5 5.1 5.1A Study: ee Write: Quantity Quantifiers + countable and uncountable nouns Quantifiers + countable and uncountable nouns [> LEG 5.1-2} Quantifiers are words like few, little, plenty of. They show how many things or how much of something we are talking about. Some quantifiers combine with countable nouns; some with uncountable and some with both kinds A B c D +plural countable +uncountable + plural countable + singular countable + uncountable both books abit of bread some books each book some ink both (small) amount of some (of the) all (of) the (a) few abitof any (of the) any/some (of the) fewer agreatdealof enough each the fewest a good deal of alot offlots of either avthe majority of (a) little hardly any every (not) many Jess [but see 5.40] __more/most (of the) most of the a minority of the least plenty of neither a number of/several (not) much no, none of the no, none of the. a Choose the right word in brackets. b Mark the quantifier A, B, C or D. 1 We have imported ...... SMA... videos this year than last year. (fewer/less) A 2 There has been ... demand for videos this year than last year. (fewer/less) _ 3 vehicles have just been recalled because of a design fault. (a lot of/much) __ 4 .. effort has been put into this project. (a lot of/many) 5 There isn't .....c.seseassus hope of finding the wreck. (much/many) 6 There a ent -rnnne-s-~ dictionaries that can compare with this one. (much/many) 7 book was written by someone else. (most/most of the) _ 8 magazines carry advertisements. (most/most of) __ 9 metal is liable to rust. (mosvmost of) 10 I'd like . milk in this coffee, please. (a few/a litle) _ 11. This room needs . . Pictures to brighten it up. (a fewa litle) 12 seseeessesnnse BUSINESSES have gone bankrupt this year. (a good deal of/several) _ 13 There aren't chocolates left! (any/some) _ 14 There isn't ... time to waste. (any/some) _ 15 We've had «su trouble with this machine already. (enough/hardly any) _ 16 There have BeON ...nrs-eneee ASCIdeNtS ON this Corner this year. (a good deal of/hardly any) _ 17 We can't accept the estimates. nnn. estimate is low enough. (either/neither) TB nse .. examples prove that | am right. (both/neither) _ 19 There have BeeN wvjnnnnennnesne Changes in the new edition. (no/any) _ 20 There has been .. change in the new edition. (no/any)5.1 Quantifiers + countable and uncountable nouns 5.1B Study: Write: Quantifiers that tell us roughly how much and how many [> LEG 5.3] 1 If we say | bought five magazines to read on the train, we are saying exactly how many. 2 I we say / bought some magazines to read on the train, we aren't saying how many. 3 It we say / bought a few magazines to read on the train, we are giving ‘a rough idea’ ‘Some quantity words like a few, a little give us ‘a rough idea’. if we arrange these on a scale, too much and too many are at the top of the scale and no is at the bottom. Arrange the quantifiers to show most at the top and /east at the bottom. More than one answer is possible. There are There is enougheggs. 1a... AAR. Mey 29 gd. hardly any milk. 1b no eggs. too much milk. 2b too many eggs. alittle milk. 3b hardly any eggs. no milk. 4b a few eggs. not much milk. 5b plenty of eggs. enough mik. 6b very few eggs. - ee alotofmilk. 7D Alot OF EGGS. BA enn nee plenty of milk. 8D not many eggs. very little milk. 9 Now write sentences of your own using any six of the above quantifiers. There. ane. plyniy. of abpted Ut. oanons 5.1C Context Write: Putin any, enough, few, hardly any, many, no, plenty of, some or very ite, EXCUSES! EXCUSES! days ago | was trying to buy °.. ie year-old children. There were *. the assistant said. We can't get. orange paint. There was’. ‘We don't have ®. now!" "im asking for some NOW! £e0 rch, mile, You may be trying to buy a pair of shoes and there are t00 men . in your size and you can't choose, or there are too Shop assistants are good at inventing excuses. A few birthday cards for three .. c8rds for children, but for five-year-olds. Five is a very popular age this year,” cards for this age- group.’ Then | went 1o a Do It Yourself shop and tried to buy some ssesunueee Paitin the shop, but in the end I found & Then | asked for two small paint brushes. ,’ the shop assistant explained. ‘There's .. demand for then, No one ever asks for «Yes, they do! | exclaimed. ‘I'm asking for 67‘5 Quantity St Write: ‘Study: 5.2 General and specific references to quantity 5.2A ‘Of’ after quantifiers (‘a lot of’, ‘some of’, etc.) [> LEG 5.5] study: | 1 We always use of with these quantifiers when we put them in front of a noun or pronoun, [Em] | and the reference is gener a bit of, a couple of, a lot of, lots of, the majority of, a number of, plenty of A lot of people don't eat meat. (= alot of people in general) 2 If we use words like the or my after of, the reference is specific A lot of the people I know don't eat meat. (= the ones | know) 3 We use quantifiers like some, any, much and many without of in general references Some people don't eat meat. (= some people in general) 4 If we use of + the, my etc., after some etc., the reference is specific [compare > 5.70}: Some of the people | know don't eat meat. (= the ones | know) Note that None of's always specific: None of my friends is here. { want none of it. a Supply of where necessary. b Mark each sentence G (= General) or S (= Specific). 1 There have been a lot .....9f.... changes to our plans. G 2 You only need to use a small amount salt in a dish like this. _ 3 Alot.......... the trouble was caused by a faulty switch. _ 4 Have SOME wenenne t@Q. 5 Would you like any .. 6 7 a cake? __ this cake?__ . people to work in our new warehouse. _ Would you like any We need a couple... There's plenty ... food for everybody. 9 There were plenty . complaints about the service. _ 10 There's plenty this stew left, so we can have it again tonight. _ 11. How much milk is there in the pan? ~ None... 12 How much of the milk have you used? ~ None .. ite 13. SOME .eevnen Students have complained about the canteen 14 Some ... my students have complained about the canteen. _ 15 Would you like a bit... butter on this toast? 5.2B I've got a lot’ [> LEG 5.5) If we use a quantifier on its own (not in front of a noun or pronoun) we do not use of id you buy any rut? Yes, | bought a laviotsiplanty. (Not “alt of et.) Write: Use a couple, a bit, a lot, lots and plenty in short answers to these questions. 1 Are there any eggs in the fridge? — Yes, ..... AMM. At, &. UME: 2 Did you buy any cheese at the supermarket? ~ Yes, 3. Have we got enough potatoes for the weekend? - Yes, 4 Is there any milk in that jug? - Yes, 5 Were there many people at the meeting? ~ Yes, 6 Is there any ironing to be done? - Yes,5.2 General and specific references to quantity 5.2C Study: Gs Write: 5.2D Write: ‘Junk mal! ‘More’ and ‘less’ after quantifier: ‘some more’, ‘a little less’ [> LEG 5.6] We can emphasize quantity with more and less after quantifiers: 1 We can use more + plural nouns after: some/any, a couple, hundreds, a few, hardly any, a lot, lots, many, no, plenty, several: There are a lot more students studying English this year. 2 We can use more + uncountable nouns after: some/any, a bit, a good deal, hardly any, a little, a lot, lots, much, no, plenty: There’s a little more soup if you'd like it. 3 We can use less + uncountable nouns after: any, a bit, a good deal, a little, a lot, lots, much: Id like a little less soup, please. TITS OTE TERE ETRE Choose any more, any less, etc. in the following sentences, rush. How much did we make yesterday? £200? — No, .. You've had enough food already and you can't have There are . people giving up smoking these days. (much more/many more) Newspapers have freedom than you think. (many less/much less) 1 than that. (much less/a few less) 2 3 4 7 5 . young people are passing their driving test first time. (lots more/much more) 6 7 8 (any more/some more) Il help myself to .. . of these vegetables. (some more/any more) Have what you like. There are .. where these came from. (plenty more/much more) There's been... cnn interest in this idea than we expected, (alot less/many less) We've had than forty applicants for this job. (no less/no fewer) We need ... Of this material, but i's hard to get. (many more/much more) 11 Do you want any More? — Y@S, .nnmnsemnnennenns please, (hardly any more/a lot more) 12 I've got .. experience in business than you think. (much more/many more) seo Context Put a circle round the correct words in brackets. SPARE THAT TREE! How Genymucn) lists is your name on? There must be (2plenty/plenty of) lists of names in every part of the world and they must be used to send information to (°milions/millions of) people. The (‘number/ amount) of letters ordinary people receive these days has greatly increased. (°A lot/A lot of) the people | know object to receiving unwanted letters. (*Much/Many) of the mail we receive goes straight into the waste-paper basket. That's why (‘mostithe most) people refer to it as ‘junk mail. It would be better for all of us if we received (‘much/many) ess junk mail and, as a result, saved (°many/much) more trees from destruction. (1°A loVA lot of) trees must be wasted each year to produce mountains of junk mail Recently, | received a very welcome ("'bitibit of) junk mail. It was a leaflet urging me not to waste Paper and to return junk mail to the sender. ‘If we all do this,’ the leaflet said, ‘we will reduce the (®number/number of) trees being destroyed.’ | agreed with every word they said, but why did they have to send me four copies of the leaflet?5 Quantity 5.3 5.30 Study: 5.3B Study: Write: 70 Uses of ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘no’ and ‘none’ ‘Some/any’ or zero in relation to quantity [> LEG 3.6, 3.28.8, 5.3, 5.10] countable nouns The plural of a/an is normally any or some when we are referring to quantity [> 3.18]: : Is there a present for the children? — Are there any presents for the children? : Here's a present for the children. —* Here are some presents for the children. q ‘Sometimes we don't use any and some, even if we are referring to quantity. : The meaning is exactly the same, though we generally prefer to use any and some: Are there any presents for the children? -+ Are there presents for the children? Here are some presents for the children. — Here are presents for the children. uncountable nouns In the same way, we sometimes don't use any and some when referring to quantity Is there any milk in the fridge? is the same as Is there milk in the fridge? There's some milk in the fridge. is the same as There's milk in the fridge. general statements We always use zero in general statements [> 3.1A-B, 3.5A]: Beans are good for you. Olllis produced in Alaska. Life is short. We can use zero in all these sentences. Put in some or any only where possible. 1 vn cTnuee €GQS ae Not nice to eat raw. 9 We can't do without... bread. 2 There are eggs in that basket. 10 Get. bread while you're out. 3 life is full of surprises. 11 Idon't like ... . boiled cabbage. 4 He's 89, but there's stil life in him. 12 Would you like boiled cabbage? 5 Geb eseesnnss Meat and salad for the weekend. 13 .. money has to be earned 6 Some people don't eat meat. 14 You need to earn money. 7 sssnesnse DISCUS are bad for the teeth. 15 There isn't MEWS of him. 8 You WON’ find ....ncsen DISCUitS in thattin. 16 Phate «rs... bad NEWS. Four basic uses of ‘some’ and ‘any’ [> LEG 5.10} ‘Some [compare > 4.68] Any [compare > 4.68] 1 Affirmatives: / want some eggs. 1 Negatives: / don't want any eggs. 2 Questions + ‘yes’: Do you want some tea? 2 Uncertain questions: Is there any ...? 3 Requests: May / have some tea? 3 With hardly, etc.: There's hardly any ink. 4 (= certain): Some people believe anything. 4 With at all: | haven't any idea at all Supply some or any. ‘Are there any more potatoes? ~ Yes, there are .. z potatoes in the dish, Have we got any sugar? — | expect we have. Yes, there's. sugar in this bow. May | have more tea? — Yes, of course. se PeOpIe just don't know how to mind their own business. I didn't get ... shoes at the sales. They were too expensive. | think we've run out of sugar. Is there ... Jsemnnnsnene Sugat in that bowl? — No, there isn't. There are never taxis when you want one. There isn’t . point at all in getting upset about it 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 85.3 Uses of ‘some’, ‘any’, ‘no’ and ‘none’ 5.3C ‘Not...any’, ‘no’ and ‘none’ [> LEG 5.11) Study: | 1 We can use no instead of not any. We use an affirmative verb with no [> 13.24] &) | There aren't any buses after midnight. + There are no buses after midnight. There isn’t any milk. + There's no milk. 2 We can also use no in place of not a/an: ’m not an expert. + I'm no expert. 3. None stands on its own as a pronoun: We have no bananas. We have none. Write: Rewrite these sentences with any, no and none. 1 There are no buses after 12.30. There aren't... ae 2 We haven't got any. We've got .. - 3 I'm not an accountant, but these figures are wrong. m 4 There isn't any explanation for this. There's, 5.3D Other uses of ‘some’ and ‘any’ [> LEG 5.12] Some and any also have special uses: | haven't seen Tom for some years. (= | haven't seen Tom for several years.) Any fool knows the answer to a question like that. (= ‘it doesn't matter who’) Write: Match the sentences on the left with the meanings on the right. 1 Ittook some minutes to see what had gone wrong. _# a) it doesn't matter which 2 There were some 500 people at the meeting. _ b) an extraor 3 Monica's really some actress. ©) an ordinary 4 There must be some person who knows the answer. __ d) not much 5 You're some help, | must say!__ e) about 6 Albert isn’t just any hairdresser, you know. _ f) several 7 Any coatwill do. It needn't be a raincoat. _— 9) an unknown 5.3E Context Write: Putin some, any, no or CAUSE FOR ALARM! MS coctteee ChiIGreN AND 2... GrOWN-UPS Must do their best to keep the world clean,’ Mr Fox said to his class. ‘Sometimes we see ° rubbish in the streets and we must pick it up. Sometimes we eat « sweets and we must put the wrappings in the bin. We must all work together so there's 6 rubbish in the world. Never throw ® plastic into the sea! There's 7. tar on the beaches. There's ® oil in the sea. If We pour ®......... poison into our rivers, G fish die. This is called " pollution, This weekend, see it you can find .. examples of pollution and write ®. sentences about it.’ Jimmy looked very worried when he went home. On Monday, he handed in his composition. ‘Yesterday we had “.. sardines for lunch. Mummy opened the tin, but all the fish were dead and the tin was full of oil!” Sardines for unch. n5 Quantity 5.4 5.44 Study: 8 Write: 5.4B Study: Write: 5.4C Study: 72 ‘Much’, ‘many’, ‘a lot of’, ‘(a) few’, ‘(a) little’, ‘fewer’, ‘less’ Basic uses of ‘much’, ‘many’ and ‘a lot of’ (> LEG 5.13-14) The basic uses are: 1. much (+ uncountable, always singular) and many (+ plural countable) [> 5.14]: —in negative statements: We haven't got much time. There aren't many pandas in China —in questions: /s there much milk? Have you had many inquiries? 2 a lot of or the informal /ots of (+ plural countable or singular uncountable) — in the affirmative: I've got a lot of time/lots of time. I've got a lot of/lots of books. TE Supply much, many or a lot of in these sentences. 1 I know old Mr Higgins has 4.40¢9f money. 4 There aren't = 2 Is there... demand for sik stockings? 5 I must say, you have 3 There isn't space in this flat. 6 Will there be guests at your party? Other common uses of ‘much’, ‘many’ and ‘a lot of [> LEG 5.13-14] 1 We can also use much and many in the affirmative (like a lot of/lots of — in formal statements: Much money is spent on defence. Many teachers retire early. with as... as: Take as much as you like. — in time references: I've lived here for many years. 2 We can use Not much and Not many to begin a sentence: Not many know about this. 3 We can use not a lot of for emphasis: ! haven't got a lot of time for people like him. ‘Supply much or many in these sentences. .Muete.... depends on the outcome of the inquiry Don't be discouraged! ......... v.10. have failed to run the marathon, You can have a8 vnrnn - Of this material as you lke. Take as of these tiles as you want. He has lived here for of his life. We have occupied the same house for .... .. years. ... happens around here when the tourists leave. doctors are prepared to visit patients in their own homes. eVanrens ‘Few’, ‘a few’, ‘little’, ‘a little’ (> Lea 5.15) 11 We use fewand a few with plural countable nouns: few friends, a few friends. We use little and a little with uncountable nouns: litle time, a little time. 2 Few and little are negative (= hardly any): I've got few friends. I've got little time. (hardly any) We sometimes use very with few and litle: I've got very few friends. I've got very little time. {hardly any at all) 3A fewand alittle are positive (= some): I've got a few friends. I've got a little time. (some) We sometimes use only with a few and a litle: I've got only a few friends. (not many) I've got only a little time. (not much)5.4 ‘Much’, ‘many’, 'a lot of’, (a) few’, (a) little’, fewer’, ‘less’ Write: 5.4D Study: Write: Which year? Supply few, a few, little or a little in these sentences 1 There are very ... nese scholarships for students in this university. 2 I'm sorry, but I'm going to have to ask you for more time to pay this bill 3 I you don't hurry we'll miss our train. There's ..... 7 time to spare. 4 It's a difficult text. I've had to 100k UP Quite ..snnnntnneren words in the dictionary. 5 | can't spare any of these catalogues. There are only left. 6 I can't let you use much of this perfume. There's OMIY ....nunennsnnnrsn . in the bottle 7 There are ese who know about this, so keep it to yourself 8 If what you say is true, there iS «on... we can do about it. ‘Fewer’ and ‘less’ [> LEG 5.16] 11 Feweris the comparative of few (few, fewer, the fewest). Less is the comparative of little (little, less, the least [> 6.5C]). 2 Fewer goes with plural countables: Fewer videos have been imported this year than last. 3. Less goes with uncountables: Less oil has been produced this year than last. 4 Informally, we often use less with uncountables. Some native speakers think it's wrong: Less people are travelling abroad this year. People are buying less newspapers than they used to. Supply fewer or less in these sentences 1 The 4444. you pay, the “eusur services you get. 4 New cars need .......... Servi 2 We've had 3 I've had Context than old ones. ‘complaints this year. 5 People have ........ money to spend this year. lessons than you. 6 Sue's got........ homework than Tom. Put in a little, a lot of, a few, few, fewer, many or much. DON'T CALL US, WE'LL CALL YOU! ‘Two years ago | moved to a new neighbourhood. There seem to be very '.....£@Y...... people in this area who are without telephones, so | expected to get a new phone quickly. | applied for one as soon as | moved into my new house. ‘We aren't supplying 2, sesues ROW phones in your area,’ an engineer told me. *. people want new phones at the moment and the company is employing 4, .. engineers than last year so as to save money. Anew phone won't cost you °. a. Money, but it will take 8 ssn time, We cant do anything for you before December.’ You need patience if you're waiting for a new phone and you need ®.... .» {fiends whose phones you can use as well. Fortunately, | had both. December came and went, but there was no sign of a phone. I went to the company's local office to protest. ‘They told me I'd have a phone by December,’ | protested. ‘Which year?’ the assistant asked. 35 Quantity 5.5 ‘Both’ and ‘all’ 5.5A ‘Both/both the’ and ‘all/all the’ with nouns [> LEG 5.18.1-2} Study: | 1 We use both and both the (or both my, etc.) in exactly the same way to refer to two particular 3] | people or things (plural countable nouns): Both children/Both the children are in bed. Both cars/Both the cars are very fast. 2 We use all + noun to refer to things in general: (= the whole number or amount): All children like to play. (plural countables) All advice is useless. (uncountable nouns) 3. All the refers to particular people or things: Alll the children in our street like to play. (all the + plural countable nouns) Alll the advice you gave me was useless. (all the + uncountable noun) Write: Supply both (the) or all the). There is often more than one possibility. 1Bath, (Hhe)yres on my bicycle are flat. 6 2. ... people are mortal. 7. .. addresses in this list are out of date. .». twins want to go to the party. 3. salt in this bag is damp. ee cars need regular servicing. ae ... drinking water must be pure. 9 vrenseesue font lags of this chair are shaky. 5. windows in the house are open. 10 --- @arth and moon go round the sun. 5.5B ‘Both’ and ‘all’: word order with verbs [> LEG 5.19) Study: Both and all have three basic positions in affirmative sentences (compare > 7.44]: © | a ater be when itis the only verb in a sentence: The girls are both ready. (= Both girls/Both the girls are ready.) The girls are all ready. (= All the girls are ready.) b after auxiliaries (can, etc.) or the first auxiliary when there is more than one: The girls can both speak French. (= Both girls/Both the girls can speak French.) The committee should all have resigned. (= All the committee should have resigned.) ¢ before the main verb when there is only one verb: The girls both left early. (= Both girls/Both the girls left early.) The girls all left early. (= All the girls left early.) Write: Rewrite these sentences so that both and all are before or after the verbs. 1 All the customers are complaining. ..... 722. HAdanneny, are, alt. 2 Both the patients had appointments at 10. 3 Both the directors have retired... 4 Both our secretaries can speak French. 5 All the customers should have complained. 6 7 7 8 9 Both the boys had haircuts. .. All the pupils may leave now. All the students wrote good essays. All our employees work too hard. ... 10 All the children must go home early. 11 All the children here learn German. 1%5.5 ‘Both’ and ‘all 5.5C ‘Both’ and ‘all’: word order with pronouns [> LEG 5.20) Study: | subject =] | Instead of: We/They are both ready. We can say: Both of us/them are ready. We/They all left early. All of us/them left early. object Instead of: | love you bothvall. We can say: | love both of you/all of you. He gave us both/all some money. He gave some money to bottval of us. Write: Rewrite these sentences using both of and all of 1 We all took taxis... AM. of we, 00k tants... 2 They both turned left. 3. I know you both. 4 She's interested in them both. 5 Itall went bad... 6 She's concerned about us all. 7 You all filled in the forms, didn't you? 5.5D ‘None of’ and ‘neither of’ [> LEG 5.21] Study: | The negative of All the girls let ear. is: None of the girs left early. itz) ‘The negative of Both the girls left early. is: Neither of the girls left early. Write: Rewrite these sentences in the negative. 1 All the passengers survived. ..... Vane. of he. padsengerd LEG 5.22) 1 We use the whole and a whole with singular countable nouns: He ate the whole loaf. He swallowed a whole banana. The whole film was boring. We do not use the whole with plurals or uncountables. (Not “the whole books/bread’) ‘Some nouns combine only with all He spent all the money. She's 90 and she’s still got all her teeth, ‘Some nouns combine only with whole: You must teil me the whole truth. I'd like to know the whole history of the world. ‘Some nouns combine with all or whole: I've waited all my life/my whole life for such a moment as this. We also use all and a/the whole with time references: all day, a/the whole night. Whole is stronger than all and also combines with words like hour and century: a/the whole hour, a/the whole century. (Not ‘all the hour* ‘all the century’) Rewrite these sentences using either all or whole. 1 Pim losing my hai. oh Me Ong. 2 He explained the situation to me. 3. The money was spent. 4 You didn't tell me the truth. 5 Iheard the story. 6 It wil take a century to clean up the atmosphere.. ‘All’ compared with ‘everyone/everybody’ and ‘everything’ [> LEG 5.24-25] 1 We rarely use al on its own to mean ‘everyone/everybody': Everyone/Everybody wanted Marilyn's autograph. (Not “All wanted’). 2 All means ‘everyone/everybody’ when we use other words with it: All of us/We all agreed to sign the contract. All those who were present were in favour. (= Everyone/Everybody agreed to sign. Everyone/Everybody present was in favour.) 3 We often use all and everything with other words to refer to things: AlV/Everything | have belongs to you. He taught me all/everything | know. But note: He gave me everything. (Not *He gave me all.*) Use all, everyone or everything in these sentences. 1 When the famous actress appeared, ...... MenYane. 2. linvited came to my party. 3 I'm not buying anything. ... 18 to0 expensive. those who know me can be sure I'm telling the truth of us felt that it had been a wonderful experience. stood up when the President came into the room talked about the elections, but I'm not sure they : voted, in the building was destroyed in the fire. Some of the objects were priceless. 9 I wouldn't help you for. the tea in China! 40 How much do you want for .. . in the shop? wanted to speak to her. ey388®5.6 All (they’,(a/the) whole’, ‘each’ and ‘every’ 5.6C ‘Each’ and ‘every’ [> LEG 5.26] Study: | 1 We often use each, like both, to refer to two people or things: fal | My wife and | each ordered avocado to start with. We cannot use every here 2 We can use each and every to refer to more than two. Each suggests ‘one by one’, ‘separately’; every suggests ‘all together’: Each child at the party had a piece of cake. (Every is also possible.) Every child in the world loves the story of Cinderella. (Each is unlikely.) 3. We must use every (Not “each’) after nearly and after not Nearly every shop is shut today. Not every train driver is on strike today. | 4 We cannot use of after every and we cannot use every at the end of a sentence: Each of the children received a present. They received a present each. 5 We can use every with a few uncountable nouns: My mother gave me every encouragement when | was a child. Write: Supply each or everyiin the following sentences. Sometimes both are possible. 1 Nearly wery. .. home in the country has television. 2 Here is something for of you. NOt wenn student is capable of learning English 4 Our motoring organization will give you . assistance if you break down. 5 The admission ticket cost us £5 .... 6 They seem to be repairing .. road in the country. 7 2 a Toad is clearly signposted. 8 There's a fire extinguisher ON .ncne-cnsennm floor in the building. 9 floor in the building has its own fire extinguisher. 10 They are .- fortunate to have such a good startin life. 11 They both did well and they will... : receive prizes 12 You've been given ... enprtnty to do well in this company. 18 I've phoned him twice, but he’s been out on . nse nnesnnneee OCCASION 14 I've been phoning him all week, but he's been aut on .. oocasion. 5.6D Context Write: Putin each, every, everyone, everything, all or whole. JIM MEETS JAMES I've just heard the *. story of the Lewis twins from Ohio, who were adopted by different families at birth and who met each other for the first time at the age of 39... wanted to know if they had anything in common. They had! They had ° . Mattied a woman called Linda. * of them had been divorced and married another woman called Betty. The couples who adopted them had called them ‘Jim’. Many similar things happened to them their lives, The ?...cnnenne list is endless. Almost ... experience they had had was the same: there were exact . they had ever done. As Jim said when he first parallels for ® met James, ‘It wasn't like meeting a stranger!" it wasn't ike meeting a strangert 75 Quantity 5.7 ‘Another’, ‘(the) other(s)’, ‘either’, ‘neither’, ‘ each (one of)’ 5.7A ‘Another’, ‘other’, ‘others’, ‘the other’, ‘the others’ [> LEG 5.27) 1 Another doesn't refer to anything in particular. It can mean: ~ ‘different’: Come another day. (= any other day, no particular day) ~ ‘additional’: We need another day to finish this. (= one more day, no particular day) We can contrast some and others) when we talk about things in general: ‘Some holidays are cheap and other holidays are expensive. Some holidays are cheap and others are expensive. (= holidays in general) We can contrast one with the other or the others when referring to particular things: This one is mine and the other one is yours. (Or: ... the other is yours) This one is mine and the other ones are yours. (Or: ... the others are yours) We can use the others) to refer to people as well: John went cycling and the other boy/the other boys went with him. John went cycling and the others went with him. The other day can mean ‘a few days ago’; the next day refers to the following day: I met your father in the street the other day. (= a few days ago) We spent our first night in Cairo and the next day we went to Alexandria. ‘Supply another, other, the next, the other, the others and others. John came to see me . day. It was last Friday, | think, { met two strangers on the way to work, One of them greeted me and ‘Some people like to have the windows open all the time; .. {can't see him today. I'l have to see him .. day. We spent the night in a small vlage and continued our journey sw day, and ... boy are playing in the yard. Jane and .. . Gifls are in the front room. There must be .. road that leads to the city centre. 8 There must be .... .» foads that lead to the city centre. 9 I can't let you have any of these plants, but you can have all... . did't don't Noarons her’ and ‘neither’ + singular nouns [> LEG 5.29) Either and neither refer to two people, things, etc. only. (compare > 1.4] Either means ‘one or the other’: Which pot will | use? - Either (of them). It doesn't matter which Neither means ‘not one and not the other’: Which pot will | use? - Neither (of them). Use this frying pan. Supply either or neither. 1. When shall we meet: at 7 or at 7.30 | don't mind. 2 You can’t use those screwdrivers. 3 I1don't know who's on the phone. It's. ..- Your mother or your aunt. 4 I met John a year ago, but I've seen him nor heard from him since. 5 Say what you lke about those two applicants. | didn't like of them! [> 13.24] 6 I know you sent us two letters, but we have received ..- Of them, time is convenient for me. of them is suitable for the job. 785.7 ‘Another’, the} other(s)’ ‘either’ ‘neither’, ‘each (one of)’ 5.7C ‘Each of’, etc. [> LEG 5.5.2, 5.30-31] 1 We can use of the/my, etc. after any, some, another, each, either, neither, none [> 5.24: Instead of: Neither lift is working. ‘We can say: Neither of the lifts is working. 2 After either, neither and none, when the reference is plural, we can use a plural verb in ‘everyday speech or a singular verb when we wish to sound ‘correct or formal: Neither of us is/are happy about this. None of my friends has/have been invited. Write: Rewrite these sentences using of the. 1 Another teaspoon is missing. . 2 Neither roadmap is much use. 3 Any roadmap you have will be OK... 4 Either road leads to the same place. .. 5 Each painting is perfect. .. 6 Neither boy is guilty. 7 I can't ask either secretary to do the job. 8 Give atip to each porter. ... 5.7D ‘One of’ [> LEG 5.30] Study: We can say: Each of these answers is right. Or: Each one of these answers is right. ico} We can use of or one of after any, another, each, either, and neither. We must use a noun after every (every room) or we must use one of (every one of: Every room is booked. Every (single) one of the rooms is booked. (Net “Every of) Write: Delete one where possible in these sentences. 1 Every one of these answers is wrong. 2 Each one of these pilots has been highly trained. 3 She came in here and criticized every single one of our products. 4 I'm not prepared to listen to another one of your complaints. 5 Any one of us might be asked to help in an emergency. 5.7E Context Write: Putin one, either, others, other, the other or some. HALT! The ' 2 day the Prime Minister appointed a new Minister of Transport. nisters like to travel everywhere by c: svosnse Prefer 10 USE public transport.‘ . of these means of transport is fine, but the new minister is 6. of those who goes everywhere by bicycle. When he arrived at the House of Commons yesterday, he was stopped by two security guards : of them was sure he had seen him before. ‘I know you, don’t I?’ asked one of the guards. "You're 7... Of these messengers, aren't you?’ ‘Well, no, actually, the minister replied, ‘Im f the ministers.’ ‘I knew you wore or", .f' the guard replied. He goes everywhere by bicycle 79