MSPR-1 Date: 5 August 1961 Dr. Hermann Dommel, Prof., Univ. of B.C., Vancouver, CANADA _Bauardo Bueno Guimaraes, FURNAS, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL To: Listed addressees = ote eeereenes Dr. Arun Phadke, AEP Service Corp., New York, N.Y. zon: Sookt Never Bernd Stein, FGH, Mannheim, WEST GERMANY » Route P. 0. Box 3621 Dr, Akihiro Ametani, Prof., Doshisha Univ., Kyoto, JAPAN Portland, Oregon 97208 use Brierley, Ontario Hydro, Toronto, CANADA Phone: (503) 234-3361 Ext. 4404 Dr. Bob Iasseter, prof., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison Dr. Daniel Van Dommelen, Prof., KUL, Heverlee, BELGIUM BPA, BOGA ---- Dr, Tsu-huei Liu (library copy) BPA, EOGB ---- Alvin Legate / Herbert Konkel TRANSIENTS PROGRAM MEMORANDUM Subject : Mid-Summer Progress Report of Rece} © SUMMARY OF WHO HAS BEEN DOING WHAT IN RECENT MONTHS My last previous accounting of miscellaneous EMTP developments was at the end of Vol. X (see page TOVX=15 onward), some three or four months ago. An update is clearly in order. A, IREQ-UWEX_"AC-DC System Interactions" Short Course ‘The final page of Vol. X (page TOVX-17) showed a summary of information which was associated with the week-long course on hvde that was given at IREQ during the second week of May. I had the pleasure of participating at the last minute, in the role of EMIP backup man. Fortunately, I was able to contribute little in the way of EMTP first aid; the PRIME digital computer and EMTP functioned very well without my intervention. Robert Proulx (who works for Dr. Yvan Robichaud, our long-time EMTP contact at IREQ) did an excellent job of assembling the computer hardware and software needed, and Prof. Bob Lasseter (with the assistance of Ly Bui) was able to straighten out his EMIP data at the last minute. ‘Two groups of five persons each (half of the enrollment which was limited to 20) spent several hours in front of two big-screen Tektronix 4018 vector-graphic terminals, as Bob, Bill (Prof. Bill Long), and Ly demonstrated EMIP solutions of hvde data cases. Interactive plotting (Tom Varilek's conversion from Duluth, as adapted to IREQ needs by Francine LaFrance) performed well, with each Tektronix terminal also having a Gould electrostatic printer/plotter connected for instant hard copy. Although there were some anxious moments at the last minute, . I can report that Bob came through with flying colors, delivering the EMTP demonstration which Bill had promised. Of course there was much more to see and hear (only 20% of the time was devoted to EMIP usage), though I hardly feel qualified to comment on the non-digital aspects. By popular demand (prospective registrants had to be turned away weeks before the course), the course is scheduled for presentation again next spring. Interested parties are advised to inquire early.MSPR-e2 I might just make an observation about new-found EMTP interest within IREQ and Hydro-Quebec. As most readers are aware, IREQ has an enormous investment in large scale analog solution facilities (both TNA and de simulator) for the solution of transient problems. I am sure that this mode of solution shall continue to serve ‘them and the rest of the industry well for years to come. But particulerly after IREQ acquisition of minicomputers which will support the EMTP (Yvan now has one PRIME 750, and a second one is to be installed in the Planning Department of Hydro-Quebec; the analog interests have two SEL computer systems), there now is clearly a quality alternative. Digital computer prices continue to’ decline, and EMTP power and sophistication continues to grow. We also have Bob and Bill, who have recently served very effectively to spread the word about the flexibility of EMTP solution for hvde problems. Finally, new management of the IREQ analogue facilities (Dr. Chandra Krishnayya on the de side, and Mr. Momcilo Gavrilovie for the TNA) seem quite open-minded about which tools they use to solve those industry problems that are their responsibility. It would appear that IREQ is well on its way toward playing an important role in EMTP usage and development in the years ahead, and this pleases me greatly. B. Enhanced "FREQUENCY SCAN" Output at the Suggestion of _Hydro-Quebec When I was in Montreal during May (see Section A above), Mr. Hien Huynh of the Planning Department of Hydro-Quebec discussed "FREQUENCY SCAN" usage with me. Recall that this EMTP feature permits repeated steady-state phasor solutions as the frequency is varied between user-specified beginning and ending values (see Section 1,0g3 of the Rule Book, page Ye-2). The "M28." output is in polar form (magnitude and angle), while Hien explained that rectangular components were needed for their engineering analysis. At this late date, I forget what problem he was studying; if Hien could find the time to summarize it for Hermann, it might be of interest to EMTP Newsletter readers (few EMTP users have ever tried this feature, I suspect). Well, in any case, I believed Hien when he said that rectangular output (perhaps for plotting, including X-¥ plotting) is important, so this was rapidly added to the EMTP. The new coding was confined to module "OVER11" of overlay 11, so it really was very simple. The output vector was simply doubled in size by an appendage of the rectangular components to the end of the existing polar ones. _ Implementation was very clean except for some fixed-dimension working space in "OVER11", which we tolerate for the time being. Users of "M30." and later versions will have this expanded output. C. Contract and Other Personnel Working with BPA on the EMTP this Sumer Working space has been at a premium around BPA in recent weeks, as Tsu-huei and I coordinate EMTP activity among some familiar faces, and also some new ones. For the benefit of outsiders, I shall now summarize this activity. Dr. Jonathan Abramson, Professor of Physics at Portland State University, has been working with the "MARTI SETUP" code of the new EMIP overlay number 40. Among other things, this ensures for us an independent evaluation of Jose's unique fitting procedure, and the installation of special features which ere familiar to "SEMLYEN SETUP" users (BRANCH, NEW RHO, OLD DATA). I believe that Jon is scheduled to be with us through the end of August or early September. Work has been going well, in my opinion. Mr. Ed Woessner, an engineering student at the University of Portland, is now approaching the end of a two-month stay with us. Ed has no EMTP background, but has worked with a variety of laboratory equipment over the years, and he adapted readily to the VAX. The subject of Ed's efforts has been the skelaton of a new EMIP front end based on data forms (see Vol. VIII, 24 April 1978, page PNVD-17). Unlike most“MSPR-3 other EMIP work, this is not at all universal; it is highly dependent upon both computer terminal (DEC VI100) and the system software (VAX/VMS FMS). The "FMS" stands for something like "Forms Management System", while provides a framework upon which specific data forms 1/0 can be designed. Ms. Nora Miller has been using ‘this package for the BPA Power Flow front end, and it was because I liked what I saw of her demonstration that we thought a trial exploitation for the EMTP might be in order. Since I know nothing about FMS, Ed works mostly with Nora. Aki (Prof. Akihiro Ametani of Doshisha University in Kyoto, Japan) is back with us once again, working on the EMIP representation of cross-bonded cables this sumer. He brought his hard-working student Naoto Nagaoka again this year, and the two of them doa lot of computer work in the late afternoon, evening, and early night. Program modifications will be confined to overlay 47 ("CABLE CONSTANTS"), so coordination with Tsu-huei and me is minimal this year. Aki also brought an "™28.+" IBM EMIP tape with him (courtesy of Nissin Electric), which John Walker has since hand-carried to Australia. Terry had a copy made at the Army Corps of Engineers downtown, and this is on its way to Heverlee for European usage. Prof. Daniel Van Dommelen of Catholic University Leuven (Heverlee, Belgium), spent about a week and a half with us. Daniel is presently head of the Belgian EMTP User's Group, which is rapidly blossoming into an all-European organization (with my enthusiastic support). While Daniel was here, he became familiar with our VAX, the interactive plotting program "IPPLOT", our Diablo typewriter terminal (he showed us how we could type subscripts and superscripts!), etc. We also talked for many hours about EMTP philosophy. Daniel is a relative newcomer to the EMIP commmity, but shows a real affinity for this business, At the end of the Summer Meeting, Daniel headed for Vancouver (to see Hermann) by way of Seattle. Jose (Prof. Jose Marti of Central University in Caracas, Venezuela) arrived in Portland during the late evening of August Sth. Once his work begins in earnest, it is Tsu-huei who will be working most closely with Jose, as K. C. Lee transmission Line modeling (see Tsu-huei's article in vol. 2, No. 1 of the Newsletter) is made frequency dependent. Our hopes are high; within two or three months we should know whether we have a simple and reliable procedure for the representation of frequency dependence in overhead lines by unsophisticated users (which is our goal). More will be written about this in the months to come. Vladimir (Dr. Vladimir Brandwajn of Ontario Hydro) spent three days with us during the Summer Meeting. He brought EMTP change cards with him, which he and Tsu-huei rapidly installed in our prototype UIPF (remember, on the VAX we directly program in the UTPF dialect now, rather than FORTRAN). Also, ramifications of the latest EMTP frequency-dependence work which is now under way at Ontario Hydro were discussed: the frequency dependence of generators! Dr. Atef Morched is handling the parameter fitting for this model, while Vladimir is writing the new solution code. I encourage a Newsletter article on this brand new work, if either Atef or Vladimir can find the time. Hian (Prof. Hian Lauw of Oregon State University in Corvallis) is again under contract with BPA, to provide further development of the universal machine (U.M.) code. Most important is automatic incorporation of ac machinery (synchronous and induction) in the steady-state solution, and subsequent automatic initialization prior to entry into the time-step loop. This and other refinements should continue through the late summer of 1982. We encourage any ENTP users who have an interest in unconventional rotating machinery to try the U.M. modeling, and communicate their findings to us while Hian is still available to provide support, and while changes are still being planned.D. Switch to COMPLEX*16 in VAX EMTP at BPA AS R- at After two and a half years of COMPLEX*8 variable usage within "CABLE CONSTANTS" of the VAX EMTP, we have just doubled the precision with a switch to COMPLEX*16. Aki and Naoto had been performing some complex matrix inversion which wes a little ill-conditioned, and our existing 32 bits of floating-point precision were simply not adequate. We decided that this was the time to switch to 6l-bit computation, clearly, while Aki is here to verify correct operation, and diagnose any troubles. Now that we at BPA have double-precision COMPLEX, there is little incentive for us ‘to switch to REAL variables; I suspect that we may never do so, now. E, EMTP Planning Meeting on July 29th at the Hilton Hotel I merely note that a closed meeting concerning EMIP development was held during the 1981 IEEE PES Summer Meeting here in Portland. It began at 19:00 on Wednesday evening (July 29th), and lasted approximately three hours. The following non-BPA individuals were both invited and present: Dr. Akihiro Ametani, Prof., Doshisha Univ., Kyoto (Japan) Dr. Vladimir Brandwajn, Ontario Hydro, Toronto (Canada) Dr. Hermann Donmel, Prof., Univ. of B.C., Vancouver (Canada) Dr. Kurt Fehrie, U. S, Dept. of Energy, Washington, D.C. Mr. John Kappenman, Minnesota Power and Light, Duluth Dr. Chandra Krishnayya, IREQ, Varennes, P.Q. (Canada) Or. John Lamont and Mr. Jim Mitsche, EPRI PSPO, Palo Alto, California Dr. Hian Lauw, Prof., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis Dr. Willis Long, Prof., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison Bob Newell, Basin Electric Power Coop., Bismarck, N.D. Arun Phadke, AEP Service Corp., New York City Daniel Van Donmelen, Prof., KUL, Heverlee (Belgium) Because our records of titles are quite incomplete, none has been shown other than university faculty afiliation. As for the BPA representation, we had the following (in addition to THL and WSM): Mr. Bob Hasibar, Chief of Analysis Section (High Voltage Practices) Dr. Mike McCoy, Chief of Methods Section B (Methods Development Branch) Dr. John Vithayathil, Chief Technical Engineer (Network) Mr. John Walker, Chief of Methods Development Branch (System Engineering) F. Another Practical U.M. Application : Doubly-fed small hydro generators BPA has already made good use of Hian's U.M. modeling of the EMTP --- for the study of induction wind generation. Hian's 2nd contract with BPA (completed earlier this summer) was concluded with a 74=page report which quite nicely summarizes his numerous EMTP studies of induction and synchronous wind generator transients for MOD2-size systems. This report has been put on microfiche for easy distribution to others (copy available upon written request). Now another practical research application for U.M. modeling has surfaced : the representation of doubly-fed hydro generators. The first two paragraphs of an August 7th letter from Hian to Mr. Doug Seely of BPA reads as follows: In connection with my inquiries about your plan to initiate a hydro project using a doubly fed generator, we had a telephone conversation on Thursday, August 6, 1981. I am very happy to learn that you are as excited as I am about the potential of the doubly fed machine. It is my understanding that you haven't yet come to a concensus about a detailed strategy for the Tealization of your plan. I indicated my interest in possibly contributing to your efforts with a predictive or after-the-fact computer analysis of the system or any system you decide to establish for the hydro project. I am convinced that the useMSPR-S of the UM (universal machine) module of the EMTP is able to provide you the answers regarding the required protection against emergency situations, verification to the proper functioning of the designed control strategy, und an eventual trade-off evaluation with conventional machines. The program is versatile in that it enables the study of any machine type as connected to any configuration and size of the mechanical system as well as the power grid. Ned (Prof. Narendra Mohan of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis) had told me a year or more ago that such studies were going to be in increasing demand, and it looks like his prediction is coming to pass. G. Nissin Electric (Japan) Distribution of "M28.+" IBM EMTP I can not find a mention of Nissin Electric or Mr. Yoshiya Ogihara in recent memoranda, and this is an oversight. Certainly these names have appeared often enough in'my letters and conversation. It was my hope that their contribution to TBM EMTP usage could be acknowledged in the Newsletter, though my proposed text was misplaced in Vancouver until it was too late for inclusion in vol. 2, No. 1 (dated June, 1981). Because I do not want this contribution to go unacknowledged, here insert the text which BPA mailed to Vancouver on May 11th: In a letter to BPA dated April 25th, Prof. Aki Ametani, Chairman of the Japan— ese EMIP Committee, reports recent organizational progress in his country. First, two more companies have joined this EMTP user organization, raising the total’ to fourteen. Second, a current IBM version ("M28.+") has been distri— buted to members through the courtesy of Nissin Electric Co. This is an all-Japanese effort involving IBM EMTP FORTRAN which was mailed to Kyoto from Portland in December. The key individual at the working level of this activi- ty has been Mr. Yoshiya Ogihara (see Sect. V of Tsu-huei's article for addi- tional details). Since I wrote this, the computer code in question has gone further. Aki brought a reel with him to Portland, and this has since been carried to Australia (with a copy mailed to Europe, as earlier mentioned in Section C above). It may already be in Korea as well (representatives of Korea Electric Company were making inquiries at the Summer Meeting). So, although I hasten to add that Nissin Electric has not made a general offer of distribution, their IBM EMTP code is nonetheless going to be used by quite a few parties of consequence. We are indebted to Nissin management, and to Yoshiya as a worker, for this valuable service. After proof-reading the above for me, Aki indicated that the Japanese EMTP Committee is even larger! In addition to the fourteen regular organizations, there are four universities with "observer" status. The EMIP is obviously becoming very popular in Japan, and it is perhaps appropriate that I thank Aki for his organizing Efforts, and publicly support his advocacy of technical cooperation and the sharing of ENT? materials. ‘There simply is no way that we at BPA could correspond directly with all 18 parties having EMIP interest in Japan, and have any time left for EMTP development. Aki reproduces and ‘distributes EMTP materials which we mail to him, he consolidates inquiries (e.g., questions which are raised at Committee meetings), and he coordinates some EMTP-related visitors (e.g., Yoshiya last winter). Completely independent of his "CABLE CONSTANTS" work, Aki'deserves recognition for his EMTP organizing efforts. As time passes and usage grows, such local ENTP user groups are ‘txpected to take on increasing importance. Aki's Japanese group was the first, and femains the largest. Second wes the Brazilian EMIP coordination of FURNAS, about. Yhich I have only very limited and indirect information. Most recently now, we have Prof. Van Donmelen's European grouping (see Section IC), for which I have high hopes and expectations. Soon the primary distribution list for EMIP memoranda might well be limited to such organizations (are there any volunteers for the secondary printing and distribution of memos in Canada?), which must be given priority overMSPR-6 H. Paper on Type-96 Hysteresis Modeling being Prepared in Minneapolis Jim Frame and Ned are in the process of methodically documenting the Type-96 theory in an JEBE-like paper. This is the conclusion of two BPA contracts with the University of Minnesota for the installation and study of hysteresis modeling in the EMTP. Jim is about ready to leave the University with a Master's degree, so this really is the tail end of the project. It is likely that one BPA name (probably Tsu-huei's) will appear as a co-author. Time is running out, so it is not clear whether the deadline for the 1982 IEEE PES Winter Meeting can be met. In any case, the manuscript (or a draft) should be available by early September, and it should provide a useful summary of Type-96 theory and applications (there are to be many examples, including the often-mentioned 500-kV line ring-down). ‘S) MULTIPLE-FREQUENCY STEADY-STATE __PHASOR SOLUTION ‘The EMTP finally has the capability to solve the steady-state phasor network for more than one sinusoidal frequency ---- provided the different frequencies are segregated in disconnected subnetworks. Further explanation of this new feature (available to non-VAX users in "M31." or later versions) follows. So why did Scott suddenly start work on this extension? In Section I-A above, I_mentioned Hian's contract obligation to provide us with ac machinery models (of the U.M.) which will come smoothly out of the steady state. But this is not as easy as it might first appear, because of the generality of U.M. modeling. Coils of the U.M. can be connected to the electric network in quite arbitrary fashion, which implies that steady-state phasor solutions for arbitrary frequencies are required (for induction machinery). A special case is the field circuit of a synchronous machine, which requires direct current. It even gets messier, since Hian needs Thevenin equivalents, and will iterate on frequency --—- which implies that we must loop over frequency. Well, I reasoned that this was too much to tackle all at once, that it would be best if I just started with multiple-frequency phasor solutions first. This has value in its own right (even if no U.M. modeling is used), so it can be tested separately by BPA production users. The classic application is for putting trapped charge on an ac line: now it can be done at nearly zero frequency, rather than at 60 Hz as before. With the new modeling, one can avoid the "waves" and "settling" which were common in the past. In theory, the extension of multiple-frequency phasor solutions is trivial. Why we never thought of it before is difficult to understand (invention is mother's necessity?). The "M30." EMTP had variables OMEGA, HERTZ, OMEGAL, and OMEGAC in /BLANK/, computed at the single frequency of the phasor solution. Now there is a new bus vector KSSFRQ which points to a steady-state source having the frequency (in vector SFREQ) of that bus. When the branch table is processed (e.g., during [¥] formation), the just-listed EMTP variables are redefined with each coupled branch group. For example, consider the top of "OVERI0", where S.N. 3080 is reached every ‘time @ new coupled branch group (beginning in row number "I") is considered: i D3 = TENM3 Di = UNITY / 1 000 000. IF( XOPT .GT. 0.0 ) D3 IF( COPT .GT. 0.0 ) Da CMLTEM = D3 * TWOPI OMCTEM = DM # TWOPI 3080 IC = IABS ( KBUS(I) ) IF (IC EQ. 1) IC = TABS( MBUS(I) ) N16 = KSSFRQ(IC) OMEGAL = OMLTEM * SFREQ(N16) OMEGAC = OMCTEM * SFREQ(N16) OMEGA = TWOPI * SFREQ(N16) 1,0 / ( TWOPI * XOPT ) D4 / ( TWOPI * COPT )MSPR-7 Changes to the EMTP thus were minor, though they were Scattered thoughout several overlays (8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14), The combined size of these corrections is probably no larger than the new code to define KSSFRQ (about 90 cards) ——- located in "OVER6" after node numbers of EMTP vectors have been converted to the transient renumbering. There are two associated kill codes (KILL = 222 and 223) to protect the user against non-segregation of different frequencies. On to an illustration of the new capability. Consider the shortest imaginable case which still preserves a semblance of reality: the out-of-phase energization of a single-phase line having full trapped charge: ~ t= 3msec GEN “SEND REG - 32.8 mH | SWITCH 138-mile SOO KV 3ero Seqven ce 400 Lo” $2603 TL ey 5.819 01aTT3e, an n SDUSIDA STEAY STATE soUTION, BRAC fr BMNCH.. ALL FLOWS ANE AVA FRC 8, AND REAL PARE YACHT, ORF Tg PaDvreD ABOVE THE DUGTMART PART, TME ANGLE, ON 0, FIRST SCLUTTON FREGUENCT' = 0.6oCoccccdE+02 HERIZ. ‘bpeD SUBNETWORC FREGLENGTES + "0. 100c0E=02 Bus K Nove oLTAGE RCH COMET Pome Fo FoR Loss. Bus OCTANGLAR Po ECTANGILAR TOR Spa a PANG oon 9 $0oonoeao3 0. ooceece3 _.seeragE-o} O.SSSEESE-o} CA MGBETEEAOT_ «11 1OzTE- 1g ‘Leco0eece~00 0.0000 =. 1500087E-02 OcrScOHgSE-oT 0. T500835E-01 STCH ——_o.S9gTTAREeD2 O.9SS8ETSEAG2 -0.9G9TTUGE-01 O.99GHETSE-C —-0.19GHETSEAOI 2 Fpovoeresot no.8596 “OL iscougresee "179. 1e0R—“OcaBtaeseeNS ‘sarren O.99977RGE.02 0.995G87SEs02 _O.SUETTHRE-01 0.9990BTSE-0 —O.ASSEBTEEOT 0. S98BTSEWOT 0. 1500087601 =0.0595 — -Dsisonuereste °”””'=0.8596 0.0000000E-00 0. 0000000=-00 rem ‘.c0000008+00 0.coecon0Esco —-0.S997TASE-D1 0.S998875E-01 _0,c0000008.00 ecc00008»c0 ‘0.0000 “D1S00087E-02 °° r7g. WOR 000000800 8X85 FREQUENCY DISCONTINUITY. BMD 0,60006.02 HZ, BEGIN BMMNCHES FICTTED AT 0. 10000C000E-C2 HERTZ. S848 soo -2.10000006+03 0, 10cc000E«03 -0. 17RCOSTE-12 0. 10NGTEAEOS © _0.8699TETE-11 O.s7O1z21E-11 O:10HBi66E-08 "180.0000 “D.10NGTEBEAOS "50,0000 0. Se4S8STELON 0. S205831E-08 mex 2. 00c009.03 0. r00qcC0Es03 0. 296902HE-16 0.25090208-15 0. ABUSE. ‘rzziiesse-on °"'Sao.ceco “Gx ses80638-20 "179.9691 ‘OL 2B STABE soo -2.70000008+03 0, 100CCC0E+03 —O,00000CCE.O0 0. TOAGEEE-O5 O.SEOSTIGEAI5 0.55057050~15 O.10Rgi66E-08 "180.0000 «OL TOABTSGE-OS 90.0000 —O.S2NSBSTE-ON 0. 00000008600Mio Pingo ‘SHTTCH ‘CHARGE TO 'SEND1 + CLOSED AFTER-0. 100006401 SHC. se ome ot GS) oe ‘seq © 0000000 0. 1000006,03-0, 10000051030, 100000803 ~N\ a, SATTCH ‘ORANGE TO "SENDI * OFEN AFTER 0 10006-03 SEC. 1 s.90100 o.ssstse 20. toonne.070.roonne.o3 \'D 2 0:aa00 6:557155es08--1onoon-0$-0:ono00E-03 2, 5 00nogo 8:56961 £020. loooo.0$-0, eo000E-03 7a 3 Sau 8 saen-a80: ooo sone 3 8 : \ % : 2 Bh \ “ oo) | | TER SEND «TO vsuTaH" 0.stooE-te sec. i Za. T 8 : 4 t I 6. oorsoond slosresoe-0 97 95ts02-0: AGNISE-03 100 Overaeoo-. Soe ste 8 1gs ovotaseo 0. 13fsae- 12-0 81453660010 12a06-03 . £200 0, 020000 9: 3090¥TEs02 0.5094 S02 0: 1382938-03 In the branch-flow printout, note that a line of warning text indicates subnetwork boundaries ("%%%%% FREQUENCY DISCONTINUITY. ...."), and that all frequencies after the beginning one are tabulated as part of a brand new third line of heading ("ADDED SUBNETWORK FREQUENCIES :"). From the plot of line voltages "SEND" and "REC", it is seen that the de initialization is perfect. This would not have been the case with 60 Hz initialization, as summarized by the selective printout and plot shown below. These results were obtained by only changing the 0.001 Hz frequency to 60.0 Hz, and resolving. ‘soo rec ? He i He 9952890220: 110291609 (0997 159e+08-0.1027336+03-0.110118E-03 0199961181020, 1011796.03-0. 109782E-03 0.9886525+00-0.15SSE.05-0. 105293803 019822878=02-0. 10658261050. 108649803 (0,909774E=02-0. 109917E~03-0. 105180803 (08843288 02-0. 1095086~03-0.104788E-03 (07288698020. 1053296~03-0.1052028-03 (05577958+02-0:101897E+03-0.109865E.03 (0:825779€602-0: 10818582030. 1070596203 a a WIRES muw od ee 3 Having completed the above implementation, it occurred to me that the case of trapped charge is important enough to deserve special attention. Why should the user be required to manually define that disconnecting switch (SEND1, CHARGE) which opens at time zero? In the above problem, there also was the isolation resistor (which prevents more than one switch connected to unknown-voltage node SEND) which defined node "SENDI". Why not omit the disconnecting switch, and have the EMTP remove the source once the time-step loop is entered? Indeed (a great idea)! The procedure is as follows. The user punches Tstart = 532.0 in columns 61-70, and pretends that the source in question is a current source ("-1" in columns 9 and 10). With the normal EMTP logic, this ensures that the source will not be present for the time-step loop, since a zero current source (one never started) in effect does not exist. As for the steady-state phasor solution, we now internally trick the EMTP into treating this source as a voltage source (as though Tstart = -1.0 and colums 9-10 had been blank). Thus a simplified version of the above data case which now (August 30th) works equally well begins as follows: BEGIN NEW DATA CASE 000100 © .020 1 ] 1 d 1 “1 5 5 GEN "SWITCH 39.8 SWITCH 1000, =1SEND REC +3055 5.819 0121 138. BLANK CARD ENDING BRANCHESMSPR-9 SEND SWITCH 003 1.0 BLANK CARD ENDING SWITCHES WGEN 100. 60. 1, SEND =1 ~100. +001 5432. BLANK CARD ENDING SOURCES Three new lines of FORTRAN code and two statement numbers (added to overlays 8 and 9) are all that we paid for this powerful extension to EMIP initialization! Another thought occurred to me. Although the case of trapped charge is a very important application of the new feature, so is the initialization of hvde converter bridges. Previously, the user could employ a 60 Hz phasor solution to handle the ac half of the problem, and perhaps allow that ac to flow through one or more valves into the de part (using the "CLOSE" option); or he could employ a very near zero-frequency phasor solution to handle the de half, and perhaps allow this to flow through one or more valves into the ac (Yoshiya Ogihara of Nissin has experimented with this, I believe, as we hope he will be reporting in an upcoming issue of the Newsletter). Or, as Vladimir reminded me by telephone yesterday (September 3rd), one can run two separate solutions at the two frequencies, and merge the terminal condition cards which can be punched for the two solutions. It would now appear that Vladimir could reduce his two steady-state solutions to one, and avoid the merging! There would seem to be no shortage of users for this new capability, then. I should mention that Hian is hard at work on his initialization now, including some organizational changes. The loop over different steady state frequencies would normally traverse only overlays 8 through 11, and would thereby not encounter Hian's existing initialization (now located in module "UMINIT" of overlay 15). While we could expand the upper limit of the loop to 15, this would be inefficient, and it would create certain problems of its own. It was decided that Hian would move his initialization out of overlay 15, and put it in existing module "UMRENU" of overlay 8, which now serves just to convert from input to transient node numbers (after overlay 7 renumbering). Now, there will be two portions of the subroutine: one (the original) which is passed through only the first time (after the transient renumbering), and the second for the initialization (required after each phasor solution). It would thus appear that no new modules are required, and that the implementation will be clean. That multi-phase Thevenin equivalent which Hian needs has also already been computed; it was quite easy, with new new arrays required (I Placed the injection vectors at the bottom of the existing solution vector SORL +JSOLI using offset subscripting. That is, cells one through NIOT are for the voltage solution, cells NTOT+1 through 2*NTOT are for Z(1), ete. for the remaining Phases of compensation. Except for the constraint on dimensioning (List 1 must not be less than four times the number of network nodes NTOT), this is ideal. For now, we are prepared to live with this (over-dimensioning the EMTP is standard practice on our nice fully-virtual VAX!). Anyway, as soon as Hian can be talked into writing something about his interesting work, it will be passed along to EMTP memo readers. INEFFICIENCY OF SUBROUTINE ARGUMENTS (THIS TIME USING THE VAX) AS one who believes in "flying by the seat of his pants" (spur-of-the-moment, evolutionary program development; changing horses in mid-stream, if need be), it is difficult to resist the opportunity to point out weaknesses of structured design. ‘The last major expose was three years ago when Bob Eifrig was still on board, when he explained the unreal inefficiency of SUBROUTINE argument usage for the Type-94 SiC surge arrester with current limiting gap (see Vol. VIII EMTP Memoranda, pages VRTR-4 through 8, 24 August 1978). Recall that for UTPF TEST CASE NO. 57, run on the CDC-6500 computer system here at BPA, approximately two thirds of the time associated with the arrester was spent calling the subroutine! Two hundred percent. overhead in this case --- hardly the small extra burden which is so carelessly andMSPR-10 glibly predicted by certain proponents of the use of SUBROUTINE arguments. In case ‘the reader is not aware, certain "extremists" of structure go so far as to recommend that all variables be so communicated, that COMMON not be used at all, and that. average SUBROUTINE size be no bigger than 20 FORTRAN statements. Such EMTP design would have been a disaster for the CDC EMTP, as Bob so competently demonstrated. But what about the efficiency for other computers? I requested information from others (page VRTR-8, paragraph 3), but nothing has ever been received. Then our VAX arrived, and for some time we were so busy with basics that I forgot about this issue. But now the question of SUBROUTINE arguments has arisen again, and I can report some results from the VAX. When Jon (Prof. Jonathan Abramson of Portland State University) was removing Jose's usage of FORTRAN COMPLEX during his experiments with the "MARTI SETUP" code of overlay 40, he wanted to avoid the repeated manual handling of real and imaginary parts. It would be simpler and less error prone, he reasoned, to write SUBROUTINES for key arithmetic operations (*, /, CSQRT), and then just pass the variables as arguments of the CALL. For example, to multiple two complex numbers, Jon wrote the following: SUBROUTINE ZPROD ( A, B, C, D, E, F ) Esa*c - BaD FeB*C + A*D RETURN END Here A+jB and C+JD are the complex inputs, and E+jF is the output, the complex product. To see whether this represented an efficient use of our precious VAX CPU cycles, I established the following driver. The CALL CPUTIM simply yields elapsed CPU time since the last call (for argument "2"; 1" is for initialization), so it allows us to measure efficiency: IMPLICIT REAL*8 (A-H, 0-2) ~ CALL CPUTIM ( 2 ) s CALL CPUTIM ( 1 ) DO 3482 J=1, 500 DO 1782 J=1, 500 DO 3476 =I=1, 200 DO 1776 I=1, 200 7 Bii-t T326.45 T, 53.74 Deled (see) - BaD (sec) fee ee ee + BRC 1776 CONTINUE 3476 CONTINUE 1782 CONTINUE 3482 CONTINUE CALL CPUTIM ( 2 ) I might mention that ZPROD is IMPLICITly REAL*8 too, thanks to the VAX translator, so there is no mismatch. A third phase of the experiment has not been shown, but can be easily described in words. It is a copy of the first phase, only with the CALL ZPROD removed ---~ to allow us to subtract the setup and looping time which is not part of the complex product per se. Well, the reasonably repeatable results (I run at night and on weekends, when there is no competition) for our VAX-11/780 are as follows: Time of looping (and A-D definition) = TLOOP 1.22 sec ‘Time of CALL ZPROD (obtained as the elapsed time Ta minus TLOOP) = 5.23 seo Time of actual complex multiplication (the elapsed time To minus TLOOP) = 2.52 sec Note that this is only a slight improvement over those CDC EMTP results of three years ago! Here the overhead of the subroutine is in excess of 100 percent (the multiplication takes more than twice as long when it is buried within a SUBROUTINE).al Seto I would also emphasize that the overhead is entirely associated with code which is executed, too. Unlike CDC, our VAX does not seem to eliminate indirect addressing before instructions of the subroutine are actually executed. This was verified by adding varying amounts of non-executed code at the bottom of the routine: IF (ANE. 0.0.) RETURN WRITE (6, *) ' HELP, HELP!', A, B, C, D AzB+C*D D+A 7 BRC Ete. The "IF" statement added approximately an extra second to the execution time, but volume of the never-executed code which followed seemed to have no effect on elapsed time. So, there is some encouragement, anyway! Before continuing any further, let me emphasize that the above expose is not 2 criticism of Jon. It was understood when he began that the top priority was to give accurate fitting regardless of speed, that we would subsequently make a second pass to decrease running time if it later appeared desirable. This is where we are now. Jon really did a super job for us, finishing his work right on schedule September 4th (his last day with us). When he left, generally "correct" fitting was occuring, and code was nearly machine translatable. For a physicist who normally spends his time playing with bunny rabbits (health sciences research), and who had no prior experience with this work, Jon outperformed our most optimistic predictions. Since Jon left, we have been adding various refinements such ascareful control of diagnostic printout (Jose assigns IPRSUP numbers from one through five for all Production and semi-production printout, and higher numbers are for WRITEs which are probably of interest only for program debugging), Punched EMTP branch cards on unit LUNIT7 are now automatic (unless negated by a user's miscellaneous data), including documentation of the "LINE CONSTANTS" data on comment cards, just as with "SEMLYEN SETUP". However, this is a separate story, to be told later in a separate section or memo. Presently we are only concerned with speed. "MARTI SETUP” as Jon left it requires approximately 30 seconds for the fitting of each Zc or Al mode of the famous (infamous?) 138-mile 500-kV line from John Day to Lower Monumental. Why so ong, Jose wondered (his UBC timings were more favorable)? The check of SUBROUTINE arguments was just my first idea of where hidden overhead might be found, and it led me to the above timing tests. Putting integer counters in John's SUBROUTINES then showed there were 945761 CALLs for complex products and 1063324 CALLs for complex quotients during a typical run, resulting in an estimated 54.15 seconds of wasted time! This is computed as (5.23 - 2.52) * (95761 + 1063324) / 100000, for the skeptics. Life expectancy of the complex product and quotient subroutines is now ess than 24 hours (they will be gone by tomorrow)! Leaving Jon alone, and turning closer to home, what about some well-established usage of SUBROUTINE arguments within the EMTP? | Hian's U.M. code represents an obvious problem about which nothing can be done, since SUBROUTINE arguments were intentionally used to provide veriable-dimensioning. Consider the CALL of the time-step loop (located in "SUBTS4" of overlay 16), which appears as follows: M27.2590 CALL SOLVUM ( M27.2591 1 SPUM(IUREAC), SPUM(IUGPAR), SPUM(IUFPAR), SPUM(IUHIST), M27.2592 2 SPUM(IUNOD1), SPUM(IUNOD2), SPUM(IUJCLT), SPUM(IUJCLO), M27.2593 3 SPUM(IUJTYP), SPUM(IUNODO), SPUM(TUJTMT), SPUM(IUHISM) , M27.2594 i} SPUM(IUOMGM), SPUM(IUOMLD), SPUM(IUTHAM), SPUM(IUREDU), M27.2595 5 SPUM(IUREDS), SPUM(IUFLDS), SPUM(IUFLDR), SPUM(IUREQU), M27T.2596 6 SPUMCIUFLQS), SPUM(IUFLOR), SPUM(TUJCDS), SPUM(IUJCQS), M27.2597 7 SPUMCIUFLXD), SPUM(IUFLXQ), SPUM(IUNPPA), SPUM(IUROTM), M27.2598 8 SPUMCIUNCLD), SPUM(IUNCLQ), SPUM(IUJTQO), SPUM(IUJOMO), 27.2599 9 SPUM(IUJTHO), SPUM(IUREQS), SPUM(IUEPSO), SPUM(IUDCOE), M27.2600 9 SPUM(IUKCOI), SPUM(IUKUMO), SPUM(IUJUMO), SPUM(IUUMOU)’ )MSPR-12 Very conspicuous and important, but also not of much interest, since I see no simple alternative. Closer to home are the block transfer or initializing utilities which T myself introduced. We have "MOVER" and "MOVE" for REAL and INTEGER block transfers, "MOVERO" and "MOVEO" for block zeroing, and "COPYR", "COPYI", and "COPYA" for the REAL, INTEGER, and ALPHANUMERIC initialization of a block with a constant. As illustration, consider just "MOVERO" : 5008 ‘SUBROUTINE MOVERO ( B, N ) 5009 DIMENSION B(1) 5015 DO. 1100 I=1, N 5016 1100 B(I) = 0.0 5017 RETURN 5018 END To test the efficiency of this, I established the two parallel applications shown below. On the left side, buried inside a loop to produce large elapsed times, is a typical EMTP application. On the right side is shown the way zeroing was performed before "MOVERO" was invented. Times of execution, as determined at the VAX/VMS level by $ SHOW TIMEs, are also displayed: REAL*8 ARRAY(250) REAL*8 = ARRAY(250) DO 8342 I=1, 10000 DO 8342 I=1, 10000 8342 CALL MOVERO ( ARRAY(1), 250 ) DO 8306 J=1, 250 8342 CALL NOTHING ( ARRAY(1) ) 8306 ARRAY(J) 0.0 ‘STOP 8342 CALL NOTHING, RR, END stop Cine = 12 se> END. The CALL NOTHING is protection against compiler optimization in the code on the right (without it, a really smart compiler would not order execution of the outer loop more than once); it was added on the left as well, for equality. In either ease, such a do-nothing routine adds negligible overhead, since it is not in the inner loop. As for the times, nothing to be too concerned about; we do not do too much of this, and can live with 50 % extra overhead. Because of the loop inside the SUBROUTINE, the linkage time is overpowered by the time actually spent zeroing. But we still must pay the penalty of indirect addressing, and I credit this with largely accounting for the timing penalty. This is quite unlike CDC, remember (Bob showed that code within subroutines executed on our CDC-600 at exactly the same rate as code on the outside). If we were really concerned, we could write such subroutines in assembly language, and perhaps exploit special block transfer instructions (I know nothing about the VAX, but vaguely remember that our Dittmer PDP-10 was that way in 1972). But this is considered to be fine tuning ---- too fine for us at the moment (we have more pressing concerns). @) NAMING OF BRANCHES FOR REFERENCE-BRANCH USE For three or four years, now, the basic structure for the user naming of EMIP branches has been in the program. I clearly remember mentioning it during the first Madison EMTP short course (June, 1978) --—- one of those "imminent developments! I also notice that the never-completed code has "M22." idents on it. Well, thanks to SJM3 in NYC (Stoney J. McMurray, III, of Ebasco Services in New York City), I have finally been motivated to complete this development. When Stoney and I worked together last February (see Vol. X, 14 February 1981, pagination ECWB), we discovered a number of EMTP structural details which caused trouble for Burroughs (the Ebasco computer system). Well, not included was a detail which Stoney communicated to me last week. It seems that some Ebasco user had put together a data case which got into trouble with the reference-branch checking of overlay 6 (about 90 lines of code beginning at S.N. 4807 of "OVER6" and extending down to S.N. 4859). Tt seems that the subscript N5 of the TR(NS) WRITE at S.N. 4828 was out of range (zero or negative?), and the Burroughs operating system terminated execution right in the middle of the "warning" printout. Now that's what I call a serious warning! Anyway, Stoney asked me to fix it, and I decided that it would be simpler to destroy it, instead!PS Ging > The "OVER6" code in question has been deleted, so "M31." and later users will never see another of those "...HAZARDOUS SITUATION..." messages. Beginning today, ‘the EMTP no longer checks for non-unique reference-branch usage, though it continues to honor the reference branch procedure just as before (using the first acceptable candidate in the order of data input). Any old EMTP data case will continue to run, and give the same solution as before. Only the non-fatal diagnostic printout is affected. In light of the notorious irrelevant warnings associated with saturable ‘TRANSFORMER usage, this is believed to be in the long-term best interest of ever user. The whole idea was conceived and implemented before I realized the trouble with saturable TRANSFORMERS (which are represented internally by two by two matrices which may use the reference branch feature, unbeknownst to the data preparer --— leading to possible unknown or irrelevant ambiguities in references). No more confusing messages to be explained! As replacement protection, we now offer the user unique branch identification via his own favorite 6-character alphanumeric names. Provided the branch to be named defines its own unique data parameter values, no new data cards are required. The otherwise unused BUS3 field of columns 15-20 is now to contain a special request word "NAME ", and BUSY (columns 21-26) is for the user-specified name. For exemple, a 15 obm resistor between nodes "JDGA1" and "JDGA2 " could be named *OHMIS " as follows: € 3¥5678901234567890123456789012 ‘JDGA1 JDGA2 NAME OHNI5 15.0 Subsequent reference to this by later EMIP branches (which are to copy the parameter value of 15 olms) still uses the BUS3 and BUSY fields, only now the possibly ambiguous terminal node names are dispensed with. In their place, BUS3 contains the special request text "COPY ", and BUSH is the branch name as just described. For example, to copy the above: JDGB1 JDGB2 COPY OHMS Alternatively, naming can be on a separate data card which precedes the branch in question. The same (I2, 4A6) format applies, only with BUS1 and BUS2 fields checked for special request words "BRANCH NAME:" or "NONLIN NAME:" (depending upon whether the branch is linear or nonlinear), and BUS3 then reserved for the user-supplied 6-character branch name. Provided this card immediately precedes the branch or the coupled branch group which is to be named, columns 1-2 can be ignored (they provide an extra offset row mmber in the table, allowing added flexibility for the really sophisticated user). Examples of these declarations follow: © 345678901234567890123456 BRANCH NAME:0HM15¢ JDGC1 JDGC2 JDGA1 JDGA2 NONLIN’ NAME:SATIND Q6TRANF GND “COPY SATXF NBRANCH NAME:CAP4Y @ APOLLO COMPUTERS ——~ A_DESK-TOP EMTP COMPUTER ? Tom Varilek first told us of Apollo Computer (Vol. X, 5 March 1981, page TOVX-5), and I can understand his interest after reading the full-page ad on page 33 of the August (1981) issue of Datamation magazine. "A high level of predictable Performance including a VLSI CPU (with 32-bit architecture) dedicated to each user on the network, executing in a 16 megabyte demand paged virtual memory." Wow! ‘that desk-top EMIP computer is not far away. More will follow, later. W. 4olh Moy , *£Q008