials For Reinforced Concrete | 25 Notes: 1) Por main reinforcement up to 12mm diameter bar, for mild'exposure, the nominal cover may be reduced by Smm. 2) Unless specified otherwise, actual concrete cover should not deviate from the required nominal cover by +10mm. 3) For exposure conditions ‘severe’ and ‘very severe’, reduction of 5mm. may be made, where concrete grade is M-35 and above. Table 2.40 Nominal covers to all Reinforcement to mect specified perlods of Fire resistance (Table-16A of IS: 46-2000) rote “_Neminal Cover Beams | Floors Ribs Column Simply | Gonie | Simply ] Cont | Simply | Cont [Supported] nuous Supported] nuous Supported] nuous Hours [mm [mm fmm | mm | mm | mm | mm Os 20 20 20 20 20. 20 40 10 20 | 20 2 20 | 20 20 40 15 20 | 20 25 | 20 | 96 20 40 2.0 40 30 35 25 45 35 40 30 eo | 40 46 35 | 66 45 |__40 740 70 | 50 65 | 45 | 65 3 | 40 2.1.4 Progress in Concrete Strength and its use in Buildings Over the ‘years, phenomenal progress has been achieved to produce con- crete of higher compressive strength through continuous research resulting in the production of cements of superior quality. In 1950, concrete grades of M-15 to M-40 were commonly used. The dawri of 21st century has wit- nessed concrete grades ranging from M-30 toM-100. Table 2.11 shows the, progress in concrete strength from 1959. to 1990, Recent developments in the technology of cement production in Japan indicates that it is possible to achieve conerete grades exceeding M-100 by using Ultra High strength cements, Fig 2.1 shows ‘the various types of reinforced concrete buildings in which concrete of different grades and sfcel reinforcement of different | strengths find extensive applications, 21" century will herald in a big way the use of high strength concrete and steel in the construction industry. 2.2 Steel Reinforcement feel bars are primarily used to reinforce concrete in the tension zone of jexural members td compensate for the low tensile strength of concrete26 — Reinforced Concrete Design x 1200) £ E s Zz 3 4 = 800 z L__J} ——___] 2g i > 2 1 2 & 400 % & 2 & GH 30 60 36 720 Strength of conerete (N/mm?) A - Low rise buildings in common B - High rise bultdings of last decade 1 = High strength concrete and reinforcement 2~ High strength concrete (ultra) and high strength reinforcement 3 High strength concrete and ultra high strength reinforcement 4 - Ultra high strength conerete and reinforcement Fig, 2.1 ‘Types of R.C. Buildings and Materials a 0 Table 2.11 Progress in Concrete Strength Year Place: Building Height Concrete (m) Grade (N/mm?) 1959 Chicago Executive House 160 34 1962 Chicago Marino 200 34 1964 Montreal Placo Diviston 200 41 1964 Chicago 1000 Lake store Drive 212 Lake Point Tower 220 4t +968 Chicago ‘Ono Shofl Plaza, 230 51 1970 Houston Watch Tower Palace 267 51 1975 Chicago 41 South Walker Drive 62 1989 Chicago Tower 320 83 1990 Seattle Pacific First Centra - 96.5(124 in 56 days) and in compression members to increase the load carrying capacity. Steel reinforcement generally used comprises the following types of bars Materials For Reinforced Concrete 27 a) Mild steel and Medium tensile steel bars conforming to IS: 432 (Part. * b) High strength deformed steel bars conforming to IS; 1786", ) Hard-drawn steel wire fabric conforming to 1S: 1566, d) . Structural steel conforming to Grade A of IS: 2062” which covers various types of rolled steel sections, The typical stress-strain curves of different grades of steel bars are shown in Fig, 2.2. 600 Bow 8s Stress (N/mm?) 8 200 Es = 2x 10° N/mm? (for all steels) 100 : cy & 12 16 20 Strain (percent) Fig. 2.2 Typical Stréss-Strain Curves for Reinforcing Steels Reinforcements used in reinforced concrete work should be free from loose mill scale, loose rust, oil, mud and any other substance, which reduces bond between steel and concrete which is vital for composite actions, The modulus of elasticity of steel of all grades is taken- as 200 -kN/mm’, The characteristic yield strength of different types of steels shall be assumed as the minimum yield or 0.2 percent proof stress. ‘The norninal diameters presently available in India are 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 45 and 50mm. The most commonly used type of reinforcement is the high strength deformed bars with a specified yield strength of 415 N/mm’, since the surface characteristics with pro- truding ribs result in increased bond between concrete and steel in com- parison with mild steel bars with plain surface.“8° Reinforced Concreté’ Design ‘The stress-strain curve shown in Fig. 2.2 indicates that all steets exhibit increase in strength beyond the yield point due to strain hardening. How- ever, for design purposes this increase in sfrength ‘beyond. yield point is generally neglected. In general, the design codes recommended the use of idealized elasto-plastic stress-strain curve witl an initial linear clastic line up to yield followed by a line at constant stress, denoting post-yield beha- viour. CHAPTER 3 Reinforcement Specifications For Structural Concrete Members 3.1 REINFORCEMENTS IN SLABS In-concrete slabs, the minimum reinforcements to be provided in either direction together with details of reinforcement spacing and cover require- ments are shown in Fig, 3.1 : R.C, Slab d=Effective depth Overall depth= D Distribution Main reinforcement teinforcement IS: 456-2000 Specifications 1) Minimum Reinforcement : * 0-15 % of the total cross sectional area for mild steel and 0-12% when HYSD bars are used 2) Spacing:’ a) Main Steel - + 36 or 300mm whichever is smaller b) Distribution- +56 or 450 mm whichever Steel is smaller 3) Maximum Diameter of Bars: + VD 4) Cover: +20 mm nor < diameter of bar whichever is higher Fig. 3.1 Relnforeement Specifications in R.C. Slabs (IS: 456-2000) 3.2 REINFORCEMENTS IN BEAMS + Generally, beams are provided with main reinforcement on the tension side ‘or flexure and transverse reinforcement for shear and torsion. a) Tension Reinforcement ‘The minimum area of tension reinforcement shall be not less than that given by the relation,30 Reinforced Concrete Design A,= (0.85 bdify Where A, = Minimum area of tension reinforcement, b =breadth of beam or breadth of web of flanged sections. d_ =effective depth and J, = characteristic strength of reinforcement expressed in N/mm’. D =overall depth of the member The maximum area of tension reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 bD b) Compression Reinforcement The maximum area of compression. reinforcement shall not exceed’ 0.04 BD. The compression reinforcement in beams shall be enclosed by stirrups for effective lateral restraint as shown in Fig. 3.2, ¢) Side Face Reinforcement When the depth of web or rib in a beam exceeds 780 mm, side face rein- forcement of cross segtional area not less than 0.1 percent of the web area is to be provided and distributed equally on two faces and the spacing of the bars not to exceed 300mm or web thickness whichever is smaller. . d) Transverse or Shear Reinforcement Minimum or nominal area of shear reinforcement provided in the form of stirrups is computed by the relation, 30405, ~ O87 f, Where A,, = total cross sectional area of stirrup legs in shear S, pacing of stirrups along the length of the member 6 = breadth of beam (or web ina flanged member) f, = characteristic strength of stirrup reinforcement in N/mm? which shall not exceed 415 N/mm? The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement should not exceed ‘0,75’ for vertical stirrups and ‘a’ for inclined stirrups at 450 where ‘d’ is the effective depth. The maximum spacing is restricted to 300mm. The specifications of reinforcements in beams are illustrated in Fig. 3.2. 3.3 REINFORCEMENTS IN COLUMNS Reinforced concrete columns are generally’ of square, Tectangular, or Reinforcement Specifications For Structural Concrete Members 41 et Overall Effective depth sD depth=d Tension Teinforcement Agt ‘over 1S: 456-2000, specifications 1) Minimum Relnforcement: Agt = (2650, or Ast # 0-34 % for mild steet (fy #250 N/mm?) \ "£0.20 for HYSQ bars \ (fy=418 N/mme} 1 2) Maximum Reinforcement: + 0:04 bD for both tenston and compression reinforcement 13) Spacing Between Bars: + diameter of larger, bar nor fess * than the maximum size of coarse aggregate + § mm, whichever Is greater 4) Cover: 25mm nor lass than the diameter of bar 5) Curtailment: Refer clause 26-2-3 of 1S: 456-2000 Fig. 3.2 Relnforcement Specifications in R.C. Beams (1S: 456-2000) circular cross section. Columns are Provided with main longitudinal rein- forcements and lateral ties to prevent buckling of the main bars. The mini- mum and maximum limits of reinforcements, minimum number of bars and their size, cover requirements and the diameter and spacing of lateral ties are illustrated in Fig. 3.3, Jn R.C.Columns with helical ties, at teat six main longitudinal rein- forcements have to be provided within the helical reinforcement, The Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column Shall not exceed 300 min. The pitch of helical reinforcement is limited to a maximum value of 75 mm and a minimum of 25 mm, Helically reinforced columns have marginally higher load carrying capacity than those wilh ordinary lateral ties due to higher degree of confinement of concrete int the core, ‘ 'einforced Concrete Design, Square Circular Lateral. Main ties Rectangular Teinforcement +—Cover 1S: 456-2000 Specifications 1) Maximum Reinforcement: > 6:0 % 2) Minimum Reinforcement: + 0-8 % 3) Minimum Number of Bars: 4 in rectangular and 6 in circular colurnns 4) Diameter of Bors: 12 mm 5) Minimum Cover; 40mm nor diameter of bar whichever is greater 6) Lateral Ties Diameter: ¢ 14, diameter of largest longitudinal-bar nor less than 5mm Pitch Than: a} Least lateral dimension of member b) 16 times the smaller diameter of longitudinal reinforcement c) 48 times the diameter of transverse reinforcement d) For effective arrangement of lateral ties refer Fig. 8,9, 10 and 1% of 1S: 456-2000 Fig. 3.3. Reinforcement Specifications in R.C. Columns (IS: 456-2000) Let Ogg CHAPTER 4 Elastic Theory of Reinforced Concrete Sections in Flexure 4.1 ELASTIC THEORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS The working stress method of design’ of reinforced concrete structures developed during the beginning of 20th centuiy is based on the elastic theory of reinforced concrete sections. The working stress method is based on the assumptions that the structural materials behave in a linear elastic manner and the required safety is ensured by restricting the stresses in the materials under service or working loads, The permissible stresses in con- crete and steel are obtained by dividing the characteristic strength of the material by the factor of safety to restrict the working stress in the material under service loads to be well within the linear elastic phase of the materi- als. . 4.2, NEUTRAL AXIS DEPTH AND MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF SECTIONS Consider 4 rectangular section shown in Fig. 4.1 subjected to a moment 'M’ under working loads, compressive stress developed in Concrete. tensile stress developed in steel. area of tension reinforcement. effective depth. ' width of member, neutral axis depth, neutral axis depth factor. modular ratio. = (280/3 044.) compressive force in concrete. tensile force in Steel. moment of Resistance of the section. Euler en 434 Reinforced Concrete Design Fig. 4.1 Stress Distributton In Rectangular Section In the cracked section, concrete below the neutral axis is negiected in Below the neutral axis, the steel area is converted into an equivalent area of concrete by multiplying the stecl area by modular ratio and this area contributes to the tensile force for equilibrium of the section. From the stress distribution diagram shown in Fig. 4.1 we have the relation, Sexe a _ oym} \a From the above relation we get / em( "Vo, 0, =m |=] One Further when the section is subjected to external loading, resisting moment is developed duc to compression in conerete and tension in steel. computations, Moment of Resistance of the section is given by the relation. M=C (d-nI3)=0.5 Og, -b.n(d —n/3) k M=0504,-8 sa(«-M4) 05 Sete bea (1 -4) The factor (i - ‘) is termed as lever arm factor and is represented by ‘j’ . Hence, we have M205 Ogeb kj-d? ro) THUS EREUTY Up KEL YUTLEU CONLEELG aeurrare For any given section with known values of 8, d, Guy Gac and Ay we can evaluate the neutral axis depth by equating the first moment of areas - above and below the neutral axis. “ 0.5b.n? = m.Ay(d 2) @ By solving Eq, (2), the value of ‘n” and ‘k” can be determined In equation (1) substituting, Q = 0.5 64, kf Wehave M=Q.bid’. a= iia — Q Equation (3) is generally used to check the adequacy of the depth of sec- tion assumed to resist the'given momentM. ‘The Moment of resistance of the section computed from the tension side is given by. M = Ag Gy (« -4) Ag: Sq (« tt) = Ag Oy (: +4) = Aj Syl) M 4u(<) ® Equation (4) is generally used to compute the arca of tension reinforcement in the section to resist the given moment. Neutral axis depth factor The neutral axis depth factor ‘k’ depends only on the permissible stresses in concrete and steel o, and 6, and modular ratio ‘mi’. The value of ‘k’ can be evaluated by the following equations. . Sire kd From Fig. 4.1, o5-(s) ji 1 Solving, ‘lee + esdmnai 5] ©) oe aio (rs) Substituting (77. G4.) = (280/3) and Solving, 280 (ms + al oReinforced Concrete Design ~ Equation (5) ot (6) can be used to evaluate ‘#. In the analysis of reinforced concrete sections, it is often necessary to evaluate the neutral axis depth factor k using Equation (5) or (6), Equation (3) and (4) is generally used in the design of reinforced concrete sections, The values of the design coefficients k, j, and Q depend only on the permissible stresses 6,,., 64 and the modular ratio nm. The permissible stresses in steel and concrete according to IS: 456-2000 are shown in Table 4,1 and 4.2 respectively. The values shown Table 4.1 Permissible stresses in Stee] Reinforcement (IS: 456-2000) (Pable-22 of IS: 456-2000) Permissible stresses in Nim? ‘Type of Stress in Steel Rem. | Mild Medium Tensile bars | HYSD forcement Steel Is: 432 bars S.No. Bars 11768 IS: 432 Grade Fe-415 (a) (2) (3) (4) - (5) (i) | Tension (a, oF o,,) Half the guaranteed yield }@) Up to and including: 20mm 140 |stress subject to a maximum} 230 1b) Over 20mm. 130 of 190 230 (ii) |Compresston in Column 130 190 190 [Bars (04) : (ii) | Compression in bars in beam or | The catculatod compressive stress in the sur- slab when the compressive | rounding concrete multiplied by 1.5 times the ros{stanco of tha concrete ia ‘modular ratio or o,, whichever is lowor taken into account (| Compression in bare in a beam ‘or slab whors the compressive Half the guaranteed yield resistance of the concrete is not stress subject to a maximum taken into account. of 190 }a) Up to and including 20mm 140 190 b) Over 20mm, 130 190 Notes: 1) For high yield strength deformed bars of Grade Fe-500, the permissi- ble stress in direct tension and flexural tension shall be 0.55 f,. The permissible stresses for shear and compression reinforcement shall be as for Grade Fe-415. 2) For welded wire fabric conforming to 1S:1566, the permissible value in tension is 230 N/mm. 3) For the purposes of this standard, the yicld stress of steels for which there is no clearly defined yield point should be taken to be 0.2 percent proof stress, Elastic Theory of Reinforced Concrete Sections in Flexure . 37 4) When mild steel conforming to Grade II of IS: 432(Part-1) is used, the’ permissible stresses in col.3, or if the design details have already been worked out on the basis of mild steel conforming to Grade I of IS: 432 (Part-1), the area of reinforcement shall be increased by 10% of that required for Grade I steel. Table 4.2 Permissible stresses in concrete (IS: 456-2000) {Table-21 of IS: 456-2000) All values in Nim? Parmissible sireas Grade of Permissitile stress in comprosston | In bond (Avg.) for conerete plain bars in tension, (og) Bending (a) Direct (00) - mio [so | 26 ‘| M15 50 40 06 M-20 70, 50 8 M25 85 60 09 M-30) 10.0 80 4.0 M98 115 9.0 44 M40 13.0 10.0 42 in Table 4.2 are obtained by applying a factor of safety of 3 to characteris- tic strength of concrete. Accordingly the permissible valucs of stresses in steel are obtained by applying a factor of safety of 1.78. In the design of reinforced concrete members, the most commonly used grades of concrete are M-20 and M-25. The revised Indian standard code IS: 456-2000 prescribes M-20 as the minimum grade of concrete for reinforced concrete while M-15 and M-10 may be used for plain concrete constructions. For Design office use, it is convenient to use the values of design coef- ficients ‘j’ and ‘Q” to check the depth of the section and to compute the area of reinforcements required to resist the working moment ‘M’ using equations (3) and (4). The valties of design coefficients are compiled in Table 4.3, for the most commonly used grades of concrete. 4.3 BALANCED, UNDER REINFORCED AND OVER REINFORCED SECTIONS In reinforced concrete sections, the depth of neutral axis generally deter- mines the type of section. The analysis of reinforced concrete sections38 Reinforced Concrete Design ~ Table 4.3 Design CoefMiclents Oe uM , k i fo} (N/mm?) (Nim?) 7 13.33 140 0.400 0.87 1.22 230 0,288 0.80 0.91 280 0.250 0.92 0.80 85 a ido | (0.400 0.87 1.48 230 0.288 0.90 1.40 260 0.250 0.92 0.98 10 9.83 140 (0.400 0.87 1.74 230 0.268 0.90 1.30 ' }- 280 0.250 0.92 1.48 include the determination of ‘critical neutral axis’ which depends only on the permissible stresses in concrete and stecl and modular ratio and the actual neutral axis, which is influenced by the sectional properties and the quantity of reinforcement used in the section, . Referring to the Fig. 4.2 Let b= width of section d effective. depth. n, = critical néutral axis depth. A, = Area of tension reinforcement. 0, = Permissible Tensile stress in steel. Gcue_ = Permissible Compressive stress in concrete. mt = modular ratio = (280/30...) tee“ riticat neutral ‘axis. “HERE Fig. 4.2 Depth of Critical Neutral Axis From the stress distribution diagram ess -[ (o,/m) Solving, the critical neutral axis depth is computed by the relation If M, = Moment of Resistance. Elastic Theory of Reinforced Concrete Sections in Flexure 39 1 T+ (@,Jmoq). Reforring to the Fig. 4.3 to ot | POcbet am | 4st) Fig, 4.3 Depth of Actual Neutral Axis Actual neutral “xis : Leta, = actual neutral axis depth. By equating the first moment of areas above and below the neutral axis, we have : 0.5 bi2=m A, (d~A,) Solving this quadratic equation, the actual neutral axis depth can be determined. Case-1 Under reinforced section If n, < ng the section is under reinforced. The moment of resistance is computed from tension side with steel reaching the maximum permissible stress 6, and the moment of resistance is computed from Fig. 4.4. “Ocbe Permissible stress (G5t)u (40) or «2A0)- Fig. 44 Under Relnforeed Section0. - Reinforced Concrete Design M,=T.(d-nf3) M,=0,4, (4-nJ3) Where 9, = 140 N/mm’ for Grade-I, Mild steel. = 230 N/mm? for HYSD bars, Case-2 Over reinforced Section If n, > n, the section is overreinforced (more reinforcement used) and the moment of resistance is computed from the compression side since the concrete in the extreme fibres reach the permissible stress Oe first; hence the moment of resistance is computed from Fig, 4.5. Gcbe= Permissible stress b+ iT (St) < dQ) or < (220) Fig. 4.8 Over Reinforced Section If M, = moment of resistance. M,=05 og.:n,+b (d~n,/3) Where 64. 7 N/mm? for M-20 grade concrete, Case-3 Balanced Section Ifn, =n, =n, then the section is balanced, In this case, the stcel and cons crete reach their maximum permissible stresses siinultanéously “and the moment of resistance can be computed either from the compression or tension side. From Fig. 4.6 My, = 0,-A,(d ~n/3)=0.5 o4.n.b.(d~n/3) Where M, = resisting moment of balanced section. Oche = Permissible ee ctress Os (58h) = AQ) or (220) Wig. 4.6 Balanced Section Also. C=05 oy, kdb. TaoyAy Equating Car 0.5 Ong bud. b. = 04 Ay Hence percentage steel reinforcement in the balanced section is given ‘by 1004] _ Gree ref ba ps0 2] . o Also, My = 0.5 Oy, bk (« - 4) My =05 Oy oae(i - *) My $0.5 Oy. bd? ij Q) My 2, {2 fa} =05 a(t -4) 205 kj Hence, Equations (1) and (2) can be conveniently used to compute the Percentage reinforcement and moment of redistance of balanced sections in Which steel and concrete reach the permissible stresses simultaneously and the section is economical since optimal utilization of materials is achieved in balanced sections. Typical values of the design constants p,, and Q, for different grades of concrete and steel most commonly used in structural concrete are compiled in Table 4.4,42. Reinforced Conerete Design Elastic Theory of Reinforced Concrete Sections in Flexure 43 Table 4.4 Design Constants for Balanced Sections oe 3 exe 8 4 2 8 2 8 z q g 8 g 3 5 3 5 Grado of stool Fotis Fe-500 @ Sess sruse ENSES BEBSR ‘k= Neutral Axis depth factor 0.288 0.253, . Tver arm facior= J 0.804 Oat6 yeg8eta Guage en eae egces Porcontage 20 0.435 0.522 | Serhs SPERS SSSHH gezes Reinforcements M25. 0.533 0.391 4 = oor Ss 8 8 2 |. gonsBe Z205h KBSRR Boss Be wo oer 0460 elses £9985 Gkess seth O4= (Mo! Gach ose oe agg h8h 28558 BRERB Regge BSL28 RSSIF BRSBR Ksass In practice, it is advisable to design R.C. sections as balanced or under j g Ngglh§s FBFHS FFAS RYLHS reinforced since there will be clear warning of impending failure of the | . § SONE2e ASSES FEIBE SEBRE tember in the form. of larger deflections and well distributed cracks with wore nN eevee simaller quantities of reinforcement. Over reinforced sections are not pre- 8 Ele zag RR Be a 8 = 8 23 3 S 8 5 3 8 g ferredsince they require large quantities of reinforcement and the members z : ger wr anno eowee < under over loads fail suddenly with explosive failures and with negligible : 2} 8/2 ase ER SaBRt SBSst Tkgagy deflections and very few cracks. a auree SSRN SSHBS FE9RR Typical failure patterns of under reinforced and over reinfofced beams Ss nk o -eaotm no are shown in Fig, 4.7 and 4.8 tively. 3 Ssygx8 BS8ge =seee Leaga are shown in Fig, 4.7 and 4.8 respecine i 8888s sissg ARMds ASSES < + _ B38 8S5RB gre z| iF 38838 5a8e 22229 gases 4 ao be ro 4 & 29 eg gas PHSSR BANRSY | . . 29898 8aas2 sdive sogag Sone < R8eR Reese Reinfore SES) ABT oss sez ggg sos see x ¥ ; Z : eee nt ot Se Ea Ob 12428 ong 6zS Sr BBs woz 2 20 a . 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GESL Leth SeZ 0's ese a 98°68 rsa PSPS veer Were Leet vez OLL 49% EL BSS ple 6 es00! 6OL ELD ely 268 IIe else pe6h Phyl 286 829 ese 8 6e rE 9628 Zod OES Berry SegE 228% 661 GLO! Ski BLL OP zZ ‘y0'PE B9'20l IBLE 9e'E9 GETS iPr. ise g99'SZ S8'8l GOEL 8b iL 9 SOL SEZ AV86 s0'9d e829 680s Or 6L0E e92%% 1251 soo sag s ee 8 st a 0g Bb aL vb ae OL 8 9g Un ‘sa}8WRIG IEG wooeds URpIAA 10 Jad uD ur sanje, sBupedg uoaty ry sIRg Jo seOIy 9° aIGEL,46 — Reinforced Concrete Design > ‘These tables are very useful in design computatiois of reinforcements in structural concrete members like slabs, beams and columns. 4.4 ANALYSIS OF EXAMPLES OF, R.C. SECTIONS 4.4.1 Example / e A singly reinforced concrete beam with an effective span of 4m has a rect- angular section with a width of 250 mm and an overall depth of 550 mm. The beam is teinforced with 3 bars of 10 mm diameter Fe-415 HYSD bars at an effective depth of 500 mm. The self-weight of beam together with the dead load is 4 kKN/m. Calculate the maximum permissible live load on the beam. Assume M-20 gtade concrete. a) Data Effective Span = 4 m Width of beam = 250 mm Effective depth = 500 mm Overall depth = 550 mm Tension stecl (A,,) = (3 x 78.5) = 235.5 mar. Materials: M-20 Grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars. b) Permissible Stresses Gey, = 7 Nita? m = 13.33 64=230N/mm? —n, = 0.288d c¢) Loads and Moment =4kN/m. Self-weight and dead load =.g M, = (0.125 x4x4)=8 KN d) Actual Neutral Axis Depth If n, = depth of actual neutral axis. O5Sb nr=mA, (dA) (0.5.x 250 x12) = 13 235.5-(500—n,) Elastic Theory of Reinforced Concrete Sections in Flexure 47 Solving n, = 100.2 mm., e) Critical Neutral Axis Depth If n. = Critical neutral axis depth. 1 - ot ae a \| a -| Er | so = 144.3 mm. I+ Oot it 1333x7, Since x, 1, the section is over reinforced. <. Moment of Resistance is computed as M2 05.0y¢b., (d-9,B) = (0.57300 295.16(600~295.16/3)} = (155.46 109) N.mm = 155.46 kN.m. 4.4.3 Example The cross section of an R.C.C beam of rectangular section is to be designed to resist a bending moment of 65 kN.in, Assuming the width of beam as half the effective depth, determine the dimensions of the beam and the area of tension reinforcement-for the- balanced section. Adopt M-20 Grade concrete and Fe-415 Grade HYSD bars. Elastic Theory of Reinforced Concrete Sections in Flexure 49 a) Data Moment of Resistance = M, = 65 kN.m Width of beam = 5 Effective depth = d. Materials: M-20 Grade Concrete. Fe-415 Grade HYSD bars. b) Permissible Stresses Sete = 7 N/mm? oy = 230 N/mm? m = 13.33 ©) Cross Sectional Dimensions M,= Q.b.d° 65 x 109 = (0.91 x0.5xdxd) Solving d= 522,8mm 2 b= (0.5 x $22.8) = 261.4 mm Cover = 40 mm, Adopt a section 265 mm by 570 mm, Provided, d= (570 - 40) = 530 mm. d) Reinforcements Area of tension Reinforcement is ( 65x 10° 5x10) 2 mags) 593mm A reinforced concrete beam of rectangular section is required to resist a service moment of 120 KN.m. Design suitable dimensions and reinforce- Ments for the balanced section of the beam assumin. 1g M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 grade HYSD bars. 9) Data Moment of Resistance of the balanced section = " My = 120 kKN.m Width of beam = b50 Reinforced Concrete Design ive depth = 7 Sao Grade concrete and Fe-415 Grade HYSD bars. b) Permissible stresses ae = N/mm? __ Assume b = (d/2) Oy = 2390Nimm? m = 13.33 ©) Cross Sectional Dimensions For the balanced section {Table 4.4) Me 2.) =0,=0.1301 (sa 2 120x 10° a |= 0,=0.1301 (=e) % solving d= 641 mm, a Effective depth =d=641 mm Cover = 39 min. Aduptoverall depth, D = 680 mm, Width of section b = 0.5 d= 321 mm. d) Reinforcements Reinforvement in balanced section is computed from Table 4.4 as 100A, = = 0.438 Po ( ba ) 0. (oss vd) {e x321x641 101.23 mm? 100 100 Adopt 3 bars of 20mm (Ay.= 942mm?) 4.45 Reample Compute the moment of resistance of the reinforced concrete section . 4.9. The beam section is reinforced with tension and com- yin Fig. 4.9. “eaten -cinforoement, Adopt M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars. . -, Elastic Theory of Reinforced Conerete Sections in Flexure 51 t— 300 fhe N/mm? N/mm? Ost /m) ae 2820 & 2422 . Fig. 4.9 Reinforced Concrete Sectiion a) Data Area of tension steel (A, |) = 2 bars of 20 mm diameter and 2 bars of 22 mm diameter, 2 Ag= 1388 mm? Area of compression steel (A,,) = 2 bars of 16 mm diameter = = 402 mm? ‘Cover to compression steel = d, = 50 mm Width of beam = 6 = 300 mz * Effective depth = d= 850 mm Materials: M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars. ‘b) Permissible Stresses y= TNinm? = m=13 and m,= 1.5m - ' 6,=230 Ninn? n= 0.288 d c) Depth of Neutral Axis Let n, = actual depth of neutral axis : First moment of the areas above and below the neutral axis yields the following relation. 0.56.12 4 (15m - 1)A,.(0,-4,) = mA,(d-n,) (0.5 x 3002) + [(1.5 x 13) - 1]402(7,— 50) = (13 x 1388) (850-n,) Solving, ny=250mm . ‘Critical neutral axis depth is given by the relation ! nl . oly ee Jefiz j|ts0= 028s xt80.e2i14mm woe. ta,