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) Output plots Figure 8. Step-down converter (non-zero initial conditions). 5. CONCLUSIONS 24 This paper has shown that the ENTP/ATP can be easily adapted to teach a new subject-matter. The methodology to build the mdule library and the rules referring to module formats are similar to those used in reference (81. The conclusions from that paper can aleo be drawn here. Although eimple modules have been created to simlate non-sophisticated converters, a simtlar methodology could be used to build modules ained to simlate more advanced power converter configurations; some examples were presented in reference [2]. REEERENCES: (11 Leuven EMTP Center (Bd.), ATP Rule Rook, 1990. (2) J.A. Martinez , “ENTP modularization . Advantages and limitations’ 18th European EXTP Users Group Meeting, May 28-29, 1990, Marseilli (31 J.A. Martinez, “Adapting the EXTP for classroom instruction" , EMTP Hews, Vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 29-41, July 1990. (41 G.A. Capolino and H. Henao, "ATP simlations for power electronics and AC drives", 15th European EMTP Users Group Meeting , October 17-18, 1988, Leuven. (5) G.A. Capolino and H. Henao, “Lectures notes on Power Electronics and Drives", EXTP Summer Course , July 24-28, 1989 , K.U. Leuven. (6) H. Henao , "CAO et similation des associations convertisseurs- machines: Application & la machine A induction", Ph.D., June, 1990. (7) B.K. Bose, Power Electronics and AC Drives, Prentice Hall, 1986. (8) HW. Mohan, T. M. Undeland and W. P. Robbins , Power Electronics : Gonverters. Applications and Design, John Wiley & Sons, 1989. (9) G.A. Capolino, H. Henao and 0. Toury , “Macro-modeling of power electronics switches using ATP formulation" , 17th European EMTP Users Group Meeting, November 6-7, 1989, Leuven. (10) H.K. Lauw , “Design recommendations for numerical stability of power electronic converters" , EMTP Newsletter , Vol. 1, no. 4, Pp. 2-6, Fovember 1980. ADAPTING THE EMTP FOR CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION 25 PART III ; TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS JUAN A. MARTINEZ Departanent d’Enginyeria Elactrica UNIVERSITAT POLITECNICA OE CATALUNYA Diagonal 647 ~ 08028 BARCELONA ~ SPAIN ABSTRACT This paper introduces a procedure for adapting the EMTP/ATP to the simulation of Linear Systems. Data modularization technique is used to develop a specific library that will facilitate the transient analysis of time-invariant continuos linear systems. The library can be used as a tool to teach Linear Systems at introductory courses. The Rule Book will not be necessary since all the rules to be learnt will be given in this Paper. 1, DNTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to show how the ENTP can be adapted for the Simlation of Linear Systems. The procedure is similar to that used in in reference (11; after identifying what type of TACS cards are needed to edit an input file, a module for each one is created by using the supporting subroutine DATA BASE MODULE , see Rule Book , reference [2). Every time a TACS device or source is to be punched, a SINCLUDE statement calling for the specific module will be inserted. The state-space model has been chosen to describe a linear system; a systematic technique to derive the state-variable model in canonical form and the simulation diagram of the model ic summarized in Section 2. The specific library for Linear Systems is introduced in Section 3; sone application examples will illustrate the scope of the proposed methodo- logy in Section 4, 2, THE STATE-VARIABLE MODEL The input-output relationship of a Single Input Single Output (SISO) linear nth order system with input u(t) and output y(t) can be described by the following differential equation YPCLY + BnonyO"CL) +, 4,4 BryCL) + Boylt) # aauM(t) + genr uct) CL) 4,4 anul(ty + where all the coefficients are constant and mn. Here y(t) refers to the nth derivative of y with respect to time. If m= a, the transfer function of this system is Yo) Go + oS + a8? +... + Hts) ves) Bo + B18 + Bas? + 20... + Bash? + 6m A set-of simltaneous, time-invariant, linear first order differential 26 equations can be derived from both the nth order differential equation and the transfer function. The state-variable model for a system which has been described by either the differential equation or the transfer function can have the following form i eo ° x Boot = Brot to ie eee 0 xe Gn-2 > Br-2 tn . + “ ES > Bo Oe ° Xe fo > Bo Y = x 4Qnu Where (x), x2, ... , Xn]7 is the nth order state vector. The simulation diagram for this set of differential equations is shown in Figure 1. w(t) ya At oe Figure 1, Simulation diagram of a nth order linear systen. From this figure it ie deduced that three basic devices are needed to simulate linear systems described by any of the relationships presented above. Figure 2 shows the symbol and the relationship between input and output signals for each of these devices. The state-space model derived here is not unique ; some alternatives could be considered, see reference [3]. In addition, a similar procedure can be applied to Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIXO) linear systems. The study of these systems would show that the simlation diagram of a HINO case can be described by the same three devices presented in Figure 2. wate b> Aaaer uc —— yt yey = ycor + [vores ©) Integrator Figure 2. Synbols and relationships of the basic devices. 3. LIBRARY FOR TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTERS The former section has shown that only three devices are needed to simulate a general continuos linear system. However, in many systems a compensation can be necessary in order to achieve the desired performan- ce; in some cases a derivative control will be the best solution. For this reason, a fourth device , a differentiator (derivative function), will be considered. The module components can be designed in such a way that no parameter will be needed to describe all these devices, except the Scaler. As for ‘the design of the Adder module, the simulation diagram of Figure 1 shows that a maximum of three input signals is enough to simlate the canonical form presented in this paper. Taking into account TACS capabilities, see references [31, [4] and [5], several types of sources can be simulated; only three of them will be considered in this paper : step, ramp and sinusoidal function. Table I shows the module format chosen for each of the module components mentioned above. There is more than one possibility available in TACS to cimlate the integrator module; to fulfil this function Device 58 has been chosen instead a s~block. This means that a smaller time-step size is to be used; in addition, steady state initialization cannot be performed and initial values mst be provided. However, with this integrator module 27 users do not need to take care about the sequence in which modules are 26 punched. TABLE 1 - MODULE FORMATS COMPONENT FORMAT SCALER SINCLUDE, scaler » OUTPUT, INPUT, FACTOR ADDER SINCLUDE, adder , OUTPUT, INPUTI, SINPUTZ, INPUTS INTEBRATOR SINCLUDE, integrator, OUTPUT, INPUT DIFFERENTIATOR | SINCLUDE, differentiator, OUTPUT, INPUT STEP SINCLUDE, stept , AMPLITUD, TSTART, TSTOP RAMP SINCLUDE, rampt , AMPLITUD, PERIOD, TSTART, TSTOP SINUSOIDAL SINCLUDE, singent, AMPLITUD, FREQUENCY, PHASE, TSART, TSTOP A few rules are to be taken into account (eee reference (11) : 1) All TACS variable names have a length of five characters. Pound signs @ are to be used for shorter node-names in order to avoid a length mismatch error. 2) All the arguments referring to numerical values for devices have a maximum length of six digits, while numerical arguments referring to the remaining modules have a maximim length of eigth digits. 3) Names of input variables to the Adder device mist be preceded by a sign + or -). 4) It 1s compulsory to specify an argument in each field. In addition to component modules, extra modules are needed to ~ specify Miscellaneous Data - supply initial conditions - request signal outputs. Thre modules have been designed to fulfil these functions : 29 a) Specification of Miscellaneous Data The following format is used for this module (see reference [1)) SINCLUDE, simulation, DELTAT, TAX, IOUT, IPLOT b) Supply of initial conditions (see reference [31 Two arguments will be specified in each of these modules , the TACS variable name (TACSV) and its initial value (INITIALV). The following format will be used SIHCLUDE, inittacs, TACSV, INITIALY where TACSV is a S-character length argument and INITIALV has a maximum length of eigth digits. ©) Request for output of a signal The following module will be used for thie purpose STECLUDE, outtace, TACSV being TACSV a S-character length argument. An input file built with these modules will only have TACS cards, there- fore the following structure could be used BEGIN NEV DATA CASE SSUFFIX, .LIB {Optional TACS STAND ALONE Xiscellaneous Data Card Device and Source Cards Cards specifying Initial Conditions Cards requesting Signal Output BLANK —TACS BLANK PLOT BEGIN EW DATA CASE BLANK The SSUFFIX card indicating the default extension of all the SINCLUDE statements is the most advisable option if all the modules created by DATA BASE MODULE have the same extension, although the user can choose to punch the complete file name in each SINCLUDE statement. Both options cannot be used in the same file. 4, ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES: The following examples will illustrate some capabilities of the develo- ped library. For most cases, input files shown next are not the only option since more alternatives to establish. state-variable model are possible. In addition , a new integrator module which presente some advantages in cases with first order transfer functions will be introduced. 4.1 EXAMPLE 1 : SECOND-ORDER SYSTEX 30: Consider the following transfer function ‘y Yo) On He) Wis) S# + 278 Gn? Figure 3 a) shows the simlation diagram corresponding to this function. Chasing n= 4.0 and Z= 0.125, the input file to obtain the step response of this system will be that presented in Figure 3 b). Plot of the system response is shown in Figure 3c). Input — Output a) Stmilation diagram BEGIN NEW DATA CASE SSUFFIX. LIB c © Example 1 1 SECOND-ORDER SYSTEM c TACS STAND ALONE SINCLUDE. simulation. 0.0005. 6.0, 100, 5 SINCLUDE, stept | INPUT, 1.0. INCLUDE. scaler | ZWa##, INPUT, 16. SINCLUDE, scaler = | Yiswa, OUT##, 16. SINCLUDE, adder X2D0W, +ZHKWH, -ViNOW, aHnnne ‘SINCLUDE, xzene, x2D08 SINCLUDE, Y2nuw, QUT#R, 1.0 SINCLUDE, adder T X1Dwe, +x200h, —Y20N, Hannon SINCLUDE, integrator, OUT##, x1DeH SINCLUDE, outtacs —, INPUT SINCLUDE, outtacs | OUT#H BLANK TACS BLANK PLOT BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK ») Input file for Example 1 Figure 3. Second order system. 31 v tw 36-Nov-98 13:22:37 races t fsec] ¢) Step response Figure 3. (Continued). 4.2 RXAMPLE 2; GENERATION OF SINUSOIDAL FUNCTIONS (71 This second example will illustrate the simlation of a case starting with non-zero initial conditions. A sinusoidal function can be obtained asa solution of a differential equation, Consider the following example y(t) = sin (100 t> The first and second derivative of thie function are F(t) = 100 cosc1oot» F(t) = -10* sincioot) The following differential equation may be derived from this result y+ aoe y=o Figure 4 a) shows the simulation diagram corresponding to this equation; the former sinusoidal function will be obtained by simlating this diagram with the following initial conditions yO) = 0.0 (0) = 100.0 Feo 0.0 Figure 4 b) shows the input file for thie example ; output plot of the 32 solution and its derivative are shown in Figure 4c). a) Simulation diagram BEGIN NEW DATA CASE SSUFFIX. «LIB c C Example 2 : SINUSOIDAL FUNCTION GENERATION & TACS STAND ALONE SINCLUDE. simulation. 0.00001. 0.2. 200. 20 SINCLUDE. scaler. YDD#, QUT##. -1.064 SINCLUDE, integrator, YDWHM. YDDEe INCLUDE. integrator, OUT#, YDNH® SINCLUDE, inittacs . YD#HW, 100.0 SINCLUDE, outtacs | QUT BLANK Tacs BLANK PLOT BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK >) Input file for Example 2 eee w are meer ines ene pr cas + [msec] ©) Output plot Figure 4. Generation of a sinusoidal function. 4.3 EXAMPLE 3 : CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTENS 33 Figure 5 a) shows a closed-loop control system; a state-variable diagram to simulate this system is depicted in Figure 5 b). This diagram is not unique, since a different one could be obtained from the whole transfer function of the system. The input file to obtain the step responce of this system is shown in Figure 5 c) fora value K= 0.5. The impulse response is also requested by derivating the step response ; this case will illustrate the usage of the differentiator device. The output plot of both the step and the impulse response are shown in Figure 5 d). u(t) + a) Block diagram : fp ) a b) Simlation diagram BEGIN NEW DATA CASE ‘SSUFFIX, LIB c © Example 3 1 CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SysTEM c TACS STAND ALONE SINCLUDE, simulation, @.0005, 10.0, 100, 20 ‘SINCLUDE, + INPUT, 1:0, 1.8, 10.0 SINCLUDE, + ERROR, +INPUT, -GUT##, Mnnaw ‘SINCLUDE, + ERROP, ERROR, 2.5 SINCLUDE, + XSDH, +ERROP, -X3HHH, uMnne SINCLUDE, integrator | x3H4#, XSDHH SINCLUDE, scaler 1 X2De8, X3HWe, 100.0 SINCLUDE, integrator | xzwew, x2D40 SINCLUDE, + QUTPH, OUT#H, 10.0 ‘SINCLUDE, + XADHH, +x2WH8, -OUTPH, aHMnen SINCLUDE, integrator; GuT##, xiDeH SINCLUDE, differentiator, DOUT#. OUT## SINCLUDE, outtacs, INPUT SINCLUDE, outtacs, OUT## SINCLUDE, outtacs, DOUTH BLANK TAGS BLANK PLOT BEGIN NEW DATA-CASE BLANK ©) Input file for Example 3 Figure 5. Closed-loop control system. mmr ons = 3) o0ur cance + [sec) 4) Step and impulse response Figure 5. (Continued). A first order transfer function with the following form Ys) A H@ = - Ue) B+Cs is very usual in linear systems. TACS Device 58 can also be used to simlate this whole function. For that purpose, a module with the follo- wing input format has been created SINCLUDE, integrator.1ib, OUTPUT, INPUT, A, B, C Figure 6 shows the input file for the former example when thie new integrator module is used. Advantages of this module are obvious. BEGIN NEW DATA CASE SSUFFIX, «LIB c © Example 3 : CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM € TACS STAND ALONE SINCLUDE. simulation. 2.2005. 10.0. 100. 20 SINCLUDE, stept + INPUT. 1.0, 1-0. 10.0 SINCLUDE. adder { ERROR, +INPUT. -OUT#H, wennnn SINCLUDE, integrator | XS###. ERROR, 2.5. 1.0. 1.0 SINCLUDE: integrator | x2u##. X3eWe, 1.0, 0.8, 1.0 SINCLUDE, integrator | OUT#®. X2W4#, 10.0, 1.0. @.1 SINCLUDE. differentiator, DOUT#. OUTHH SINGLUDE, outtacs. INPUT SINCLUDE, outtacs, OUT## SINCLUDE, outtacs, DOUT# BLANK Tacs BLANK PLOT BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK Figure 6. Input file for Example 3 with the new integrator module. renee renner 4.4 EXAMPLE 4 : LOAD-PREQUENCY CONTROL 35 Figure 7 a) shows the block diagram of the incremental model of a single-area power system. A load change in this system (input APL) will Produce a change in the frequency whose magnitude will depend on the governor characteristic and the frequency characteristics of the load, see references (8], (9) and (10]. A supplementary integral control can be added to restore frequency to nominal value ; Figure 7b) shows the block diagram with the supplementary control. GOVERNOR TURBINE GENERATOR oP. a) Incremental GOVERNOR/TURBINE/GENERATOR Model GOVERNOR TURBINE ‘SENERATOR im b> Supplementary control Figure 7, Single-Area Load-Frequency Control. Consider a single-area system with the following data 36 R = 2.40 Hz/pu MV K = 0.20 pu MW/Hz Te = 0.08 6 Tr = 0.306 Ke = 120 Hz/pu XW Te = 20.06 To simulate this case the new integrator module can be used. Since all the blocks of the diagram are first-order blocks, the cimlation diagram ts not neeed to edit the input file. Figure 8 a) shows the input file to obtain the response to a step change in the generator load when 20 supplementary control is present. Output plot of the frequency is shown in Figure 8 b). BEGIN NEW DATA CASE SSUFFIX. LIB © Example 44 + GENERATION CONTROL c TACS STAND ALONE SINCLUDE. simulation, 0.001, SINCLUDE. sti I INCPL, 1.0, "0.0, 2 SINCLUDE. scaler | X3P##. INCFR. 0.4167 SINCLUDE: adder | ERROR. -X3PH#, HHHHHM. HHHOHH SINCLUDE. integrator, INCPV. ERROR, 1.2, 1.0, 2.08 SINCLUDE, integrator, INCPM, INCPV, 1.0. 1.8, @.3 SINCLUDE, adder + XLPWO, SINCPH, TINCPL, Hennae SINCLUDE, integrator, INCFR, XiPWH, 120.0, 1.0. 20.0 SINCLUDE, outtacs —, INCFR BLANK Tacs BLANK PLOT BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK 120, 10 a) Input file emer crnes + [sec] b) Output plot of the system frequency Figure 8. Load - Frequency Control of a single art The reset action of the su; input file for this 6} loop with a gain K pplementary loop will be illustrated next. The 37 is depicted in Figure 9 b). BEGIN NEW DATA CASE ‘SUFFIX. c Example 4B : GENERATION ¢ -L1B TACS STAND ALONE ‘SINCLUDE. SINGLUDE, SINCLUDE, ‘SINCLUDE, SINCLUDE, ‘SINCLUDE, ‘SINCLUDE, SINCLUDE, ‘SINCLUDE, ‘SINCLUDE, simulation. stept 7 integrator, scaler integrator. adcer : integrator, outtacs BLANK Tacs BLANK PLOT BEGIN NEW BLANK DATA CASE b) Output plot of the syst 2.001. INCPL INCPR, xSP He, ERROR, INCPV, INCPH, xapaM, INCFR, INCFR a) ystem is presented in Figure 9 a) when an integral 0.20 is added. The new output plot of the frequency CONTROL WITH INTEGRAL FEEDBACK GAIN 10.0, 100, 10 1.0.0.0, 10.0 INGFR. -@.2. 2.0, 1.0 INCFR, @.4167 SINCPR. “x3Paw, annnaw ERROR, 1.0, 1.0. 2.08 INCPV. 110. 1.0. 0.3 SINCPM, TINCPL. aHawne X1PWH, "120.0, 1.0, 28.0 Input file t [sec] frequency Figure 9. Load - Frequency Control with reset integral action. 5. CONCLUSIONS The EMTP/ATP has been adapted to a new subject-matter. The procedure followed in this paper can be regarded as a guideline to extend the Scope of the developed library, since other devices, such a limiter, can be added and a similar procedure can be followed to adapt the progr for the simlation of discret-time linear systems. REFERENCES, 38 (1) J.a. Martinez, “Adapting the EMTP for classroom instruction" , 18th European EMTP Users Group Meeting , May 26-29th , 1990 , Marseille. (21 Leuven EMTP Center (Ed.), ATP Rule Bonk, 1987. (3) J. Gary Reid, Linaar System Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, 1983 (4) L, Dubé and H.W. Donel , “Similation of control systems in an electromgnetic transients program with TACS* , Proc. IEEE PICA Conf., pp. 266-271, May 197, (5) H.W. Dommel, EMIP Theory Book, BPA, Portland, August 1986. {61 G.A. Capolino and 0. Toury, “Lectures notes on Transient Analysis of Control Systems", EMTP Summer Course, July, 24-28, 1989, Leuven. (7X, Ogata , Modern Control Engineering , Prentice-Hall , Englewood Cliffs, 1979, (61 O.1. Elgerd , Electric Energy Systems Theory . An Introduction , Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1982. (9] A.J. Wood and B.F. Vollenberg , Power Generation Operation and Control, John Wiley, 1964. (101 A.S. Debs , Modern Power Systems Control and Operation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988. Satisfactory experiences with using a SALFORD-EMT?P within multitasking DESQVIEW 386 Harald Wehrend Universitat Hannover, Institut fir Elektrische Energieversorgung Welfengarten 1, 3000 Hannover 1 Tel : +49 511 762-2809 Fax : +49 511 762-2369 2 Introduction Up to now running ETP on a Personal computer 386 means that the Sop eeter Gould Rot be used for other tasks during thee time. Especially long-running simulations exclude the computer from any further use. peso Neang Stuart M'Kay's stimulation we decided to use DESQVIEW 386. The following article describes hoy DESQVIEW 386 gan be installed and what conditions have to be fulfilled to get satisfactory results. We tested Salford-EMTP under DESQVIEW on four different computers. MORSE SHUTTLE 386SX-Board 16 MHz, 2 MB extended memory, PRISMA Yoa-card, MFM-type harddisk controller. Intel numeric processor, MS-DOS 3.3 » Configuration 2: MCI AT 386 16 MHz, 4 MB extended memory, IT VGA-card with TRIDENT Chipset, MFM-type harddisk controller, Intel numeric processor, DR-DOS 5.0 , Configuration 3: INFORM-TECH AT 386 board 25 MHz, 32 KB cache, 4 MB extended memory, IT VGA-card with TRIDENT chipset, RLL-type harddisk controller, IIT numeric Processor, DR-DOS 5.0 Configuration 4: CACHE A AT 386 board 33 MHz, 32 KB cache, 4 MB RAM, V7 VGA-card, AT-bus-type harddisk controller, MS-DOS 3-3. Our experiences are described below. 40 2 Installing DESOVIEW 386 DESQVIEW 386 comes along with a useful default installation procedure, installing DESQVIEW 2.3 and QEMM 5.1, QUARTERDECKS Expanded-Memory-Manager. Both together are called DESQVIEW 386. The default installation leads to an instantly running version of DESQVIEW 386. While QEMM must be loaded within CONFIG.sYS-file, DESQVIEW can be started by interaction only when needed. Starting-routines for most of the wellknown extensive programs like WORD, WORD PERFECT and others can be integrated automati- cally during installation. Further there is a 'Big DOS'-window and a 'DOS'-window by default. The 'DOS'-window supports an amount of 128 KB RAM, whereas the 'Big DOS'-window gives as much conventional memory to a program as MS-DOS without DESQVIEW. All those integrated programloaders are stored in a list you can display anytime to open several windows to run the choosen programs simultaneously. If you use one of the predefined program-windows those programs start on a keystroke or a mouse-click. Only using DOS-windows means that the wanted programs must be started by typing their name as usual. The only problem is that there might be incompatibility or misbe- haviour with some computerconfigurations. This means there might be older harddisk controllers that cannot manage the timing for that heavy disk-action, or there might be graphic cards that cannot be detected by QEMM. Only under those circumstances you will have to care about your computer configuration and use one of the starting-parameters of QEMM and DESQVIEW. If you have one of those problems you need to know the memory-areas of your peripherial-cards and exclude those areas from being managed by QEMM. QEMM not only enables DESQVIEW to perform multitasking func- tions, it is also able to map your memory in order of its speed and to load drivers or TSR-programs into high memory-area between 640 kB and 1 MB. The main configuration items of DESQVIEW itself are the start- position and startsize of the windows, the video-mode, the colors of the windows and the 'TICKS'. A TICK is the measuring-unit for time-sharing the processor. 18 TICKS are nearly one second of unshared runtime of a program. So you can weight the priorities of foreground- and background-running. our experiences show a last important item : the amount of DOS- Buffer for EMS. We had to reserve up to 25 KB of memory for that buffer to solve the problems we had with one of the four harddisk controllers. 3 Preparing Salford EMTP for use within DESOVIEW The most important hint found in the FIN77/386 manual is to start DESQVIEW with following parameters: /FB=50 /SB=58 Otherwise there is misbehaviour in interrupt-controlling when using DESQVIEW version 2.3 or above to run DBOS DOS-extender. ay There are three possibilities to run a program under control of DESQVIEW : a) Opening a DoS-window and starting the program by interaction as usual, b) creating a Program Information File (PIF) that loads a Program automatically after opening a DOS-window, ©) creating a Program-Information-File that starts a program without loading Dos before. This means total program-control by DESQVIEW. The author has not found out which is the best way to run a pro- gran. There may be very little difference in memory space available or in starting-speed ? The FIN77/386-manual tells us to open a DOS-Window and to load DBOS-DOS-Extender within that window or to write a batch-file that does the sane. Another kind of starting procedure is followed by the author : starting DBOs by a direct call from DESQVIEW. For that purpose the 'Big DOS'-window was duplicated, renamed and changed by entering pathname and filename of DBOS into the right lines of the PIF-mask. It is very important to set the parameter /PAGE XXX. Otherwise DBOS would lock all your memory and could not make use of its SWAPFILE which has to be created by running CONFIGDB.EXE. Setting XXX to 1 MB means that DBOS will begin to swap into diskfile when it needs more than 1 MB. The rest of your memory is left to be managed by QEMM and to be used by other programs. Picture 1 shows the mask of the Program-Information-File. The mask consists of two parts : standard options and advanced options. No problems using this program-configuration have been observed. 4 Limitations and rvat: There are two reasons for running Salford EMTP within DESQVIEW : running more than one EMTP-simulation simultaneously or working with other programs while EMTP is running long cases. The main limitation is the maximum amount of Random Access Memory. The amount of memory should be 4 MB or more. On a computer with 4 MB the author was able to run DCl and DC3 simultaneously or to run DCl in the background and to compile a program of 16175 lines by Turbo Pascal (see picture 2 and picture 3 of a monitor hard- copy) « Working with 2 MB or less means that DESQVIEW will swap Salford EMTP to disk when starting another extensive program like Microsofts WORD 5.0. This makes no sense for the user because EMTP simulation is stopped and reactivated when leaving the other program. If you have less than 2 MB extended memory the only use could be to run little programs without waiting for the end of EMTP- simulation. After finishing that little task EMTP goes on run- ning. rae ; u2 There is one limitation concerning the speed of your machine: not only the main board should be as fast as possible but also the peripherial cards should be conform with the speed of the main- board. We had problems with a PC 386 16 MHz (configuration 2) that contained an old and slow MFM-type harddisk controller. That computer failed when two programs tried to use the harddisk. The installation of a faster controller solved that problem. There may exist other timing problems with graphic cards and mouse drivers : when using DESQVIEW on the machine of configura- tion 3 mousecursors were sometimes left on the screen and did not disappear when working with graphical DoS-shells. 5 Benchmarks To get information about the loss of speed when running EMTP within DESQVIEW we ran benchmarks DC1 and DC3 on the computer of configuration 4. The following table shows the running times as listed at the end of EMTP-listing. The benchmarks were made with default configuration of the ratio between foreground- and back- ground programs. This means a TICK-ratio of 9 to 3. The simultaneously compiled program was written in TURBO PASCAL and consisted of 16175 lines with many units and overlays and was compiled to disk without any problen. Runtime (incl. CP and I/o time) of Del / Des |pcl_/ Dc3 under] pc1_/ Dc3 under DESQ- without DESQVIEW, VIEW, multitasking DESQVIEW single task with TURBO PASCAL 285 / 18 298 / 20 538 / 64 Table 1 : Times of benchmarks DC1 and DC3 running under several configurations. & Prospect on alternatives In the 10th week of 1991 we received the new version 2.50 of Salford FIN77/386. Its manual announces a new alternative for multitasking Salford EMTP. That new versions is said to support the use of an XMS-driver like HIMEM.SYS, supported by MICROSOFTS WINDOWS 3.0. This I think is a new highlight in the development of SALFORD FIN77/386 because WINDOWS is a very popular program. During the next weeks we will test whether this new feature enables EMTP to run in multitasking environment within WINDOWS. There are other multitasking environments for AT 386, but there is no hint in the SALFORD FTN77/386 manual that other multi- tasking systems are supported besides DESQVIEW and WINDOWS. Program Nane,. Keys to Use on Open Menu: DB Frogram...: dbos Paraneters: /page 166360 Directory.: e:\sys\ttn3s6 Press Fi for advanced options #1eeChangees=Programcesnaze: System Memory (in K).......: 0 Script Buffer Size.... 1000 Text Pages: & Graphics Paces: 2 Window Position: Maximum Heigh Maximum Width: 60 Pathnane. Data., Close on exit (Y,N,blenk). Allow Close Window command... Uses math coprocessor... Share CPU when foreground... Can be svapped out (Y,N,blank).: Press Fi for standard eotions Figure 1: DBOS DOS-Extender Writes text directly to screen. Displeys graphics information. Virtuslize text/graphics (Y,N,T) Uses serial ports (Y,N,1,2).. Requires floppy diskette..... 25 Sterting Height: Starting Width, : [y] ty) ty) {nN} tN) Press -J uhen you are DONE Change @ Program Advanced Options Maximum Program Memory Size (in K)..: Maximum Expanded Memory Size (in K): Initial Mode: Interruot 00 to FF 25 Starting Row, 80 Starting Colum Shared Progran C1 Uses its oun colors.............0: [Y) Runs in background (Y,N,blank)...: [ J Keyboard conflict (O-F)..........: (0) Share EGA vhen foreground/zooned.: [Y) Protection level (0-3)...........: [0] Press -J when you are DONE Mask to create the program information file to start 28.10.90 11.40 DAT 52436 12.09.88 2.56 ZIP 356517 24.12.90 21.46 aT 7028 12.09.88 2.56 Dat 8887 10.12.89 9.21 DAT 49390 19.01.90 4.07 7 Ostei(en) 8120320 Bytes Tred 13.42 E:\TP\DC2emte dei. Send (SPY, file_name, DISK, HELP, GO, Send (SPY, file_name, DISK, HELP, GO, 1323 cards of disk file read into card ¢ That was just for next subcase. remainder hes N xCRO 3000 Send desired disk file meme for LUNIT6 : loca. TP\DC )emtp de3. EMTP begins. Send (SPY, tile_name, DISK, HELP, GO, disk EMTP begins. Send (SPY, file_name, DISK, HELP, GO, 117° cards of disk file read into card ca Thet vas just for next subcase. remeinder hes N XCRD 3000 Send desired disk file name for LUNIT6 lde3. 9) Time =08-Mer-91 13.17.21 Card =SMONITOR Figure 2 : Monitor hardcopy when running DC] and DC3 simultaneously 45 1—pBos. [rote1 extendea memory avellabie = 1168 Koyice Herdvare configuration: Intel &0386/80387 processors No Weitek coprocessor found Running under DESOview/386 Peging to suap tile c:\sys\rtn3a6\suapdbos.tmo (2432 Kbytes) 26.32 IC: \SYS\FTNS86)e: 1.30 E:\TP\DC»emte der. EMTP begins. Send (SPY, tile_name, DISK, HELP, GO, KEY, DIR) disk EMTP begins. Send (SPY, file name, DISK, HELP, GO, KEY, DIR) : Idea. 1523 cards of disk tile reed into card ceche cells 1 onvard. That wes just for next subcase. remainder has N22 = 2 cards. XCRD = 3000 Send desired disk file neme for LUNIT6 : loca. Compile Options Debug Break/watch Edit Line 195 Col 1 Insert Indent Tab Fill Unindent D:NESIGRAP/PAS einzellauts (* Einzeleuswertung der Simulationsisute if dattye = "ARTE 7 (* then a makedatis (* Erstellen von Vereleichskurven Inpedanzk. if dat Compiling to Disk the makeda| Main file: NESIGRAF.PAS. kurven stettelki. end; | Compiling: EDITOR NESIGRAF.PAS end besin Tote! File it cat Lines compiled: 16175 273 then miveds Available memory: 123K end: besin dettre!| Success Press any key end; leave (* Prosramm verlassen Watch l Fi-Helo F5-Zoom F6-Suitch F7-Trace F8-Step F9-Make Figure 3 : Monitor hardcopy when running Dc1 in background and compiling with TURBO PASCAL in foreground Inrush Currents Of A 1000 MVA Transformer Bank Comparison With EMTP Results Peter Riedel c/o Universitat Hannover Institut fir Elektrische Energieversorgung Welfengarten 1 D-3000 Hannover 1 Tel.: 49-511-762-2263 Fax.: 49-511-762-2369 Abstract: ‘The measured curves of the inrush currents of a transformer bank are compared with the results of EMTP. The transformer bank consists of three single-phase autotransformers with tap-changing transformers. An approximation of the transformer saturation curves leads to reasonable amplitudes of the inrush currents. Table of contents Abbreviations...... 1. Introduction... 2. Transformer bank and measurement...... EMTP model.. 3. ee 54 3.1 Transformer bank........+-+++ : 31 312 Linear-characteristic current transformer. 54 4. Comparison of measured and calculated results.... 5. Conclusion.....-..ssee0 cece eeeeeeeeeseeeeeeseBe 57 6. References..........seeeeeeeeee seeeBe 57 Appendix: 7. EMTP input files...........+0-+ peeee sss sseees sees Da 5B 46 NT Abbreviations: a effective cross-sectional area of the iron core a medium cross-sectional area for the flux of the air transformer, = A, B, nominal magnetic’ flux density Be maximal magnetic flux density of the iron core ‘3 frequency of the voltage F, current error t. nominal current of the measuring current transformer i; excitation current Tee nominal current of the series winding to nominal current of the tertiary winding Teen nominal current of the excitation winding ie inductance of the burden rh medium length of the flux lines of the saturated trnsf. Fa magnetizing inductance of the measuring current transf. is total inductance of the secondary side of the measuring current transformer (inclusive the burden) n overcurrent class Py excitation losses Rvp magnetic resistor, parallel to the magnetic reactance burden ® internal resistance of the measuring current transform. R total resistance of the secondary side of the measuring current transformer: R, + Se nominal power of the high-voltage side of the autotransformer ie, nominal power of the medium-voltage side of the autotransformer e nominal power of the measuring current transformer So nominal power of the tap-changing transformer Sa nominal power of the tertiary winding Tv secondary time constant of the measuring current transformer: T, = (ly + L,) / Ry a current transformation ratio o voltage of the exciting winding Un voltage of the primary side of the autotransformer uN voltage of the secondary side of the transformer unit uU, nominal voltage Ue voltage of the tertiary winding w winding turns ¥, nominal voltage in kV of the series winding w Ww, + wy, Ww nominal voltage in kV of the parallel winding Ww nominal voltage in kV of the tertiary winding w nominal voltage in kV of the tapped winding as a function of the tap position ws nominal voltage in kV of the exciting winding oa short circuit impedance of the single-phase transforner unit, measured from the high-voltage side with short~ circuited tertiary and exciting winding, while the medium-voltage side was unloaded. a short-circuit impedance of the single-phase transformer unit, measured from the high-voltage side with short- circuited medium-voltage side, while the tertiary winding of the autotransfomer and the exciting winding of the tap-changing transformer were connected in parallel. 48 short-circuit impedance of the single-phase transformer unit, measured from the medium-voltage side with short-circuited tertiary and exciting winding and unloaded high-voltage side. Zant short-circuit impedance, referred to the high-voltage ¢ : side: Zway"” = Zyypy" (wy/¥e) a. magnetizing impedance of the autotransformer ge magnetizing impedance of the tap-changing transformer 2nrZ; leakage impedances of the autotransformer 25 leakage impedance of the tap-changing transformer & phase-angle error ¥ nominal magnetic flux ve magnetic flux value, where the last segment of the approximated magn. curve meets the last but one segment Uy magnetic permeability of the air [/2I/¥},. Slope of the last segment, which represents the totally saturated transformer Introduction: The scope of this paper is to compare the measured inrush currents of a transformer bank with the calculated curves of EMTP. The measurements have been carried out on a transformer bank of 1000 MVA (figures 1 and 2), where the performance of the differential protective system has been tested. At first the transformer bank and the measurement conditions are described. Afterwards an electric circuit diagram of an autotransformer with tap-changing transformer is given, and it is shown, how to determine the parameters of the model. In order to get correct amplitudes of the inrush current, the whole magnetization curve of each transformer must be modelled. With the available excitation measurement data the magnetization curve can be determined up to a certain level of saturation. For the modelling of the last part, which describes the behaviour of the extremely saturated transformer, more data are required. On the high-voltage side of the transformer bank linear-characteristic current transformers are installed. It is interesting to study, in which way this type of current transformers influences the measurement. Therefore the current transformers of the high-voltage side are also modelled in the ‘EMTP. 2. sfo bi 2 ‘The transformer bank consists of three single-phase units. Figure 1 shows one unit. The transformer tank of each unit contains one autotransformer and one tap-changing transformer. The autotransformer has a series winding, a parallel winding and a tertionary winding. In series to the tertionary winding there is an additional inductance. It increases the short-circuit 4g impedance. The tap-changing transformer has an exciting winding and a tapped winding. Tae e eet ic22 data of one transformer unit are shown in table la. {avle 1p shows the data of the measuring current transformers ot the series windings. quantities | values units | remarks Uy 400,0 / J3 = 230,94 | kv Uyy 231,0 / J3 = 133,37 kv tap position 10, w,=0 259,8 / J3 = 150,00 | kv tap position 01, wi=+16 202,2 / /3 = 116,74 | kV tap position 19) wi=-16 Uy 30,00 | kv Say 333,33 | MVA Sey 333,33 | MVA | tap position 10 333,33 | MvA | tap position 01 308,89 | MVA | tap position 19 oe 66 MVA | tertiary winding Sep 44 MVA | tapped winding Teer n 1443,36 | A Thert n 2200,00 | a Texe n ,1466,66 | A Cane 2,001 + j7130,82 | 9 tap position 10 Zovrmw 0,249 + j: 25/00 | a tap position 10 Zany 0,665 + 3: 30,77 | a tap position 10 Zavriyt) 1,994 + j- 92,25 | 9 tap position 10 Zane 0,694 + j- 31,40 | 9 tap position 01 0,696 + 3+ 31,37 | 9 tap position 19 a 1,548 | T a 2,572] 7, re 5818 on? AS hea 3115 cm’ Po aut 42,5 kW Pra 19,2 | kw 1, nw 4 a for the whole unit Lest aut = 10 n estimation ie 1,8 | 7 estimation Dae = 10 n estimation Bag 18 | 7 estimation Table 1a: Data of one single-phase transformer unit quantities | values units Fy + 38 5 £240 Min Tr, 45 ms Ri 4,5 a n 5 > 5, 30 vA a 1500/1 a/A Table 1b: Data of the linear-characteristic core transformer of the series winding 50 = Yey stor point —nH reel. 4rd series winging porattel winding tertiory exciting wineing \*" curcent~ bes reactor Figure 1: One single-phase unit of the transformer bank HV MV ——o- * 400 Kv] — 1231 KV ° 67 y) © f 1 12 Uo repr m pedo n- Ff 1 ae 1 1 ia ed 1 \ i A 1 Aa a | storpoint I " i + 1 et I Sete ley 4 ) ) 4) Ct 530 KV nn ; Figure 2: Lv onnection of the transformerbank (3) © }) measured curves shown in figure 4a 2 measured curves shown in figure 5a 3) measured curves shown in figure 6a 51 Figure 2 shows the connection Giagram of the transformer bank. The autotransformer windings are Star-connected. The tertiary windings of the autotransformers are delta-connected. They feed the 30kv— busbar. The exciting windings of the tap-changing transformers are fronereed te this busbar. The tappea windings of the tap-changing pzensformers are connected in series Po the nedium-voltage terminals of the autotransformers. For the measurement of the inrush currents, the transformer bank pes energized from the 400kv-busbar. The 230kV- and the 30kv- busbars were unloaded. all together, nine measurements of the inrush currents have been carried out. During each neasuresent seven currents and one voltage have been recorded with = digital transient measurement equipment [3]. in this paper the current curves of only one measurement are 3.1 Trans sank: There are two possible equivalent circuits of single-phase ntetransformers [1]. Figure 3 shovs one possibility. The advantage of this nodel is, that also the current in the Pepilel winding of the autotransformer is directly considered within the model. Gere. dene. Xmag Rs 4s Rag Ms Hs ny Figure 3: Electric equivalent circuit f one single-phase autotransformer with tap-changing transformer ° The parameters of the model are calculated next. A detailed description of the EMTP model and the calculation of the model parameters is given in [1]: From the nominal voltages follow: w, = 230,94 w= 97,572 w = 133,368 30 -16,628....0....+16,628 30 The leakage impedances are: pea eae = Zavaw fee ao re % fae a [ -2 + 7 27 wy" (Wy-Wp) iz; = (0,198 + 3°27,866 ) 9 ce (0,096 - 3° 5,355) 9 2 (0,029 + 3+ 1,828) 9 Ws 12 2ytud = [RE ]** away - Banvn0) | =e Zs = ( 0,0952 + 3*2,067 ) 2 (calculated with a +16,6277) Remark: The short-circuit reactance of a regulating transformer, which tapped winding is the most outermost winding on the iron core, is nearly independent from the tap position, if the reactance is modelled on the untapped side of the ideal transformer in the electric circuit diagram. The tap position is modelled by changing the voltage transformation ratio of the ideal transformer on the tapped side, here by changing w,. The short circuit resistor is depending on the tap position. If the resistor is also modelled on the untapped side of the ideal transformer in the electric circuit diagram, it must be calculated with the following formula: ROW) = Rage 7 95?/ (onan! The magnetizing resistances R,, are: 0,2 Py R, = 21,2 kn en it Rag tea 7 46¢9 KA 52 aa The most difficult task is to calculate the nonlinear magnetizing reactances: When the nominal voltage of 30 kv is impressed to the low-voltage side of one unloaded single-phase unit, an exciting current of only about 4 A is flowing. The same measurement from the high- voltage side, with a nominal voltage of 400//3 kV, would naturally result in a much smaller excitation current. On the other hand the inrush current of the high-voltage side can reach a peak value of over 1000 A. Apparently it is not so important to represent the magnetization curve below the knee of the saturation curve correctly. Moreover a good representation of the saturation region is of considerable importance. an approximated magnetization curve consists of only a few linear segments. As far as there are excitation measuring values available, the first segments can be determined with the EMTP supporting program SATURATION. The last segment, which represents the extremely saturated transformer, must be estimated by further theoretical considerations. The last segment must begin at that point of the saturation curve, where the last but one segment reaches the magnetic flux of saturation: with we 2 EBA, The slope of the last segment is the same, as if the transformer is imagined without an iron core: [Flan ae wey, at With these formulas it is possible to calculate the current-flux pairs, which are required for the two EMTP models of nonlinear reactances, namely the Type-98 model and the Type-93 model. The first one is a "pseudo"-nonlinear model, the latter is a "true"- nonlinear model. The calculations in this paper have been carried out with the Type-98 model, because there was no difference in the results, and the Type-98 model needs less computation time. The table 2 shows the calculated current-flux pairs of the two single-phase transformers, together with several intermediate Yesults. The whole magnetization reactance is represented by only two segments. autotransformer | regulating transforner w 150 turns 276 turns ¥, 135 Wb 135 wb Woe 157 WD 154,8 Wo TS. (together 4 a) (1,4245°2,22) a | (0,6445°1,21) A (731/91, 0,023 A/Wb 0,013 A/Wb C201", 607,9 A/Wb 335,4 | A/WD peak cu¥l.-flux pairs 3,7 Ai 157 Wo | 2,0 A: 154,8 Wb 6082,7 167 Wb |3355,6 A; 164,8 Wb Table 2: Calculation table of the current-flux pairs 54 3.2 Linear-characteristic current transformers: The core of this type of measuring current transformers has air gaps. Therefore the magnetizing reactance and the secundary time constant are relative small, compared with other measuring current transformers. As a consequence of the relative low magnetizing reactance, an aperiodic component is transmitted incorrectly. The magnetizing reactances of the linear current transformers can be modelled by linear inductances, because the current. transformers have not been saturated during the measurement. The following formulas can be used, to determine the magnetizing reactance of a measuring current transformer: 1 20 £°8, San R= cosy,, + R, ona a to (2 = FD-TR 1 Fy TR, Table 3 shows the calculated parameters of the linear- characteristic core transformer of the series winding. The burden of the current transformers was assumed to be 50% of the rated burden. remarks quantities | values 12,2 9 bei 50 Hz 396,0 9 bei 50 Hz 6,1 9 bei 50 Hz Table 3: Parameters of the measuring current transformer of a series winding 4. com measure: i z The measured inrush currents of the 400 kV-busbar are shown in figure 4a. The currents are already referred to the high-voltage sides of the current transformers. Figure 4b shows the calculated currents on the primary sides of the linear-characteristic current transformers. The amplitudes of the measured and calculated inrush currents show a good agreement. Finally, figure 4c shows the calculated currents on the secondary sides of the current transformer in mA. The current transformation ratio is 1500A / 1A.
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