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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CASE STUDY ON E-VEHICLES IN INDIA
A Project Report
Submitted by
Arjun Singh RVCE21BEE001
Shreya Mahajan RVCE21BEE002
Dhamini Arya S RVCE21BEE004
Abhinandana Y RVCE21BEE019

Under the guidance of

Dr. Ramya P
Prof,Dept.of Physics
RVCollegeofEngineering®
EXPERENTIAL LEARNING

2021-2022
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ABSTRACT (Over all work)

An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either
partially or fully powered on electric power.

Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have less moving parts for
maintaining and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels
(petrol or diesel). While some EVs used lead acid or nickel metal hydride batteries,
the standard for modern battery electric vehicles is now considered to be lithium ion
batteries as they have a greater longevity and are excellent at retaining energy, with a
self discharge rate of just 5% per month. Despite this improved efficiency, there are
still challenges with these batteries as they can experience thermal runaway, which
have, for example, caused fires or explosions in the Tesla model S, although efforts
have been made to improve the safety of these batteries

Most electric cars are automatic, and likely will be in the future. This is because an
electric car doesn’t require a clutch due to its inability to stall like a petrol or diesel
vehicle. Therefore, adding a clutch and various gears might not make much sense.
However, some companies have been trying to produce electric vehicles that do still
have a five- or six-speed gearbox, to maintain some form of normality for UK drivers
who are used to manual vehicles.

When you drive a manual vehicle and you come to a complete stop, you must use both
the clutch pedal and the brakes to prevent stalling the engine. However, as stated
above, electric engines cannot stall in the same way, which is just another reason why
the clutch isn’t needed.

Not only are electric cars missing a clutch and various gears, but the braking system is
different too. Regenerative brakes are used, which convert the heat produced from
your vehicle’s brakes back into energy for the vehicle’s battery to use.
Because an electric car doesn’t need a clutch, it also doesn’t require gears. Electric
vehicles don’t feature a multi-speed gearbox like conventional petrol or diesel
vehicles. Instead, they have just one gear. This is because they can achieve much
higher revs than a standard fuel engine. A conventional car can usually reach around
4,000-6,000 revs per minute (rpm), whereas an electric motor can achieve up to 20,000
rpm.

In a combustion engine, the engine generates torque, which is used for acceleration,
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and power in a narrow band of engine speeds, or gears. In order to accelerate, the rpm
must be kept relatively high to gain the necessary torque and power that’s required.
The gears allow you to keep the power between a set amount so that you can gradually
speed up and slow down while still having enough torque to do so. First gear can only
get you up to a certain speed before the amount of rpm becomes too much and you
need to move up to second gear.

In contrast, electric motors generate 100 per cent of their torque at very low speeds
(under 1,000 rpm). The more the rpms increase, the less torque is generated therefore
it’s actually more beneficial to stick to a low rpm of around 2,000. It doesn’t mean that
electric cars can’t have gears, but they aren’t necessary to make the car run
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CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Types of E- Vehicles......................................................................... 6

1.2 Need of E-Vehicles ...................................................................... 9

1.3 Battery system of e-vehicles.......................................... 13

1.4 Working mechanism of e-vehicles………………..15

1.5 Literature review……………………………………………………...17

1.6 Motivation……………………………………………………18

1.7 References …………................................................................19

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 INTRODUCTION(Brief Explanation)

An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially
or fully powered on electric power.

Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have less moving parts for maintaining and also very
environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel). While some EVs used
lead acid or nickel metal hydride batteries, the standard for modern battery electric vehicles is now
considered to be lithium-ion batteries as they have a greater longevity and are excellent at retaining
energy, with a self discharge rate of just 5% per month. Despite this improved efficiency, there are
still challenges with these batteries as they can experience thermal runaway, which have, for
example, caused fires or explosions in the Tesla model S, although efforts have been made to
improve the safety of these batteries.

1.1 There are two main types of electric vehicles (EV); fully electric and plug-in
hybrids: -

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV)

Compared to an internal combustion engine, battery powered electric vehicles have approximately
99% fewer moving parts that need maintenance.

Advantages of a BEV:

 Creates very little noise

 No exhaust, spark plugs, clutch or gears
 Doesn't burn fossil fuels, instead uses rechargeable batteries

BEVs can be charged at home overnight, providing enough range for average journeys. However,
longer journeys or those that require a lot of hill climbs may mean that the fuel cells require charging
before you reach your destination, although regenerative braking or driving downhill can help
mitigate against this by charging the battery packs.

The typical charging time for an electric car can range from 30 minutes and up to more than 12
hours. This all depends on the speed of the charging station and the size of the battery.

In the real world, range is one of the biggest concerns for electric vehicles, but is something that is
being addressed by industry.

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Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)

Rather than relying solely on an electric motor, hybrid electric vehicles offer a mixture of battery and
petrol (or diesel) power. This makes them better for travelling long distances as you can switch to
traditional fuels rather than having to find charge points to top up the battery.

Of course, the same disadvantages that apply to combustion engine vehicles also apply to PHEVs,
such as the need for more maintenance, engine noise, emissions and the cost of petrol. PHEVs also
have smaller battery packs, which means a reduced range.

TWI has been instrumental in the development of electric vehicles, assisting with light-weighting of
the vehicles themselves, helping with joining and welding, mitigating against battery combustion and
more.

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1.2 NEED OF E- VEHICLES : -

Transport is a fundamental requirement of modern life, but the traditional combustion

engine is quickly becoming outdated. Petrol or diesel vehicles are highly polluting and are
being quickly replaced by fully electric vehicles. Fully electric vehicles (EV) have zero
tailpipe emissions and are much better for the environment. The electric vehicle revolution
is here, and you can be part of it. Will your next vehicle be an electric one?

Lower running costs

The running cost of an electric vehicle is much lower than an equivalent petrol or diesel vehicle.
Electric vehicles use electricity to charge their batteries instead of using fossil fuels like petrol or
diesel. Electric vehicles are more efficient, and that combined with the electricity cost means that
charging an electric vehicle is cheaper than filling petrol or diesel for your travel requirements. Using
renewable energy sources can make the use of electric vehicles more eco-friendly. The electricity
cost can be reduced further if charging is done with the help of renewable energy sources installed
at home, such as solar panels.

Low maintenance cost

Electric vehicles have very low maintenance costs because they don’t have as many moving parts
as an internal combustion vehicle. The servicing requirements for electric vehicles are lesser than
the conventional petrol or diesel vehicles. Therefore, the yearly cost of running an electric vehicle is
significantly low.

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 Zero Tailpipe Emissions

Driving an electric vehicle can help you reduce your carbon footprint because there will be
zero tailpipe emissions. You can reduce the environmental impact of charging your vehicle
further by choosing renewable energy options for home electricity.

Tax and financial benefits

Registration fees and road tax on purchasing electric vehicles are lesser than petrol or
diesel vehicles. There are multiple policies and incentives offered by the government
depending on which state you are in. To find out more about electric vehicle incentives,
click below .

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 Petrol and diesel use is destroying our planet

The availability of fossil fuels is limited, and their use is destroying our planet. Toxic emissions from
petrol and diesel vehicles lead to long-term, adverse effects on public health. The emissions impact
of electric vehicles is much lower than petrol or diesel vehicles. From an efficiency perspective,
electric vehicles can covert around 60% of the electrical energy from the grid to power the wheels,
but petrol or diesel cars can only convert 17%-21% of the energy stored in the fuel to the wheels.
That is a waste of around 80%. Fully electric vehicles have zero tailpipe emissions, but even when
electricity production is taken into account, petrol or diesel vehicles emit almost 3 times more carbon
dioxide than the average EV. To reduce the impact of charging electric vehicles, India is ambitious
to achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based
energy resources by the year 2030. Therefore, electric vehicles are the way forward for Indian
transport, and we must switch to them now.

 Electric Vehicles are easy to drive and quiet

Electric vehicles don’t have gears and are very convenient to drive. There are no complicated
controls, just accelerate, brake, and steer. When you want to charge your vehicle, just plug it in to a
home or public charger. Electric vehicles are also quiet, so they reduce noise pollution that
traditional vehicles contribute to.

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Convenience of charging at home

Imagine being at a busy fuel station during peak hours, and you are getting late to reach
your workplace. These problems can easily be overcome with an electric vehicle. Simply
plug your vehicle in at your home charger for 4-5 hours before you plan to go. If you are
able to get a charger where you park at home, it is very convenient to plan your journeys in
advance. What if you forget to plug in your machine someday? Then you can easily take
the help of fast chargers or even battery swapping services if you are on a two-wheeler on
the road.

No noise pollution

Electric vehicles have the silent functioning capability as there is no engine under the hood.
No engine means no noise. The electric motor functions so silently that you need to peek
into your instrument panel to check if it is ON. Electric vehicles are so silent that
manufacturers have to add false sounds in order to make them safe for pedestrians.

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BATTERY SYSTEM IN E-VEHICLES

Batteries for Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicles

Most plug-in hybrids and all-electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries like these.
Energy storage systems, usually batteries, are essential for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and all-electric vehicles (EVs).

Types of Energy Storage Systems

The following energy storage systems are used in HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs.

Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries are currently used in most portable consumer electronics such as cell phones
and laptops because of their high energy per unit mass relative to other electrical energy storage
systems. They also have a high power-to-weight ratio, high energy efficiency, good high-
temperature performance, and low self-discharge. Most components of lithium-ion batteries can be
recycled, but the cost of material recovery remains a challenge for the industry. The U.S.
Department of Energy is also supporting the Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Prize to identify solutions
for collecting, sorting, storing, and transporting spent and discarded lithium-ion batteries for eventual
recycling and materials recovery. Most of today's PHEVs and EVs use lithium-ion batteries, though
the exact chemistry often varies from that of consumer electronics batteries. Research and
development are ongoing to reduce their relatively high cost, extend their useful life, and address
safety concerns in regard to overheating.

Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries

Nickel-metal hydride batteries, used routinely in computer and medical equipment, offer reasonable
specific energy and specific power capabilities. Nickel-metal hydride batteries have a much longer
life cycle than lead-acid batteries and are safe and abuse tolerant. These batteries have been widely
used in HEVs. The main challenges with nickel-metal hydride batteries are their high cost, high self-
discharge and heat generation at high temperatures, and the need to control hydrogen loss.

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Lead-Acid Batteries
Lead-acid batteries can be designed to be high power and are inexpensive, safe, and reliable.
However, low specific energy, poor cold-temperature performance, and short calendar and cycle life
impede their use. Advanced high-power lead-acid batteries are being developed, but these batteries
are only used in commercially available electric-drive vehicles for ancillary loads.

Ultracapacitors
Ultracapacitors store energy in a polarized liquid between an electrode and an electrolyte. Energy
storage capacity increases as the liquid's surface area increases. Ultracapacitors can provide
vehicles additional power during acceleration and hill climbing and help recover braking energy.
They may also be useful as secondary energy-storage devices in electric-drive vehicles because
they help electrochemical batteries level load power.

Recycling Batteries
Electric-drive vehicles are relatively new to the U.S. auto market, so only a small number of them
have approached the end of their useful lives. As a result, few post-consumer batteries from electric-
drive vehicles are available, thus limiting the extent of battery-recycling infrastructure. As electric-
drive vehicles become increasingly common, the battery-recycling market may expand.

Widespread battery recycling would keep hazardous materials from entering the waste stream, both
at the end of a battery's useful life and during its production. Work is now under way to develop
battery-recycling processes that minimize the life-cycle impacts of using lithium-ion and other kinds
of batteries in vehicles. But not all recycling processes are the same:

 Smelting: Smelting processes recover basic elements or salts. These processes are
operational now on a large scale and can accept multiple kinds of batteries, including lithium-
ion and nickel-metal hydride. Smelting takes place at high temperatures, and organic materials,
including the electrolyte and carbon anodes, are burned as fuel or reductant. The valuable
metals are recovered and sent to refining so that the product is suitable for any use. The other
materials, including lithium, are contained in the slag, which is now used as an additive in
concrete.
 Direct recovery: At the other extreme, some recycling processes directly recover battery-
grade materials. Components are separated by a variety of physical and chemical processes,
and all active materials and metals can be recovered. Direct recovery is a low-temperature
process with minimal energy requirement.
 Intermediate processes: The third type of process is between the two extremes. Such
processes may accept multiple kinds of batteries, unlike direct recovery, but recover materials
further along the production chain than smelting does.

Separating the different kinds of battery materials is often a stumbling block in recovering high-value
materials. Therefore, battery design that considers disassembly and recycling is important in order
for electric-drive vehicles to succeed from a sustainability standpoint. Standardizing batteries,
materials, and cell design would also make recycling easier and more cost-effective.

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WORKING MECHANISM OF E-VEHICLES

 How does an electric vehicle work?

Charging a Detroit
Electric car, 1919.

An electric car is powered by an electric motor instead of a petrol engine. The electric motor gets energy from
a controller, which regulates the amount of power—based on the driver’s use of an accelerator pedal. The
electric car (also known as electric vehicle or EV) uses energy stored in its rechargeable batteries, which are
recharged by common household electricity.

Thus an electric vehicle will have three basic components :

 Energy Storage Unit

 Controller
 Propulsion system

The energy storage unit will have a way to store power.  A chemical battery is the most common energy
storage technology currently, although it can be different - for example - A fuel cell (which gets its electricity
from hydrogen rather than a battery pack), can be used instead of a chemical battery as the energy storage unit.
The controller acts as a pipeline or gateway to the electric motor..  The controller will do other things too - it
moderates the power, will also act as a converter - converts power from DC to AC, or it might also increase or
decrease the amperage etc. The controller is the brains of the system.
The electric motor, which is the propulsion system, converts the electric power and converts this into physical
energy for movement.

The whole system is a much simpler, more efficient device than the combustion engine found in most cars,
enabling you to get the most mileage for your charge.
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EV internals

Historically, EVs have not been widely adopted because of limited driving range before needing to be
recharged, long recharging times, and a lack of commitment by automakers to produce and market electric
cars that have all the creature comforts of petrol-powered cars. That’s changing. As battery technology
improves—simultaneously increasing energy storage and reducing cost—major automakers are expected to
begin introducing a new generation of electric cars.

Electric cars produce no tailpipe emissions, reduce our dependency on oil, and are cheaper to operate. Of
course, the process of producing the electricity moves the emissions further upstream to the utility company’s
smokestack—but even dirty electricity used in electric cars usually reduces our collective carbon footprint.

Another factor is convenience - Let's not forget two important points: charging up at home means never going
to a petrol station—and electric cars require almost none of the maintenance, like oil changes and emissions
checks, that internal combustion cars require.

Electric motors develop their highest torque from zero rpms—meaning fast (and silent) zero-to-60
acceleration times.

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LITERATURE REVIEW
 Electric vehicle technology and its applications
A number of important concepts frequently used in this field are explained, and the
technical details, including the theoretical principles, are given alongside practical systems
pertaining to several kinds of electric charging piles. It critically appraises a number of
state-of-the-art research progresses in this field developed within the last ten years. Finally,
it points out the future potential research directions regarding electric vehicle technology
and its applications, especially of charging techniques. By reading this review paper,
readers will not only grasp a technical background of electric vehicle technology, but also
gain a full picture of the research field.

 Development of electric cars and fue cell hydrogen cars

According to recent global report, many cities in the India are most polluted cities. Major sectors
contributing to the air pollution are industrial sector and transport sector. Among this 51% of air
pollution is caused by the industrial sector and 27% by the transport sector. Air pollution contributes
to the premature deaths of 2 million Indians every year. In order to minimize the air pollution, Electric
Vehicle (EV) can act as blessing in lowering the GHG emission. Electric Vehicles offer numerous
advantages such as decreasing the pollution level and reduction in oil import bills etc. Although there
is considerable amount of threats in establishing the Electric Vehicles in India. This paper provides
the brief literature review on the Electric Vehicles and compiles the advantages and threats in
promoting EVs in India.

 Viability assessment of electric cars for personal use in India

The study estimates the expected personal electric car stock in India using a scenario-based
approach. This is used to further estimate the electricity demand

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Motivation
Movement is towards a more flexible form of manufacturing e-vehicles that improves power
efficiency and reduce the carbon emission. Measuring and increasing overall equipment
effectiveness (OEE) is a central element of the process. Based on the interface obtained from the
literature survey the gaps identified provided the motivation to work on the following topic. The
various motivations are_

•The need to increase the availability of e- vehicles by increasing the number of factories and
educating and encouraging people to use e-vehicles
•The need to introduce new types of fuels other than fossil fuels.
•The need for ability to analyze everything and continuosly increase the quality of production.
• The need to fine-tune performance of machines and processes.

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REFERENCES

o https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0386111221000686
o https://images.app.goo.gl/qYk3jtNpztFWDjpv6
o https://images.app.goo.gl/63pMLDfuL8eD2VaLA
o https://images.app.goo.gl/yqDHdziTnfCCUKkG7
o https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
S036031991732791X

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