GENERAL MACRO ETCH TESTING

Macro etch testing (normally used with other destructive testing methods
duringqualification of in-service pipeline welding procedures) evaluates the macro-structure
ofa weld’s heat-affected zone for anomalies. An etchant is used to clarify the weldstructure;
and magnification is used to clarify the view. For permanent test records,photomacrographs
are commonly developed.To examine the penetrationprofile and fusion of a weld,macro
etching involves:
Figure 3.08.1:
Macro etch cross section of an acceptable weld
1. Cutting the samplethrough the weld with anon-thermal process2. Polishing the surface
toat least a 600-grit finish3. Applying an etchant,ammonium persulfate ordiluted
hydrochloric acid4. Visually examining thecross section of the weld An acceptable weld (see
Figure 3.08.1) will show complete fusion, free of any cracks.
HARDNESS TESTING
The hardness of a weld is affected by:
 Composition of the pipe and weld metal
 Metallurgical effects of the welding process
 Heat treatmen