° ° ° ° « Calculator Tricks Type m (i.e. number) Press Vbutton 19 times Then Type *- 1° Then Type x 227695 = Buttons We get the Required value of log,, m '(B) To find Antilog Value i.e. AL(m) STEPS ° ° ° ° Type m (i.e. number) Then Type + 227695+1= Buttons Then Continue Pressing [X=] Buttons in Sequence 19 times We get the Required value of Antilog. (C) To Find n® root ie. YA ° oa ° a od ¢ ¢ Type A (i.e. number) Press Vbutton 12 times Then Type ‘- 1” Then =n (ie. 0 = 2,34.) Then Type ‘+1’ = Buttons. Then Continue Pressing [=] Buttons in Se red value of n® root ie. VA quence 12 times We get the Requil Examinee to Attempt of Questions in Limited Time. wee Kailash Thakur ‘ d Cut Tricks Makes an Maximum Number Short-CHAPTER ‘ne AAMT CARRERE INDICES en INDICES Ifa number x is multiplied 5 times written as, x, XXX Here “x” is called BASE ani INDEX or exponent. Some Related Formulae 1. a =a xaxax... tom times. 2. a =1 wherea 40; oo i ae a 1 4 3.) am xar=anrn (i) a xa xx. ne @s 1 @ Gy =am @ am" za™ 8. Ifar=b" Then a=b (i) Wa"=a’ — Thenm=n % @ Yor i) Ja Gi) Ya 3 \d 5 is called Power or 10. () Ifa"=k a= (i) Than= ke = a= Kem (iii) Wal™=k > a=Ke (iv) Ifal™= ko = a= Km wn @ (5) <= (ii) (ab...)= a".b™.. 12, (i) Jab =Ja. . ws (FF (5) 14. Ifa’=b* Then Either (i) a=b o GR" ae ‘Then. or (iii) If Then 1. Ifa>1 and x 0 (positive “Thea issaid tobe the logarithm ofthe number cto the base “a” and expressed as Log,c =»; Where a +1. =F] : TYPES OF LOGARITHMT ( (Nataraybogarithm: ‘The Logarithmjofia number to base “e” is called Natural Logarithm. Log.x where x =a number ie. (ii) Common Logarithm: Logarithm of a number to the base 10 is called common Logarithm. Logik where x =Anumber Note: If base is not given then in arithmetical or commercial workjjbase islalways taken as 10; Remember Some Formulae 1. Ifa®=cep Log,c =b; Whereas 2. git’ abt 4 ie. 3. log,a=h 38 4. Jopteo 1 stop clog bb 0g, #10854 =log, 21085 * 6. ( 10g, 4 = =log, 4-108 x.log, yer 1085 k (ii) 108, 4 log, a = 108» x.log, y-108 y Zu 1084 4 _ log, @ 7. 1084 = Iog b log, x (ii 108.4 = os : 8. Iflog, a =x Then @) 1981 =. x 5 (log, a salon, = (inl8 pax 9. @ log (on) = log m+ log srmnr...) = 1 po amt log nt log stLOGARITHM m 10. log (2) =log m-log .n i LH. @log @ im “tog an, Gi) log gb" Jog ym. a 1 (i log,,m=— log, m_ 12. @Iflog m= log m= a=b. (@).Hlog m=log n= m=n. Illustrative Examples Example 1: log,16=? (@ 3 9 Calculator Tricks (aa ah hE Working Steps ‘Type3 +2=Thenpush x Button Then continue pressing, = button till to get 3.375 ive. No. of pressings of * =” button = 2 10g, 3.375 ao Example 3 : The value of log,0.0625 is @ 3 4 os (@) None Solution : (6) is correct Calculator Tricks Press 2 Then + button Ther button 4 times, we get © $6) 4 og, 0.0625=- 4; (c) 5 (d) None : legative of No. of times = button pressed) , Solution: (6) is correct Ce _— Vy Let log,16=x Example 4 : The value of log ;27,, 3 a6 HE 756 Oy o (2 (@ None Solution : (a) is correct Special Tricks — How much power on base is equal to 16= its answer Calculator Tricks is its value ‘Type ‘3" Then press x button Then continue pressing wutton tilT to get 27. Calculator Tricks —e Step 1 Tye Base value Step I Pressx Button Step III Then continue pressing “=" button till to get the result, Step IV Its Log. Value = (No, of Pressings of = Button +1) . Working As Press 2 Then Press x Button, then continue pressing “=” button tll to get 16 on screen. We will get No. of pushing of “=” button is 3 log,16= 341 = 4 example 2: 198)3375..9 (a) 2 53 o% @ None Solution : (5) is correct +, los, 27 = (NOVOF pressings of = button +1522) (this is because of square root) Note: fit is cube root then multiply (No:of pressings of = button + 1 )x3 Example 5 : The logarithm of 19683 to the base of ay & that of 21952 to the base of 2/7 are fay Not unequal (8) Not equal (©) Have a difference of 1369 (d) None Solution: (a) is correct Forlog, 21952 = 6 Working As Press 2 then button then 7,/" then = Then x button Then continue pressing = button 5 times we will get 21952,r LOGARITHM [it has been written in this way so that student can easily understand] Working As: So the answer = S41 = 6 Similarly for log, 19683 = 6 Working As : Press 3x3y/ =buttons Then x button Then continue (4) ] = press 6460 x button then = but- lo ton 3 times Then press x button Then = 3 times 1g M+ button. pressing = button 5 times; we will get 19683. So the answer = 5+1 = 6 a ‘Then save it in memory by pressin} Example 6:The value of 16 log $°+12 log “ (a) Then press. 50+48 * =2 times a8 0,4) 81 i jet log gy tion? is 3s» aby : (a) 0 1 ‘Then pressx button; then MRC button 2 times 2 1 é y Solution: (5) is correct ‘Then press M+ button to save | > Note : Base is not given. Therefore; base will be memory. assumed 10. 81)! ‘ MI. (i) Then press 81 +80 X= button 6 times 16 log +12 Blog St +1082 80. : 7 Then y button then MRC button 2 times, = 16 \[log'64 - log 60] + 12 [log 30 - log 48) IV. Then x2 press = button; we will get log +7 [log 81 - log 80] + log 2. 9,9999.. = 16 [log 2° log(2? x3x5)] + 12 flog(s? = log,,10= 1. x2)- log 24 x3)] [By this trick; we can solve this question within 1 minute without writing anything else on note book.] Example 7 : If log, 16 =4; then a equals. @4 () 16 AT2 (@) None Solution : (c) is correct Go by Choices a= 16 +7 [log 3*- log(2*x 5)] + log 2. = 16 [6 log 2-2 log 2- log 3-5] + 12 [2 log 5+ log 2 - 4 log? - log 3] +7 [4 log 3-4 log 2 - log 5] + log 2 = log 2. [96 - 32+ 12-48-28 +1] + log 3. (-16 - 12 + 28] + log 5. [- 16+ 24-7] = log2 x1 + log 3x 0+ log 5. [- 16 + 24-7] Example 8: 16% =? = log2 x log 5 = log 10 = log ,,10= 1. @s @ 16 Calculator Tricks A 25 (@ None a 50) Ai Solution: (c) is correct ito 12a $+ 82 can be gees = (q2yhes written as aah = 52295, 6 50 \? ¥ Example 9: If log ,x + log,x + = 64 50 81 PI og ,X + log,x + log.x = 11, The value wef +n 33) od] log? ofxis Ba + log 7 (a) 2 (0) 4 self yey 4e}e © 8 Saf 64 = log (&} a8) “(a0 Solution : (a) is correctCOMPOUND INTEREST 1 ; CHAPTER NS Definition : Compound interest (or compounding interest) is interest calculated on the initial principal and which also includes all of the accumulated interest of previous periods ofa deposit or loan, the comp rest is called Compound Interest. Cpnversion Period : The period atthe end of which the interes is computed is called Conversion period, Description Conversion | No.of Conversion periods in | Rate ofinterest of @ conversion period period ayear= m r 100m 10% compounded yearly [1 year m=1 10/100 10% compounded 6 months m=2 10/200 half-yearly 10% compounded 3 months m=4 10/400 Quarterly 10% compounded 1 month m=12 10/ 1200 monthly ee : il . i. eo ) (i Ifrate of interest compounded yearly Then 100m = putiy divide r by 200 ie. i =" oe . Where i=7 09m & n=mt (iii) If rate of interest compounded ; yearly then Compound Interest = P[(1+ i)" -1] a [ 700 ERO Te (iv) If rate of interest compounded monthly then r (To find Amount & Compound Interest) T2900 and so on. Working Rule: (i) Ifrate of interest compounded yearly thendivide CALCULATOR TRICKS : Step I: Type r then push + button then type 100 ifris rby 100 i2.1=775- yearly; 200 ifr is half yearly and so on. 140COMPOUND INTE! Step I Press +1. Step III Press x button ‘Step IV Continue pressing “=” button (n-1 = power - 1) times. Step V Press x button then type principal value then push = button, ‘We will get the result of amount of calculator screen. Step VI Press - button then type principal value, we will get the value of compound Interest on the screen. Example 1 : Rs, 2000 is invested at annual rate of interest of 10%. What is the amount after 2 years if compounding is done? (@) Annually (6) Semi - annually (©) Quarterly (@ Monthly. Solution: (a) Given that P = Rs, 2000 r= 10% yrly; t = Lyear. (a) Compounded yearly, then i= a9 0.10 100 100 n=mt=1x2=2 [- m=No. of conversion periods ina year = 1] 2 A=P(tiy 10)". = 2000( 1+) = 2000 (1.10 = Rs. 2420. Calculator Trick Calculator Trick es Work As Type 10+100+1 x button then press = button. (Q- 1) time then press x button type button (2-1=1) time then press x button type 2000 then press = button. (This is the required result). ® ———3m = 2. 200°" n=mt=2x2=4 iT 20000 +0.05)* = 2000)1+ 385] = . = 2000 x 1.21550625 = Rs. 2431.0125 = Rs. 2431. T 141 Calculator Trick ‘Type 10 +200 then + 1 then x button then pres button (4 1 =3) times then type x 2000 = button (we get the required result) [This Trick will take. minimum 5 seconds and saves lots of time] n=mt=4x2=8 =PU+i" = 2001+ 400 = 2000x{1+0.025]* = 2000%1.2184 © % 2436.81 Calcul fick Type 10 +400 + 1 x Then press = button ( times then x 2000 = button (we get the result) r 0 =12;n = mt =12x2=24 1200 @i Calculator Trick Type 10+ 1200 + 1 x button then press = button (24- 1=23) times then press x 2000 = button (we get the result) = & 2440.78. Example 2 : Determine the compound amount and compound interest on Rs.1000 at 6% compounded semi-annually for 6 years. Given that (1 + i"= 1.42576 for /=3% and n= 12, (a) Rs. 1425.76; Rs.425.76 (B) Rs.1420.76 ; Rs.420.76 (0) Rs.1525.76 ; Rs.525.76 (@ None Solution: (a) is correct. Given that P =% 1000; t= 6 years 6 % compounded half -yearly. a sama; i= 5 n=mt=2x6=12 A= 1000(1 + 0.03)" = 1000x1.42576 .03 = 425.76 CI=A-P= 1425.76 - 1000 = % 425.76142 (Note:- If (1 + i) value is given in the question then use that given value] Calculator Trick : eel [If values not given] Type 6+200+1xThen press = button (12 - 1 = 11) time then x 1000 = button = we will get the required result = Rs.1425.76 = Amount. Press -1000 = button we will get compound interest value, EFFECTIVE RATE OF INTEREST _TYPE Il The equivalent annual rate of interest compounded annually if interest is compounded more than once in year is called EFFECTIVE RATE of INTEREST. It is denoted by E or, Formula Ye =E=|| 1+——| -1|x100=(4)"-1 % ( a (+i) where r=Nominal rate of interest, m= No. of conver- sion periods in a year. Calculator Trick ee Typer + 100m then push x button then push = button (m- 1) times then - 1 then push x 100 = we get r, in %. Example: rate of ind effectiverate of interest ofthe nominal terest 6% compounded quarterly. Solution : r = 6% compounded quarterly. m=4 Calculator Trick eee ‘Type 6 +400 + 1x button then press = button (4 1 = 3) times then - 1 then x 100 then press = button we get the required result. =m = 6.136855002 = 6.14% Example : Find effective rate of interest of 12% ‘compounded monthly. Solution : r= 12% compounded monthly, m= 12 12 iis) - 10% = 12,6825% COMPOUND INTEREST sutton then press = button 1] \0 = button. [we get the re. Type 12 + 1200+1 x b times then - 1 then x 10 quired result ] (To find Present Value) A=P(+i" pond Pee or P=A(1+i)™ Step I Typei=r +100m+1 Step II Press + button Step III Press = buttons n times i.e. (power times) Step IV Press x button then type A value then press= button (we get the required result) Example : A certain sum invested at 4% per annum ‘compounded semi-annually amounts to Rs.78030 at the end of one year, Find the sum. (a) Rs.75,000 (6) Rs.70,000 (©) Rs.72,000 (@) None Solution : Option (a) is correct ‘A = Rs,78030; r= 4% compounded semi-annually m =2,t=1yr, n=mt=2 x P =A "= 78030( pe i (+i) | 1505 =74999.999,.. Rs. 75,000 Calculator k ‘Type 4 + 200 + 1 then press + button then press = button (power=2) times then press Press x button then press \ype A value = 78030 then press = button we get the required result, ‘ested at 10% p.a. compounded 10 Rs.18,522. Find the time SSE We (To find time) Example:Rs.16,000 iny semi-annually amounts period of investment,COMPOUND INTEREST (a) 2.5 years (b) 1.5 years (©) 3 years (@) None Solution : Option (b) is correct Trick : Go by choices For option (a)n=2.5 x 2=5 5 As 16001 +355) = Rs. 2042051 # Rs, 18522 option (a) is not the answer check for option (b), n=15%2=3 A=l a Y — Rs18522 200 . option (b) is correct BOUT REN ESS iccoacccnsad Example: Which is a better investment 3% per year compounded monthly or.3.2% per year simple inter- est? [Given that (1.0025)? = 1.0304] (a) 3% compounded (6) 3.2%S.. monthly (c) Both are equivalent (d) None Solution : (b) 3.2% S.I. is better investment. Effective rate of interest for 3% monthly fea = [1.0304 -1]x100 = 3.04% Itis less than 3.20% SL. ; (b) is better. Example: A machine is depreciated at the rate of 20% on reducing balance. The original cost of the machine was Rs.1,00,000 and its ultimate scrap value was Rs.30,000. The effective life of the machine is (a) 4.5 years (appx.) (©) 5 years (appx.) Solution : (b) is correct (b)'5.4 years (appx.) (A) none. ay .. S=Pl1-—— Formula:- 5 a 5) Where $ = Serap value P = Principal value d= Rate of depreciation t = Life of machine . _20) 30,000 = 100000(1 i) 30,000 °F 100,000 =03=(08)' Taking log on both sides; we get og 0.3 = log(0.8) or log 0.3 = t log (0.8) _1og0.3 log0.8 14771 _ -14+0.4771 19031 —1+0.9031 5229 —— = 5.396 = — 0.0969 Ayears. Calculator nf) -—_h = log} 1— oe cl Step I First for denominator. Type 0.8 then press af button 19 times then - 1 then x by 227695 press= button (this is the result of log 0.8 on caleulator screen). ‘Then save it by pressing M+ button (never press green button after that) Step II (Similarly work for numerator) Type 0.3 then press ,/ button 19 times than - 1 then xby 227695 then press = button (this is the value of log 0.3 on calculator screen) Step II Press + button then press MRC button 2 times then press = button (This is the required re- sult) Note:-[Dear students sometimes log value in ques tion or log table in the examination hall not given; we face more difficulties at that time. This calcula- tor tricks helps more not only in CA Foundation144 COMPOUND INTEREST but also in IPCC; Final papers. 1 takes much less time than seeing log table.| Ee TYRE VI) i Example: The population of a town increases every Year by 2% of the population at the beginning of that year. The number of years by which the otal increase of population be 40% is (@) Tyears (© 10 years (©) 17 years (approx.) (a) one of these, Solution : (c) is correct Trick I (Calculator Trick) 1.420=1 {us wm) or 1.40 = (1.02). Type 1.02 Then press x button then continue = button till to reach 1.40 (approx.) Here No. of pressings of = buttons = 16, So, t= 16 + 1 = 17 years (approx.) Trick I (Caleulator Trick) ea(8) log +i) pressing Tog(1.40) log(1.02) [Do just like as above question ] E Vill) Example: The annual birth and death rates per 1000 are 39.4 and 19.4 respectively. The number of years in which the population will be doubled assuming is $2) 35 years (b) 30 years (©) 25 years (approx.) (d) none Solution : (a) is correct Per 1000 Per 100 Bigh rie 30.4 3.94 Death rate 194 1.94 Population increase 2.00% Population increase = 2.% =(1+0.02)' Calculator Trick then continue pressi ‘Type 1.02 Then push x button then continue = button until to get 2. No. of pressings of = button ig 34 times. So, t= 35 years (approx.) ica é aa (Varying rate of interest) RULE- If rate of interest for Ist year, 2nd year ang 3rd year are 1,%; 1,% ; r,% respectively then the N42 4) Amoune= P(1+25 (14 5) 100. Where P = Principal Example 1: Rs.1,25,000 is borrowed at compound interest at the rate of 2% for the Ist year, 3% for the second year and 4% for the 3rd year. Find the amount to be paid after 3 years, (@) Rs.125678 (0) Rs.163578 Solution. : (d) is correct Caleulator Trick A= Type 125,000 + 2% Then + 3% Then +4% (we get answer) Example 2: What sum will amountto Rs.15916.59 in 3 years at compound interest, the interest for Ist year, 2nd and 3rd years being 3%, 2% and 1% respectively _ eff Rs.15000 (6) Rs.16000 (©) Rs.14800 (@ None Solution : (a) is correct, =P(i+-3 \(4 2 1 15931659=P(14 ioo)("*755)(1+ 45) Calculator Trick (6) Rs.136587 Rs.136578 P=15916.59 +1.03 Again +1.02 Again +1.01 = get Rs.15000, TE ey RULE - If the rate of interest for Ist t, years next t, yrs and next t, years are r, % compounded 1m, times ina year ¥,% compounded m, times in a year and 5% compounded m, times in a year respectively. The amount of principal P is = 4 —COMPOUND INTEREST 145 : Now l(t) =24P o : us 14+ 00m, 100m, cample: Find the amount of RS.2000 after 10 years, = 20 years 8% converted quarterly for the Ist 4 years and 6% a 7 inverted monthly thereafter. Trick P becomes 2P in 5 years ) Rs.4025.50 (P) Rs.3931.78 ) Rs.2600.50 (d) None lution: (b) is correct ‘Then 2P becomes 4 P in next 5 years ‘Then 4P becomes 8 P in next 5 years and 8P becomes 16 P in next 5 years y( 2 aa “t Phecomes I6P in 5-+5+5+5=20 years Trick I . Let P becomes 16 times in t years 2 =16° or 2! =(2°)° I Type 8 + 400 + 1 Then press * button then s-button 15 times then press x 2000=button. .p II Then save it by pressing m+ button RULE - Ifa certain sum of money becomes m times in -1) x 100% 6 ys p III Do wor (1+ 5) t years, the rate of interest r= (m" jen type 6 +1200 + 1 Then press xbutton then press wutton 11 times then press x button and then press Example: At what rate of compound interest a certain sum of money becomes 27 times of itself in 3 years ? utton 5 times and = button. (We will get the result). fen press * button then MRC button 2 times then = (a) 150% HF 200% (c) 250% (a) None Solution: (b) is correct Trick I ILE - Acertain sum of money becomes m times int, ‘and n times in t, years at same rate of compound rest per annums, Then the equation is ‘Trick II Calculator Trick Go by choices. Let (6) is Correct r=[27 -1]x 100=[(3°)" -1] x 100= 200% mi onl om? =n, ‘Acertain sum of money amounts to double years placed at a compound interest. In how many iit rinterest? 200 $s will it amount to 16 times at same rate of interest? ca gut = (! + 200 20 years 100 (d) None. it satisfies the question. «2, Option (4) is correct. Ee ERR at RULE - If the compound Interest on a certain sum of money be “C” then simple Interest given146 COMPOUND INTEREST si= Compound Interest | rxt (a) Rs.50 (6) Rs49 Compound Interest * 700 oe (a) None . SI= pccese : ve Solution: Option (c) is correct. 100 (1 50} -? 50.44 53 _ ps 48 i) aa 1 Example A: tf the compound Interest ona certain sum 100 money for 2 years at 9% pa. be RS.S10, then iS ¢gleylator Trick Calculator Trick simple Interest (S.1.) of same tim rate of 1e at same (a) Rs500 (6) Rs.510 (c) Rs.450 (d) None Solution: (a) is correct. Detailed Method Let Principal = P. seu-r[(1e%) or P{1.0816~1]=510 510 p20 _=Rs. * 1.0816— cages 6250x4x2 100 Trick I (Calculator Trick) cle fA S4= Gof Rei “100 x2 «Rs, 50 2S = Rs. 500 510 Work As. From Denominator. Type 4 +100+1 x press = button | time Then - | ten press M+ button ‘Then type $10 +MRC baton 2 times Then x 4 x 2+ 100 = button (We get the result) Example 2 ifthe co! of money for 3 years é Simple Interest (S.1) is mpound interest on & certain sum ‘at 5% pa. be Rs.50.44, then the 3y 1+] -1 Step 1 Find ( +5) Step II Press M+ button Step III Type 50.44 + MRC button 2 times. Step IV Press x(5 x 3)% button. This is the required SI Value. (rT ee RULE - If the simple interest (S.1) on a certain sum of money ata certain rate of interest r% p.a. fort years be S then compound interest (C1) at same rate and time _ Simple Interest ,(,, "Sof Re! (+700) = 5x100/,, ©)" =2M (+755) Example: Ifthe S11. on a certain sum of money foe 3 Years at $% p.a. is Rs.1260, Then its compound inter est (CA )is taf Rs.1324.05 () Rs.1330 (c) Rs. 1425 (d) None Solution: (a) is correct Tricks = 1260x100 (|S i x5) -{ 7) abel iaeS Calculator Work patos ore —_———— Step 1 - Type 1260 + (3x5)% ‘Step II - Press M+ button Step III - Press $+100 + 1 x button Then Press * button 2 timesDefinition:-.A sequence of payments, generally equal in size, made at equal intervals of times is called an annuity. Monthly Rent; Premiums of LIC; deposited into a Tecurring account in a bank; equal monthly payments got by aretired government servant as pension and loan instalments to houses or automobiles etc. Some terms related with annuities Periodic Payment:- The size of each payment of an annuity is called the periodic payment of the annuity. Annual Rent:- The sum of all payments ofan annuity made in one year is called its annual rent. Payment Period/Interval :- The duration between two successive payments of an annuity is called the payment period (or payment interval) of the annuity Term:- The total duration from the beginning time of the first payment period to the end of the last payment period is called the term of the annuity. Amount of an Annuity:- The total value of all the paymentsat the maturity time ofan annuity iscalled the amount (or future value) of the annuity. Present Value of an Annuity:- Sum of the present values of all the payments of an annuity is called the present value or capital value of the annuity. TYPES OF ANNUITIES Ordinary Annuity: If the payments of an annuity are made at the end of payment interval is called An Ordinary annuity or Regular annuity. Annuity Due: If the payments of an annuity are made at the beginning of payment interval is called An Annuity Due or Annuity Immediate. Perpetuity: \perpetuity isanannuity whose payments continue forever. Note. In what is to follow, it is understood that the payment interval coincides with the interest period unless statement to the contrary is made. ORDINARY ANNUITY OR ANNUITY REGULAR Definition:- Payments of an annuity are made at the end of payment interval. fo Ea (10 Find Amount) Se fovea) 100m. , Where § = Amount of an Annuity A = Value of each instalment r = tate of interest m = No. of conversion periods in a year n = m.t=No. of instalments made in t yrs. r rr 100m = Rate of interest of one conversion Period Calculator Trick Step I Find (1 +i)* by calculator i +1 Then push button then push times. Step II Then - 1 Step IIL +r x 100m Step IV Thenx A push = button (We get the required value of Amount) Typer+ 100m button (n - 1) 158Example 1. Find the fature value of an annuity of Note:- If(1 +i)tvalueis given inthe question then use Rs_500 is made annually for 7 years at interest rate of given valueinthe question otherwise answer may vary. 14% compounded annually. [Given that (1.14)? = 2.5023] fay Rs, 5365.25 (b) Rs. 5265.25 (c) Rs. 5465.25 (@) none Solution :- Option (a) is correct Calculator Trick a S= [oso 100m, =€ 5365.25 “4 y Step 1 Pie 55") As Type 14+ 100+1x Push = button 6 times. Step II Type - 1+ 14 then x 100 (Because it is annu- ally) Step III Thenx 500 = (we get the result) Example 2. Rs. 200 is invested at the end of each month in an account paying interest 6% per year compound monthly. What is the future value of this annuity after 10th payment? Given that (1.005) =1.0511 Rs. 2044 (b) Rs. 2144 (c) Rs. 2544 (d) None Solution :- (a) is correct. Here A= 200 ; r= 6% compounded monthly n= 10=No. of payments. wves- ett) i 1200 =%2045.60 Calculator Step I Type 6 +1200 + 1 Then push button then push = button 9 times. Step II Type- 1 Then+ 6x 1200 Step III Then Type x 200= buttons we get the required amount. To find the Value of EACH INSTALMEN’ Example. If a bank pays 6% interest compounded quarterly what equal deposit have to be made at the end ofthe each quarter for3 years if you want tohhave®1500 at the end of 3 years? (@) Rs.117.86 (©) Rs.150.50 Solution :- (b) is correct FV=S= a r (oy Rs.115.01 (@ None of these 1500 = A| A=Rs.150.01 Calculator Trick Step I Type6+ 400+ 1 Then push button then push = button 11 times Step IL Then push -1 + 6x 400 buttons Step III Then push M+ button to save the typed value. Step IV Then type 1500 then+ button then push “MRC” button 2 times then push = button. [we get the required result] (Jo find Present Value for Ordinary Annuity) 1-(+i) (2 Calculator Trick Step I Type (1 +i) value then push button Step I Then push = buttons “n’” times Step IMI Push GT button Step IV Then type A (value) then push = button PV = Present value =4) wwe get the required result.ANNUITY 160 Example. Find the present value of an annuity which pays © 200 at the end of each 3 months for 10 years assuming money to be worth 5% converted quarterly? (a), Rs.3473.86 (6) Rs.3108.60 Rs.6265.38 (@) None of these Solution :- Option (c) is correct Here A= 200 ; m=4 ;1= 5% 1/4 yearly. t= 10 years =n=mt=4 x 10 = 40 year PV=? Calculator Trick Step I Type 5+ 400 +1 then push «button Step II Then push = buttons 40 times Step III Then Push GT button Step IV Then typex 200 = buttons [We get the resulting value} (To find instalment value if PV is given). Example Mr. A borrows & 5,00,000 to buy a house. If he pays equal instalments for 20 years and 10% interest on outstanding balance what will-be the equal annual instalment? (@) Rs. $8239.84 (0) Rs. 68729.84 Solution :- (b) is correct Here PV = 5,00,000 ; r= 10% yearly t=20 years, n= 20; 1-(eit5 0.10 Rs. 58729.84 (@ None of these 5,00,000 = A =% 58729.84 Calculator Trick Step I Type 10+ 100+ 1 then push+ button Step II Push = buttons 20 times Step III Then Push GT button Step IV Then M+ buttons to save the result. Step V Type 5,00,000 then push +button then MRC button 2 times and then = button. (We get the required result) e ‘due is an annuity the firs, i the beginning of the firs, ‘Annuity Immediate/Du Definition:- An annuity payment of which is made a payment interval (To find Amount) FV =AmountS = df | Calculator Trick (work as ordinary annuity) Step { Typer + 100 m+ | then push x button Step I Push = buttons n+ 1 - 1 =n times then push - | button then push button then push r value then pushx. 100m value buttons. Step III Push - 1 button then x button and then type A value & then push = button (we get the required result) Example 1 Invests Rs.10,000 every year starting from today for next 10 years. Suppose interest rate is 8% per annum compounded annually calcillate future value of the annuity Given that (1 +0.08)!°= 2.15892500 Rs.156454.875, (b) Rs.156484.875 (co) Rs.156494.875 (4) None of these Solution :- (a) is correct aa" =! 100m— r Calculator Trick 10,000} Bf lor t+ Fa 100-1 = Rs.156454,875, Step I Type 8 + 100+ 1 then push x button then push = buttons 11 - 1 = 10 times Step II Type 1 Then + 8 x 100 - 1 buttons. Step III Then x 10000 = button, (We get the result) (To Find Present Value of Annuity Due or Annuity immediate) 1-day a {ee} 2 1 Pre.ANNUITY Calculator Trick Stop t ind (14/7 by calculator as above Step I Then push GT button Stop TUL Then push +1 Step IV Then type xA value then push button, (We get the required result) Example Suppose your mom decides to gift you Rs,10,000 every year starting from today for next 5 years. You deposit this amount in a bank as and when you receive and get 10% per annum interest rate compounded annually what is the present value of this annuity? ERS. 41,698.70 (a) Rs. 40,000 (e) Rs, 42695.70 (d) None Solution :- (b) is correct Calculator Trick 0, I+ ue PV =10, (im) +1 0.10 = Rs. 41,698.70 Step 1 Type 10 + 100+ then push + button and then push = button 4 times Step II Then push GT button then type +1. Step III Then push x 10,000 = buttons (We get the required result) (To Find Instalment Value if Amount is given) : Fv =S= 4 {t= 000] r Calculator Trick Step 1 We work on calculator for (+i""=1 r }toom-1 [See TYPE V] 161 Step II Push M+ button Step ILI Then type S (Amount value) Then push + button then push MRC button two times then push = button (we get the required result of “A”) Example The amount of an annuity due consisting of 15 annual payments invested at 8% effective is Rs.10,000. Find the size of each payment. (a) Bs.873.86 (b) Rs.108.60 eae 1 (@) None Solution :-(c) is correct Caleulator Trick 1 10,000 = 4} +S)" «100-1 = Rs.341.01 Step I Type 8+ 100+ then push x button then push = buttons 15 + 1-1 = 15 times Step IT Push -1 button then + 8 x 100 and then push - 1 button. Step III Push M+ button. Step IV Type 10000 then button then push MRC button two times then = button. (we get the required value of A) (To find Instalment Value if Present Value is given) co, PV= qiaeo i i Calculator Trick 1-a+ Step I We work on calculator for| ——;-— 4 just like type VI Step II Push M+ button Step III Type PV value then push + button then push MRC button 2 times; then = button; we get the re- quired value of “A” Example A debt of Rs.5000 with interest at the rate of 8% compounded quarterly is to be discharged by 8162 ANNUITY equal quarterly payments the first being due today. Caleulator Trick __— ~ Find the size of each payment, ] (a) Rs. 573.86 MI Rs. 669.17 (c) Rs. 399.26 (d) None of these Solution :-(b) is correct Calculator Trick pred iara™,] j = Rs, 669.17. Step 1 Type 8 + 400 +1 then push + button then push = buttons 7 times Step IT Then Push GT button then +1 button, Step II] Then push M+ button, Step IV Then Type 5000+ button then push MRC button 2 times then push = button. (we get the required value of A) SINKING FUND A sinking fund is a type of fund that is created and set purposely for repaying debt. The owner of the account, setsaside acertain amount regularly and uses itonly for a specific purpose. Interest is compoundedat the end or beginning of every period. ort) We use formula, FV = 4 i Example. How much amount is required to be in- vested every year so as to accumulate Rs.3,00,000 at the end of 10 years if interest is compounded annually at 10% ? Pa) Rs.18823,62 (6) Rs.18850.24 (c) Rs.19823.62 (d) None Solution :- (a) is Correct A=Rs.18,823.62 Step I Type 10 + 100 + 1 then push x bution thes push = bution 9 times then -I then + 10 x 100 ‘Step I Then Push M+ button ‘Step III Then type 300,000 + MRC button 2 times then push = button. (we get the required value) fe Rani tohave Example 2. Rajaaged 40 wished his wife F ; Rs.40,00,000 at his death. If his expectation of life is another 30 years and he starts making equal annual investments commencing now at 3% compound inte:- est annually? VB Rs. 81628.19 (b) Rs. 84450 (c) Rs. 84449 (d) None of these Solution :- (a) is correct, Calculator Trick _ | Ja+0.03)4 -1 40,00,000 = 4) “Fast o A= %81628.19 AMORTIZATION of LOANS A loan is said to be Amortized if it can be discharged by a sequence of equal payments made over equal periods of time. Each payment can be considered as consisting of two parts: (i) Interest on the outstanding loan, and (i Repayment of part of the loan. Th i , - Thus, a foan is amortized when part of each periodic payment is used to pay interest and the remaining part is used to reduce the principal.ANNUITY Example 1. A loan of Rs.30,000 at the interest rate of 6%6 compounded annually is to be amortized by equal payments at the end of each year for 5 years, find the annual payment (o¥ Rs.7121,89 (b) Rs,7200 {c) Rs.6921.89 (a) None lution :- (a) is correct lete A= 2; PV = Rs,30,000 % yearly ;t= 5 years=> 1 =5x1=5, 1easiy" L i PV=P= »A=Rs.7121,.89 fep 1 Type 6+ 100+ 1 push + button Then push= tton 5 times tep III Then type 30,000 then push + button then MRC button 2 times then = button; get the required result. imple 2. A loan of Rs.10,000 is to be repaid by annual instalments of 20 years. The rate of Interest is 3% per annum effective. Find the annual iment. fa) Rs. 600 (c) Rs. 718.25 lation:- (b) is correct rad ~(1+i) | =| AB) Rs. 672.16 (d) None 163 ‘ [1 ie 0.03 10,000 = | Use Calculator Trick and find the value of A= Rs, 672.16 Example 3. A man purchased a house valued at Rs.3,00,000. He paid Rs.2,00,000 at the time of pur- chase and agreed to pay the balance with interest at 12% per annum compounded half yearly in 20 equal half yearly instalments. If the first instalment is paid after six months from the date of purchase then the amount of each instalment is [Given log 10.6 = 1.0253 and log 31.19 = 1.494] (9YRS.8719.66 (c) Rs.7893.13 Solution :- (a (4) Rs.8769.21 (d) None s correct Here present value for amortization 3,00,000 - Rs.2,00,000 PV =Rs.1,00,000 ¥ = 12% compounded half yearly 0 instalment 20 1-| 1+ J, 1,00,000 = 200 0.06 Use calculator trick and find A=Rs. 8718.46 = Rs. 8719.66 {Itis calculator value) (Ifwe use given log value we can get the same result) Leasing A financial arrangement under which the owner of the asset allows the user to use the asset for a defined Period of time fora consideration (lease ental) payable over a given period of time is calledCHAPTER Sequence :- Arrangement of numbers which follows a particular rule is called sequence, written as Example 1.2, 4, 6, Byocssee Example 2. 5, 10, 20, 40... Example 3. 256, 128, 64, 32,..... Note:- In sequence all terms are separated by comma . Series:- Summation of all terms of the sequence is called series. Example 1. S=2+446+8+ Example 2. S$ =14+4+9+16 PROGRESSIONS A progression is a series that advances in a logical and predictable pattem. ‘Types of Progressions 1, Arithmetic Progression (AP) 2. Geometric Progression (GP) 3. Harmonic Progression (HP) 1. Arithmetic Progression (AP) Ifthe difference between two consecutive terms of a series is always equal, then that series is called an Arithmetic Progression (AP) Here - this difference “d” is called the common differ- ence of the sequence. For example 3, 5, 7, 9p Here, common difference d= 5-3=7-5=9-7= =2 n® term of an arithmetic progression t=at(n- 1d Where a= 1* term d= common difference n= position of the required term. Example 1. Find 11* term of the series S=7+10+13+.... (a) 77 (b) 87 © 67 (4) None Solution :- Here, a= 7 d=3:n=11 oe eat(n-Id=7+ (1-235 77 (a) is correct Tricks (Calculator Trick) First type n= 11 Then -1 then x 3 then +7 (1 term) press = button we get the answer = 77. Example 2. Find 57® term of the series S= 500 +497 +494 +. (a) 332 (c) 671 Solution :- (a) is correct. Here a= 500; d= -3 ;n = 57. 1, = 500 + (57 = 1) x G3) = 500 - 168 = 332. (b) 279 (d) None 215216 Calculator Trick Type 57 - | then push x button then type c.d. 3 then push +/- button (to change sign of 3 on calculator then push + 500 = button ; we get the required answer. Remarks:- If we practice on calculator like this; we get the minimum time. Example 3. Which term of the series S=57 +61 +65 + . is equal to 401. (a) 84 (b) 86 ef 87 (a) None Solution :- option (c) is correct + t=Mlet)=at(n- Dd. then (n-I)d=1-a. Calculator Trick ‘Type last term 401 then -57 then +4(c.d.) then + I then push = button; we get the required answer i.e. 87. Example 4. Which term of the AP. See vivir vin SM) 1S (© 14 Solution :- (a) is correct. () 17 (d) None Tricks:- Denominator of all terms is same i.e. J] ] and numerators 3, 4, 5, is inA.P. 3 enone nad “ovine vn ~ is also in A.P. 17 So, decide which term is 17 do not think oni Caleulator work:- Type 17 - 3+ 1 +1 then push = button ; we get the required answer i.e. 15. Example 5. The nth term of the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7 is ‘SEQUENCE & SERIES 20! Oe (@) None (c) 2n+ 1 Solution :- (b) is correct: Tricks ____—— or ofsequence which type of sequence Note:- Itshould be sequence + it is, does not matter Go by choices then it should be equal to 1**term. Ifwe t should be equal to its 2nd term. it should be equal to its 3rd Similarly; if we put” term. : Note:- Put directly n =3 in the option and check this value is equal to its 3rd term or not. IFit is equal toits 3rd term then this option is correct. Let option (a) is correct Putting n= 3 we get 3 which is not equal to its 3* term 5. *. @ isnot the answer. Similarly, Let option (b) is correct ‘. putting n =3 in 2n- 1 we get 2x 3 equal to its 3rd term. so, option (b) is correct. Example 6. The nth term of the sequence -1, 2,-4,8,- eee @2 J 1.26" Solution :- (¢) is correct Tricks:- Putting n =3 in option (c) ; we get (-1)', 2" =-1x 4=-4 which is equal to its 3rd term. ©. option (c) is correct. RES TS (@ If m* term of an A.P. is P and n‘* term is q then 5 which is (b) 2°" (@) None cd,=P=4 m=n Example. Ifs* termand 12" terms ofan APare 14and 35 respectively. Find its common difference. (a2 LB) 3 () . (d) None Solution :- (b) is correct,218 SEQUENCE & SERIES TYPE [Sum of “n” terms of an AP.] Formula () $=4Ra+(n-Dd] |. ¢_A@+L) (see =at(n- 1d Example 1. Find sum of 47 terms of the series S74 194184 cents $a 4653 (b) 4553, (©) 4842 (@ None Solution :- (a) is correct, Tricks:- (Calculator) ‘Type (47 - 1) x (c.d =4) Press M + button, then 2 x 7 then press M + button, then MRC button 2 times, then x 47, Then + 2 press = button. Where L = We get the answer = 4653 Example 2. Sum of how many terms of the series S=7+12417422+ (a) 66 (©) 68 (d) None. Solution :- (b) is correct. Tricks :- Go by choices is equal to 11524, ) 67 Work on calculator as above Let (a) is correct. So type 66 - 1x 5+ 14 (double of Ist term) Then pushy button then 6642 = we get 11187 which is not equal to 11524, So option (a) is not the answer. Similarly ; work for option (b) ‘Type 67 - 1x 5 + 14 (double of Ist term) Then typex. 674 2= bution, we get value in question So, (b) is correct, Example 3. Find the sum of “n” terms of the series S=S494134 .. ton terms. Qn?+3n (b) w+ 4n (o) 3° +2n (@) None Solution :- (a) is correct Detail Method. 2 Pat (n-Nd) 2 2iaxs+(n-Dx4l 2 n _4)=2[4n+6] zllotan 4) z =2n +3n. Tricks:- Go by choices Sn = Sum of Ist n terms (It shows) If we put n= 1, It shows sum of Ist one term. Ifwe put n=2 ; then it shows sum of 1* 2 terms Let option (a) Put n = Then 2x 1? +3x 1 = 5 which is equal to 1" term, Again putting n=2 then 2x2? + 3x2= 14 It is equal to sum of 1* two terms (ie. 549). So, option (a) is correct Note I Putting directly n = 2 and we can check the result Note Il This trick is suitable for sum of Istn terms of any types, of series (ie. A.P. ; GP; H.P or any types) Example 4. The sum of n terms of the series 4 + 6+ 9413 + ney 5 3n+20) (6) ont bene2) © Forth) (@ None Solution :- (a) is correct Trick:- Go by choices For option (a) Directly putting n = 3 We get gl? +3x2420) 4446420) = 10 which is equal to sum of Ist 2 terms i.e. (4 + 6) +. option (a) is correct, Example 5. The sum of all natural numbers betwee? 500 and 1000 which are divisible by 13 is.fsa eG le HAPTER DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS I) Concept of Differentiation ——eerentlation The rate of change of function of ‘one variable with Tespect to another on which it depends is called the derivative of the function. The process of finding the derivative in terms ofa limit involving the increments of the independent ‘ , x’ and the dependent variables ‘ay’ is called differentiation. Let y = f(x) be a function of x . The rate of change is given by Ay __increment in the value of y (dependent variable) Fe Te Cependent variable) ‘increment in the value of x (independent variable) — et 8x)~Mls) Ax If this ratio tends to a definite finite limit as x tends to zero from either side, then this limit is called the differential coefficient (or derivative) of (x) with re- spect to x. Symbolically, the differential coefficient of, y with respect to x is denoted by * orf'(x)=y, or StI or D(x). Tim £(x+Ax)-f60) Ax>0 Ax ‘The process of finding the differential coefficient is known as differentiation. Example Consider the function, y = f(s) = =* By definition, i = fox dy_ daw jim He+4x) RRO Oo oy a at ihe ¥ = Thus, 4 =POO=%. lim (Ax)? =x? _ ~ax30 4x x2 + 2xAx + (Ax)? =x? Ax lim = Ax>0 = lim (2x+Ax)=2x+0=2x. = ax 30 Beem” uw feeyze y Sea=at log,a » 4 =0 a (constant) = et) = a0" dx ” d 1 “ogy =1 6. —-(log x) z 284Z type | (Scalar Multiple Rute) ja. 4 (f(x) = LO) Formula. - rs tox @) 5x4 (ii) 3 logx 1 (ii) Te () 3x () 42 Solution :- f dx") _ . dt Ws asx 22933 | 0 ae Ge 7 Ox4x? = 20x ) LG _, (i a ae (itt £0, 1A at xet 2708 oe ave 2: = 4x2" log2=4 log, 2.2° Ge 7 4x2 log2= og, Type Il (Addition Rule) ae dv are funct kz Get gy Whete w and v are functions ofx. Example 1. Differentiate each of the following fune~ tions with respect to x. ( 3x? + 5x-20 (ii) ak +x +b wot PSP 4 Tx— 2logx+30] Solution :- r Bd 5 3x’) # a x 20 d 0 LOH 45x75 eae Example 1. Differentiate the following with Tespect DIRFERENTIAL CALCULUS a dx? 5dx_d20 area dere = 3x2x4+5x1-0= 6x45 d (a* +x" +b*) OR da’ dx* | doe © de de = aloga+axt!+0 = a®loga+axt! a5 ~50'+7-2ogs 430] Gi ne p.dlogx , 430 de da +7. dx = $x3e?-5x204 71-2140 x x -10247-2 z Type Ill (Product Rule) duy _ du, dv : ik are ae Where u and y are functions of x. Example 1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x. (i) x. logx (if) & logx (iii) x. 3° Solution :- I d(e logs) =Iogx set - On = log x.5x*+x°. a x =4x4logx+ x4 = x4*(4logx+1)DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 286 w (ee » ae Pee et @ alloex}= (log x) de , d logx =2® xlog xt e8 dx a& 1 i 7 : Hise setiog xt ett logze'-es f ae «(te vt) ~~ (ogx)? (log. x)" x =o (xlogx—D iy LOR) des at ae a dk dx - a(—3 } = 4x93" +x°3* log, 3 (i) GBPt7 =3*3(4+ xlog,3) ay? 47) 422d BH HD) we FA a oe Type IV Quotient/Divi _ ts o Gx +7 Formula LO ngou$ Where u and v are functions x47) ofx. _ 6x7 +14-12x7 14-63" Example 1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x. Gx+7 (3x? +7)? x i ek _ 27-32") OF Toss "Gran a on Type V (Chain Rule) @) 57 Ify = h(u) and u = f(x) ; Then aren Solution :- (i) 4 Formula a 19 2 =n an p MI en igegr £0 _ex*(3-2) : eer Example 1. Find differential Coefficient of the fol lowing @ Gx +795 (ii) (log x)! (iii) (4° -3x +77DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 287 Solution :- de s Wi oa £OPID sa pnt 4 G47) 2 a dx “dx © 252° +7'.Gx5x' +0) =75x*.3x5 +7)" d (log x)* ax d logx (ii) = (log x)’. ” dx = 4(log, apt =4 (ogy? Setase: the f(x) is * (@) eaters (6) e@***"(2ax-+b) en @ (4x°-3x+7)? (co) 2ax+b (@) None - Solution :- (b) is correct a 1d (4x 3x47) 4x8 3247) tray fe dete = 2(4x5 -3x+7).(4x3x? -3x1+0) cemtbue got =2(12x? - 3 Pst ede Cee) set fax 2x+bx14+0] = 6(4x? -1)(4x° -3x+7) = (Zax + byes #1 () Formula (UD) Formula @ = @ « a’ log, a. del _ ton df) i oe = at Joga tO i) Sao" F =a! Joga SY) © om (fox Oe ee ox Example 1. Differentiate the following functions Example 1, Differentiate the following functions with respect to x. with respect to x. (Deion Ww @ 30° (i) 502202) (332-6245) Gren 2 Solution: (9 x Solution:-(9 5 = fe 3 Aes at-ous ¢ Gx? -6x+5) =3**7 log3.(2x+0) aeons A ax =2x.log3.3""” =e 513x2x—-6x1+0] = 0-65 6(y—1) =6(r— De288 d (7x +3x+2) 300) 45 sorasaniog 54. ax a =57° 8"? log 5.(7x3x? +3x1+0] = 57°" Jog 5.(2127 +3) (QV) Formula dlogx _diog -x_1 Ong a “F “i di log. f(x) = dlog FO) _ 1_ df(x) ) dx f(xy” dx Example 1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x. (@ log (Ox + 4) (iii) log (log x) dlog(ox+4)__ 1d (Ox+4) Solution -() Ge rasa (i) log (x? + 5x) __ 1, Cnt) 9 9x44 © 9x44 _d log(x? +52) Ld (x°+5x) O-& 45x dx 1 (x? +5x1) - _ 3x45 x +5x OP +5x gj) 4 loelogx)__ 1d (logx) Oe “Toge"de 4a/f@_ 1 Fo 2Wf@ a Sotution + (9 4. #3.—1 ation (9) Wea DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Example 1. Differentiate the following function, with respect to x. (i) Jax? +bx+0 43) w+3 & aet ax? +3 @ Vx +3 3x40. awx+3 1 “Tatebere (i) 4 Vax? torte. rs d (ax? torte) & abet bxl+0 __2axtb NaPrhree | Wax +bree (VD) Formula a ‘ @ ati * af (x) a(—_).-1__ i) GI@) Fer” a Example 1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x. on x41 a i © aa to) sx Sa «(5)-- Ld (et) Bet) Grp? a Gear tD=- Solution :- (i) 1 G+? qt, A 8x4 +7) Bx4+7)? de d|—— (i) G&A3x4+7. wpe +0]—212x) - en (id) Hg 4(oam3] -—1 46" -7x+2) (Sx - 7242)? de b [5x3x? -7x1+0] L 7x42) B _ -(5x?-7) © Ge 7x42)? (VID) Formula 4 logex=t On x d log, x= Wi) slog, a Example 1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x. () log,x (i) log,9x (iii) log, G+ 3) é dlogsx_ 1 Solution :- () xlog,5 _, dlogiox_ 1 logine O& “ylog,10 x ji) 4 082(27 +3) () Fe i: 1 xe +3) (x? +3)log.2 4 _ 2x40 (x? +3) log, 2 2x “G2 +3)log, 2 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS, 289 Type VI (Formula. g'!tet ky Example 1 Differentiate the following function with Tespect to x. peer (i) stn (iii) efto0 Solution :- | () ae py #2 ase (an doer _ adhee A function or relation in which the dependent variable is not isolated on one side of the equation. For example, the equation x? + xy ~ y? = 1 represents an implicit relation. i.e. A function of the firm f(x 5 y)= 0; where y cannot be defined as a function of x ; is called an Implicit function of x. Example @ ¥+y=16 (i) xy = +P are examples of implicit function. Let f(x ; y) = 0 be @ e+y=r 4 an Implicit function, to find . no need to transfer y in terms of explicit function. Example 1. Find * of the following functions () ¥+y=25 Gi) wae yet 7 Ld (F +y?)_ 25 Solution : (i) “7. Dae Pee aa dx dx290 Tricks : ay a Note : D.C. means differential coefficient; w.rt. means with respect to G) yet ype Taking log on both sides ; we get log (3°. ¥)) = logtx + yh or, log x? + log y*= (p + q) log (x + y) on, p log x + q log y = (p + 4) log (x + y) Differentiating w.rt. x on both sides; we get D.Cof f(x,y) w.rst.x keeping y constant D.Cof f(x,y) wars. y keeping x constant pGloex 44 A l0By 2 (pr gy Goer») orpdgh aterart (1-8) ‘Tricks:- Answer of exactly this pattern Question is always (y/x). Type Vill (Parametric Function) ‘When both Variables (independent variable say x and dependent variable say y) are expressed in terms of a third variable say t (called its parameter) are called parametric Functions. wd DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS For the parametric equations (functions) Let x= f(t) andy = 0) _dldt dx dx/dt if x=at 7 a Example 1. Find 7 Solution :- -» x= at? 2 ds gx2t! = 2at dat ax/dt epee (Logarithmic Function) This is the Logarithmic Function: (x) = log ,(x); 2 is any value greater than 0, except 1. ‘We can take logarithm on both sides in the following cases: (@ A product ofa number of functions as_f(x).8() (ii) (f(x); where both f(x) and g(x) are functions of x. (iii) A quotient of functions as f(x)/g(x). This method is popularly known as logarithmic differentia tion. Example 1. Differentiate the following wart. x Ox Gi) (ey Solution :- (i) Let y =x" ) Taking log on both sides ; we get (2) Differentiating on both sides w.r.t. x ; we get- logy = log x" = x logx| DITPPRENTIAL CALCULUS m d log vod (vlog) a de Ldy (dr) dlogx 1B Lf Vtog x x A'08 wh ( posse 1 2 Llogxt xx x 12. logx+1, or, 2 = ylogx+1) =x'(1+logx) dx" Le ogy 78+ logy) = x'[log, e+ log, x] = x*log,(ex) (i) Let y=(ax)" or y ay Taking log on both sides ; we get log y= log(x" ) or logy =x’ logx Differentiating on both sides war. x; we get 1 dy_(ae 2 dlogx = 22|> | ee 1 (age 1 =2xlogx+x?.— =2xlogxt+x x 18. yatog+1 yar or, D = yx(Qlogx+l] dx © x(1+2log.x) x V(42log.x) Example 2. If x7 © @% then show that i P= (og sylugtex)) 7 Solution :- Given, x » &7 ‘Taking logarithm on both vides, ¥ log x = (x y)log,e or ylogxex-y (log, ¢ =I] or yl + log x) =x epee sae YT logx Differentiating both sides w.r. to x, 1 +logy~ | Oy cee pee dx (logy (I+ logy’ a hee JB. dog xy(logtex)y? (oge+logx)° ~ (logtex)) SUCCESSIVE DERIVATIVES Let y= f(x) bea function, ‘The first order derivative of y wrt. x. is written as d Syl) If it is again differentiated w.r.t. x, then it is written as A(d)_ ay dela age! =F) and $0 On ...... Here are some different notations used for successive derivatives of y wart. x: * Example If y=ae™ +be™ prove that =miy, 4 be) = ame" ~ bme™* ee tame” = ame" + binte™ = m2(ae™ +be™) = my. —bne""*)292 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE DERIVATIVE = pls feat)’ eh Let y = f(x) be the function of the curve of the figure given below. Let P(x, y) and O(x+ dr, y +6y) be to or Vt B= plxeve? + i)" =P neighbouring points on it. Then slope of the chord PQ = arteyn-y _& : me ten gedree ad 0(Z) a7 « Differentiating again, we get @ ana tt2eof 2) =2p ye y 2 =(7 + Shxd- py=0 Example 3. The gradient (Slope) of the curve y = 2x! - 5x? 3x at x=0, is @3 3 1 3 @ None In Calculus, we would use formula for slope as Solution:- (b) is correct dy =e at point (a,b); (let) sty = 2x? 5x? -3x Example 1. Find the gradient of the curve y = dp + 4 at the point (1, 2) ia ca ei er Y 6x5 = 6x" -10x-3 dx Solution :- = 3x" ~5x+4 ay of 2| =6.1-5=6-5=1 de Jat yer Dat x=0 =Gradi = ae radient at x= 0 =6x0-10x0-3=-3 ‘Thus the gradient of the curve at (1, 2)is 1. Example 4. The gradient of the curve y+ px +ay= at point (1 ; 1) is 2. The values of p and q are P Example 2. ales » prove that @ (15-2) (6) (251) ye “ © (132) (@ None (+2?) xB Py =0 Solution:- (b) is correct ; Point (131) lies on the curve y + px+gy = 0 Solution :- since y =(x+"+1) ; wilt pelt gx =O ss or p+q=-l (qd) dy _ i’ ‘f1+— } he plx+ ea Veal :. Gradient at point (1 ; 1) =2DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS, | F. i =2 dy, dx dy Dt px Hag DD de Oa Fay =? or 2+pxl+qx2=2 or p+2q=0 or p=-2q. (2) From (1) and (2) ; we get 2g+q=-1 oF -g=-1 from (2) Example 5. The slope of the tangent to the curve y=14-— x? at the point where the ordinate and the abscissa are equal is @-1 1 (0 (@) None Solution:- (a) is correct. ordinate = Abscissa. x eqnis y= V4—x? (2) From (1) & (2); we get xeV4-x0 or x = 4-x [Squaring on both sides} a= or; or xt=Qexev2 » yaxsv2 Pointis (/2; V2) dy _d V4-x? Slope = Fe ay 44-2") dx 293 dy Slope / Gradient = at (¥2:¥2) oe ees Tear Tet MAXIMA AND MINIMA Extremum Values Maxima and minima are called extremum values. Second Derivative Method Step 1. Let y= ffx) be a function. Gif ay EF Step 2. Find F> =y, =f) Step 3. Again find Step 4. Put f(x) = 0 and solve it for x. Let x=a be its solution. _ dy Step 5. Find “oa = f(x) at x=a Step 6. (i) Iff” (a) > 0, then f{x) has a minima at x = a. (ii) IF” (@) < 0, then ffx) has a maxima at x = a, Gil IEF"): or minima, (iv) If" @ = 0 and f’"(a) # 0, then fix) has neither maxima nor minima at x=a. Such a point is called point of inflexion. ), we cannot say anything about maxima Example. Find the maximum and minimum values of alat—stal, £@) Solution :- f(x)= : 2 peel PQ) = 2x = 2x5 f(x) =x" -2294 If f(x) =0, Then, 2x07 -1I)=0 or, x(x-I)(x41)=0 x =0L-1 $70) =6x0-2= f"()=6x1-2=4=4Ve f(D =6x1-2=4=40e Thus, We conclude that f(x) is maximum at x=0 and minimum at x = 41. Maximum value of fix) is given by 1 FO) aoe =I; and the minimum value of 1 1 Jos)is given by FEI) = xI-141= >. Applications of Differential Calculusin Business Demand Function. : It is a relationship between demand and price of a commodity. If the price of a commodity is *x and its demand is ‘y’, then this fact can be expressed mathematically as y=f(x) :x,y>0 Itcan also be expressed as x= 2(y) Cost Funetion. The amount spent on the production ofa commodity is called its cost. Cost of production of x units ‘C* ofa commodity can be expressed as C= f(x) Total cost = TC = Fixed Cost + Variable Cost ‘Variable Cost = VC = (variable cost per unit). (No. of units produced) TC Average Cost= AC = —~ ve ‘Average Variable Cost = AVC = = dC Marginal Cost = MC = dVC Marginal Variable Cost = MVC = ae dAC Marginal Average Cost = MAC = 7. ERENTIAL CALCULUS revenue Fanetion. It is the revenue obtained py selling x units produced- Leto, of units sold =x & selling prive pet wnit~p R(x) = p.x 5 where pix?0 R(x) ‘Average Revenue = AR= ~~ dR(x) Marginal Revenue = MR =~ aR Marginal Average Revenue =~ 7, Funetion. The excess of total revenue over the Profit yn is called the profit and is de. total cost of productio noted by P. P(x) =R(x)- C(x), * 0- where, R(x)= revenue function and C(x) = cost function. Average Profit = AP = AR - AC ap Marginal Profit = MP= MR. -MC = 7 CONSUMPTION FUNCTION, MPC AND MPS Consumption Function. The consumption function expresses a relationship between the total income (1) and the total national consumption (C). It is denoted by C=f(D. Marginal Propensity to consume. It is the rate of change of the consumption with respect to income. dC + Marginal Propensity to Consume = MPC =~ Marginal propensity to Save. Let denote the saving, then Saving § = (Total in- come - Total consumption) =I - C “. Marginal propensity to Save = MPS = s. It indicates how fast saving changes ‘with respect 10 income. Q.1. The total cost function ofa commodity is given bY C(x) = 0.5x? + 2x +20. where C denotes the total o05! and x denotes the quantity produced. Find the averaB° cost and the marginal cost.2 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 0.52? +2x+20 x Ans. AC = Average Cost = asst +a x MC= Marginal Cost = ac dx a oe +2x+20) =2x(0.5)x+2=x4+2 100 Q2.If C=0.05q? +16 +77 isthe manufacturer's average cost function, what is the marginal cost when 50 units are produced. Also. interpret the result, Ans. Total Cost = Average Cost x Quantity Pro- duced C= 0.05q? +16q +100 __ , Marginal Cost = (0.05)3q? + 16 = 0.15q? + 16 When 50 units are produced, the marginal cost= 391. Interpretation. If the cost C is in rupees and the pro- duction is increased by one unit from q = 50 to q= 51, then the cost of the additional unit is Rs.391. Q.3. The total cost C(x) of a firm is C(x) =0.0005x? - 0.02x? - 30x + 5000, where x is the output. Determine (@ average of (AC) (ii) slope of AC (iii) marginal cost (MC) (iv) slope of MC (0) value of x, for which MVC = AVC, where VC denotes the variable cost Ans. (i) Average Cost (AC) =0.0005x? -0.02x-30 5000 (Slope of AC= 0.001x- 0.02" (iii) Marginal cost = (MC)= 0.0015x? -0.04x -30 (iv) Slope of MC = 0,003 x - 0.04 () Average variable cost AVC = = 9.0005. —0,02x" -30x : ea Ona) = 295 (iv) Value of x, for which MVC = AVC is 20 0.001 5x2 - 0.04x - 3.0 = 0.0005x? - 0.02x - 30 or; 0.001x? = 0.02x or; x= 20 AVERAGE REVENUE; MARGINAL REVENUE & MARGINAL REVENUE PRODUCT Q.4. Let p be the price per unit of a certain product, when there isa sale of q units. The relation between p 100 and q is given by p= oe (® Find the marginal revenue function. (if) When q = 10, find the relative change of R, i., (Rate of change of R with respecttoq)/Rand also the percentage rate of change of R at q = 10. Ans. (i) Marginal revenue function AR _ 100(3q+1)-100gx3_, _ 1009 dq Bq+1? (3q+1)? (ii) Relative rate of change of R: When q = 10, the relative rate of change of 100-431)? _ 3744 = = 5 ~0.503. R° 31966-1200" 7440 Percentage rate of change of R at q= 10 is= aR! dq «100 = 0,503 x 100 = 50.3% QS. The revenue R due to the sale of x units of a product is given by R = 25x - 0.5x?, (@) How fast does R changes with respect to x ? (6) When x=10, find the relative rate of change of R and the percentage rate of change of R. Ans. (a) Rate of change of R=MI Fs = 25-0.5.(2x)=25-x Relative rate of change of R, when x=10 is MR _dR/dx ___25-x__ 25-10 _ 3 RR 25x=0.5x* 250-5 49 MR Percentage rate of change of R=——-%100 % =—=x100= 6.12% 4964 represents the demand func- tion for a product, Where p is the price per unit of q units. Find the marginal revenue. Ans, Marginal revenue = 3q=5)-5qQ) | (q-5y¥ Q.7. The total revenues received from the sale of x units of product is given by: 25 —ly “Gx R(x) = 200 +e, Find (@ the average revenue: (ii) the marginal revenue; (iii) the marginal revenue when x=25 (iv) the actual revenue from the sale of twenty sixth unit, Ans. (i) Average revenue : (AR) — RB _ 200+(4°/5) _ 200 | x x x ce (ii) Marginal Revenue: aR_d = =+| 200+ MR= 3 a a: aR 2 (iii), MR when x=25= Ete ==x25=10 (iv) Revenue from the sale of 26th unit = Rs. 10.20 Q.8. Suppose the demand per month for a commodity is 24 if the price is Rs. 16 and 12 if the price is Rs. 22. Assuming that the demand curve is linear, determine (@) the demand function: (b) the total revenue function: (©) the marginal revenue function Ans. (a) Let the linear demand function be p= a+bx 1 2 2. p=atbx=28- 2 (6) The total revenue function is : R= px=28x—> (6) The marginal revenue function is : MR = 28-x DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Q.9. Find the total revenue and marginal revenue for, firm operating under pure competition with a cuey, price of Rs. 5 per unit. ‘Ans, Marginal revenue = 5 regardless of the number of units sold. / Q.10, Find the marginal revenue function for a mo, nopolist confronted with the demand x= 12-3 p, Quit. Amanufacturer determines that temployees wil) produce a total ofx units ofa product per day, where =2t Ifthe demand equation for the product is p=. 0.5x +20, determine the marginal revenue product when t= 5, Interpret result. Ans. Marginal revenue product=20. => If 6th employee is hired, the extra revenue gener. ated is approximately 20. CONSUMPTION FUNCTION, MPC AND MPs Q.12. If the consumption function if given by +9 P2, determine the marginal consumption fune- tion. Ans. .”. Marginal consumption function = aC 2 pa “a 4 Q.13. The consumption function C=f(1) gives relation- ship between the total income (1) and the total consumption (C). What are marginal propensity to con- sume” and ‘marginal propensity to save.’ IfC=537, determine the marginal propensity to save when 27 Ans. C=5/""? and $= 1-C=1-51' WhenI=J27 dS _ MPS = G7 = a ee, xan Q.14. If the consumption is given by C=71 + 1ST» where Lis the income, When I = 25 (@) determine the marginal propensity to consume: (b) marginal propensity to save.INTEGRATION | [ERA EE Re Definition:-The process of finding a function, given its derivative, is called anti-differentiation (or integra- tion). If F(x) = foo), we say F(x) is an anti-derivative of f(x) or simply integral of f(x). symbolically; itis writen as f f@)dx =F). ‘The process of finding the integral is called Integra tion and f{x) is called integral and x is called variable of integration. Constant of Integration ig @ F=f OV then we also have dx d (F(x) +c] =f (a); where ¢ Is an arbitrary dx stant. con- ‘Thus we may write f f(x)dx= F)*C 2 d(x +0) _oy : me Example: (/) 7. pfoxde= x’ te where c = Arbitrary or Integration constant. af a. [ode=logat fe logx+e Results /I Formula Some Important oa M a= +ewheren#-l. Lo fey a (ax+b)”” 5 wheren#-1. @o flat a ee= Ta 2.9 fede=er te Wi) fentae 3.) fe "de = log, x+¢ oan D Ww Jajeclo 1 = N0BLED oe a 4.9 Jrar= eae a™* mlog, a Ga Jarax= oe Where c= Arbitrary / Integration constant. an 5 : +o= +ewher ¢ +1 5 Example 1. fxtae Integration Constant 316/ Formula . J ae = example 2. Integrate the following @ x? (ii) Gx sy tt ee ae solution : (i) Jx dra A 5 341 ae 1 siptes2x tte ae. Where c = Integration Constant i 3-5)" i) (x-5)"dx = BES) J (+ix3 *° =yGx-5 te Where c = I.C. arth e Formula, fe***dr=—+e Example 1 : Integrate the following functions je (i) ot (itt) Solution: (/) fea =e’ +c Wherec=I.c. a7 in fear=F-+e (iin fear log(ar+) , a Example 1 ; Integrate the following functions 1 1 — Os x43 INTEGRATION ag (iii) 4-3x Solution: (9 Jrae=togr+e where ¢= Le ' 1 _ log(4x+3) Oat secasaat where c = Integration. 1 _logt4-3x) gy = Oat 3) 4-3x ogee where c =I .c. io f mx+n Formula fa d= < 4c mloga Example 1 : Integrate the following functions @ sx (i) 10% (iii) 7* age ten Steere Solution: (i) [5"dr= where c=1.¢. 1g ig f10™ar= 0 wf “og.10°° un jr dee where c =I. c. 1. Scalar multiple rule. Jif nid =f fode; where k = constant. Il. Addition Rule. Jactmar= Judes fede where u and v are functions of x.318 Example : Integrate the following functions (id) 4x? @ 8” Solution: INTEGRATION where c= 1. ¢- Gi Jor +De De a fee raat ext > 2 3x) X yaxte (0 [8.x"dx=8{x’dx=8. yee where ¢=Le where ¢ = Integration Constant Example 2 : Integrate the following function, (i) jae -1as 2 Y0+5x°-3) x de i) any O Far 3(x+2) =4f vdv— [Lace [sae . 4 Solution: (i) 4 =42 log Sue i : : [a7 x =x*-logx+Sxtc xtl xt where c=integratian constant. =f week de Seo xt] Methods of Integr =7 [ee pole js () Transformation Method “oo” (ii) Substitution Method aia (iii) Integration by parts oo (Gv) Integration by partial fraction. 212 — 14 logte+D}+e : : Where c=. Try to convert the given function in that form, where the suitable formula can be applied. i.e. change the 22° +52? -3) given function whose integral isto be foundtoexpress (i) J 30 itas the algebraic sum of functions. (+2) Example 1 : Integrate the following function. 2 Ik 2428 430" 4 6ro6rn1249 1-2 : 3 x+2 Oleg | © Gyver®) 3 9 = that of NOx) 4 : (i) If maximum power on x of D(x) < that of NG) 1 f eLf)+f Wide =e" f(x).4¢ then divide N(x) by D(x) and convert it in the NG@) RQ) dx FQ)= = Q(x) + le 1: Evaluate [——* form Exampl valuate Seas D(x) D(x)" Where Q(x) = Quotient ; R(x)=Remainder func- solution: (ds _ _p_ dr tions ¥ 2x3 ee (iii) Try to convert D(x) into linear factors if possible. It can be understand by some examples. Example : Find 3x42 oO JAS a a in) Ea G27 = ae Solution: @ °-3x+2 5x? -x-2x42 = (x-1(r-2) a eanachiae (A) 28 «-1 => 2x+1=A(x—2)+ B(x-D)..... Putting x-1=0 =» x= 1 in(i); we get -A=3 = A=3 similarly, putting x -2=0 = x=2in(i);we get B=5 2x+1 de 2 [$e 23 Sena 3f =it5f = -Blog (x - 1) +5 log (x-2) +e Where c =Integration constant and f 3x+2 (x-2)°(2-3) A, Bc (ii) > 3x42 = A(x-2)(x-3) + B(x 3) + Cx-2)? i) Factor (x - 2) is common in two terms;322 INTEGRATION so put x¥2=0 =5x=2 in(i); we get B= _ dx | f(x)dx, Factor (x -3) is also common in (i) ; 4. [fends [fener f a tS So, put x-3 = 0 => x=3 in (i); we get C= 11 a {(0)=0 - 0= 040-0+e => 0