gine Jib Onkon ‘Agha Zuhaib Khan pare wes rondeok POM The Lucknow Pact [1916 When All India Muslim League came into existence, it was rors geting neti fiiendly telations with the Crown. However, due to the decision of the British Government to ie Brlsh Goverment to anal the pation of Dx Bengal, the Muslim Teadership decided to change its stance. In 1913, a new group of Muslim leaders entered the hin itt ofte Muslim League with the aim of bridging the gulf between the Muslims and the Hindus. The most Bent gt prominent amongst them was Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who was already a member of Indian National Congress. The Tr chepelth Muslin League change its major objective and decided to join hands with the Congress in order to put pressure on 7 the British government. Lord Chelmsford’s invitation for suggestions from the Indian politicians for the post World Pele War I eforms further helped inthe development of the station, wy ponk as alse ws 5 B ‘As a result of the hard work of Mr. Jinnah, both the Muslim League and the Congress met for their annual sessions a at Bombay in December 1915, The prineial leaders ofthe two political partes assembled atone place forthe fst £96 time inthe history ofthese organizations, The speeches made fom the platform ofthe two groups were sit 5 de B29 sone and theme. Within a few months of the Bombay moot, 19 Muslin and Hindu elected! members of hy imperil weed Lezisltive Council addressed a memorandum tothe Vieeroy onthe subjet of reforms in Otebet 1916, The 44 suggestions did not become news in the British circle, but were discussed, amended and accepted at a subsequent Be) meeting of the Congress and Muslim Leap leaders at Calcutta in November 1916. This meeting settled the details fen ed an agreement about the composition ofthe lesslanres andthe quantum of represeniaion to be allowed to the two 14 ones “*sormunitis. The agreement was confirmed by the annus estan af the Congress ‘and the League in their annual adil Ad Session held at Lucknow on December 29 and December 31, 1916 respectively. Sarojini Naidu gave Jinnah, the urhs TAY chet arhtet ofthe Lucknow Pat the tie of "the basa of Hindus Unity) (CakebD jan ES Te em 5 Contel 24 dol Dente Gle- => THe! @ He Janeen * The main clauses of the Lucknow Pact were: © 1. There shall be self-zovernment in India. 2 Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government. 3 -There should be separate electorates forall the communities until a community demanded for joint electorates. 44, System of weightage should be adopted. ‘5 The number of the members of Central Legislative Couneil should be increased to 150. & Ar the provincial level, fourfifh of the members of the Legislative Councils should be elected and one-fifth should be nominat 7 the strength of Provincial lepsltive should not be less than 125 inthe major provinces and from $0 to 75 in the ‘minor provinces. Fall members, except those nominated, were to be elected direetly on the basis of adult franchise. 5 No bill conceming a community should be passed ifthe bills opposed by three-fourth of the members of that community in the Legislative Council 10. Term of the Legislative Council should be five years. 11. Members of Legislative Council should themselves clect their preside 12, Halfof the members of Imperial Legislative Council should be Indians 13. Indian Council must be abolished. 14, The salaries of the Secretary of State for Indian A Indian funds. 15, Out of two Under Secretaries, one should be Indian. 16, The Executive should be separated from the Judiciary exit Yo Cemeletin Auhough this Hindu Muslim Unity was not able to tive for more than eight Years, 98 collapsed after the saanisehent of differences between the ewo commanites afr the Khiafat Movement, Yet ms eh important development efory of the Muslims of South Asia, It was the first ime when Congress recognined the Muslim eagul athe politcal party representing the Muslims ofthe region As Congres sare °pare electorates, it in fhctngrecd to Gonsider the Muslims as a separate nation. They thus accepted the coneept of the Two-Nation Theory. fairs should be paid by the British Government and not from Scanned with CamScannercx} MEGA LECTURE Topic 12 The Lucknow Pact -1916--joint demands to the British ‘What.was the Lucknow pact? Lucknow Pact refers to an agreement between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. In 1916, Muhammed Ali Jinnah, a member of the Muslim League, negotiated with the Indian National Congress to reach an agreement to pressure the British government to adopt a more liberal approach to India and give Indians more authority to nin theit¢ountry. This was a considerable change of policy for the Muslim League (not to IqyalBritish), as its position had been that to preserve Muslim interests in India. After mee pular partition of Bengal, the Muslim League was confused about its stand and itaWas)at this time that Jinnah approached the League. Jinnah was the mastermind and afchitect of the pact and signed it with Congress led by Mahajan. The agreement was confirmed by the annual sions held at Lucknow on inj Naidu gave Jinnah, the chief "3 Hindu-Muslim Unity". December 29 and December 31, 1916 respectively. Saroj architect of the Lucknow Pact, the title of "the Ambassador J x Why was the Lucknax vact made? [Muslims’ New Strategy after reversal ofp: {Aition of ‘Bengal ] When Bengal was partitioned in 1905, Hirjus reacted against the decision and they went on violent protests and boycotts of Britistrgoods. On the other hand, the Muslims remained loyal to the British rule. The Br not sustain the pressure of demonstrations and reversed the decision of partitiou(fi191 1. This was a betrayal to the Muslims’ loyalty. They realized the British rulers couldn longer be trusted. Now they had to devise a new strategy for achieving their goals. They wanted to turn towards the demand of self-rule but they needed constitutional protettion - separate electorate and provincial autonomy - from Hindus after the Britistr Would leave India. Muslim League, therefore, signed the Lucknow. Pact in 1916 in which Congress agreed on granting the Muslims 1/3 reserved seats in the central legislative yeuncil. [Jinnah’s Role and liberal leadership] ‘At the time of the pact, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was an idealist who believed that Hindus and Muslims could work together. He wanted that all religious groups should live together in harmony. He was a strong supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. He believed that joint demands would put more pressure on the British, Therefore he persuaded the Congress and the Muslim League for the Lucknow Pact in 1916. He believed that this pact would lead to united Indian nation. (Note: Mr, Jinnah became realist after Nehru Report in 1929 who then believed in the two- nation theory). {Joint Demand] Congress was keen to gain the support of Muslim League for its demand of sself-rule in India. It hoped that it would be difficult for the British to reject the joint demand ——_—_———_——— WWW.MEGALECTURE.COM www. youtube.com/megalecture Scanned with CamScanner Page 1¢eee MEGA LECTURE of self-rule for longer time. Therefore, it was ready to give concessions to Muslim League for its own objective of home-rule. That is why Congress went into Lucknow P: i job ae vucknow Pact with Muslim Main clauses of the Lucknow Pact 1. There shall be self-government in India. 2, Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government. 3. There should be separate electorates for all the communities until a community demanded joint electorates. 4. Asystem of weightage should be adopted. 5. The number of the members of Central Legislative Council should be increased to 150. 6. The size of provincial legislatures should not be extended. 7. Voting rights for all 4. No bill concerning a community should be passed if the bill is opposed by three-fourth of the members of that community in the Legislative Council 9, The term of the Legislative Council should be five years. 10, Halfofthe members of Imperial Legislative Council should be Indians. 11. The Executive should be separated from the Judiciary Although this Hindu Muslim Unity did not last more than elght years, and collapsed after the Jevelogment of differences between the two communities after the Khilafat Movement, yet § was 20 faportant event In the history ofthe Muslims of South Asia. It was the first me thatthe Congress qrPgnized the Muslim League as the political party representing the Muslims ofthe region Importance of the Pact: + Movements towards self rule. J itindus & Muslims together made demand to British forthe first time, © Hindus aceepted partition for self governing India, J Muslims could protect thetr rights if they worked with congress. Selfgovernment was possible. J jn 1917, two Home Rule leagues campaigned in India, one by Tilak & other by Ainnte Basant S The pact marked the high water mark of Hindu Muslim unity Jinnah sald that the pact had come about because, ‘cooperation inthe cause of our motherland should be our Maing principle Indes real progress can ony be achieved by true understanding & harmonious relations Between the two great sister communities: — WWW.MEGALECTURE.COM www. youtube.com/megalecture Scanned with CamScanner Soa RCE YIN OO PageMEGA LECTURE Expected Questions & answers; question No. 1: Explain why the Lucknow pact of “nme November 2000 Q.3b pact of 1916 was made? 7 + which of the following had the m: 19148 1928. lowing had the most important effect on Hindu Muslim relationship between (Lucknow Pact (il) Montague Chelmsford Reforms 1919 (1) Neh i forms Report? Explain your answer with referees to all tee of the abo PO 1 June 2001 Q3.c : ‘Questlon No.2; The Licknow pact of 1916 was the oly beaeom of hope of Hindu Maslin unity betveen 1930.00 you agree? ‘ive reasons for your anewen iba tt November 2004 Q, 2€ ns Question No. 4; Explain why the Lucknow Pact of 1916 came about. {7 June 2006 Q.2b Question No.5:During the First World War, Congress and the Mustim League had moved closer together partly due to the failure of the British to grant more rights to the Indians before 1914. During the war. the British realised that concessions had to be made and let it be known that they were proposing a nt ar of these. The Muslim League and Congress then met together at Lucknow. (a) What was the Lucknow Pact? oO 4 June 2012Q.2a ie Question No, 6:"The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was the most important attempt by the Muslims, Hindus or he British government in seeking a solution to the problems in the sub-caatinent betyeea 1909 and 1919! Dayou, agree? Give reasons for your answer. November 2012 Q2¢ a , Explain why the Lucknow Pact of 1916 came abou!) June 2013 Q3b Sele Anuxerto question ) the hindueMishny yr becween 1914 & 1930 firm foundation was ad uucknow pact was the only hope for’ 2 930 i for the political advanes Qe . first & last t concluded between the two partics On the question of separate electorates & mote Oe ement& carried great constitutional significance in in cre = — fe Hindus agreed to the Fight of sofataty ci arene an the imperial Legislative council A weightage ‘etn ete eee tf Map mba on formula wi9e sop oe 1s where they were in majority: but more in those provinces where were fra Pe eget in ra agreed upon. Provinelal autonomy Jso agreed up evaied All these measures were her a spirit of cooperation preva ors a gen prope cau sae 19 Msn Fae Tic that had the Comeress 2a oul have beet dierent Perhaps inde power the ister Of ee pron fhe country cou have een Bopieved ch eae 4p , cancession to each ot cris both partes gave concession © seu iea ecii aaevrrgnatyeconpen tate aah ea i uegpamspecaan ca ec EN a be eo met suggested eee ., Reservation ‘of seats for Muslims in patie see mt 8 Oe pelle nanan ot eae ed all hop as on nity Mr nah remarked that ic was poring of Wo shattered all hopes o ity & hope for Hindu Muslim unity. Nehrw report shattay that Lucknow pact was the only oppor ‘Thus itcorrect ee ' WWW.MEGALECTURE.COM ea www. youtube. com/megalecture Page 3 Scanned with CamScanner