The Bohr Atom 11.1. THE YDROGEN SPECTRUM _By the cr of the ninctcenth century much experimental work had been done on the analysis of the discrete spectrum of mdiation emitted when electrical discharges wore produced in gases. The lightest nd simplest of all atoms is hycroven, being composed of a nucleus and one clectron. It was perhaps not Surprising, then, that very precise spectroscopic measurements showed that hydrogen had the simplest Spectrum of all the elements, It was found that the various lines in the optical and nonoptical regions were systematically: spaced in various series. Amazingly, it tured cut that all the wavelengths of atomic Sydrogen were given by a single empirical relation, the Ridbeng formula rn where ny = Tandn, = 2.3.4... gives the Lyman series (ultraviolet region) ny = Band n, = 3.4.5... gives the Balmerseries optical region) my =3andn, = 4, 5,6... gives the Paschen series (infrared region) ty Stand, = 5.6.7... gives the Brackett serves far infrared region) R= 10967758 x 107A! and so on for other series lying in the farther infrared. 11.2 THE BOHR THEORY OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM 1913 Niels Bohr developed a physicel theory of atomic hydrogen from which the Rydbeng fe could be derived! Dohr’s mode! for atomic hydrogen is based upon a planctary picture where @ ligh electron revolves srounda heavy positively charged nucleus. The force maintaining t electron in ite oebit is the attractive Coulomb force: rae k= 9.0% 10°N~ mC ¢ hydrogen Z = 1. A straightforward classical calculation (Problem 11.14) then shows hat Fthe electron is related to the radius of its orbit, assumed by Bohr to be circular, by > _ kee a Pa 103,tos THE BOHR ATONE fewar 11 Where m is the mass ofthe elec tron, and the tolal energy of the electron (kinet sl + ard the total energy ofthe electron (kinetic energy + potential energy) h mor = nt 3) Qn i nh th = Ie or Mhere 71 = 1.2,3,-... The quantity 1 = mtr is the angular momentum of the clectron moving in its xcular orbit, so it is sen that in the Bohr theory the electrons angular momentum is quantized. The integer 1 is called the principal quanrum number. Solving (11.1), (11.2), and (11.3) for the three unknowns r.£, and , one obtains the following. qantized quantities: 14) Ls) (Ley In the stable states of the atom specified by (I/.4), (11.5), and (11.6) the electron is postulated not to radiate; the radiation process is discussed in Section 11.3. The minimum-energy state (n = 1) is called the grand state. It is seen that the quantities 7}, Ej, and vj depend only on the fundamental constants of nature m. ¢, k and h. When the numerical values of these constants are used, one cbtains 137.0 ‘Note that for hydrogen (Z = 1), 7; =r), Ej = ~E,, and vf = v,. The values 0.529 A and 13.58 eV are in ‘god agreement with experimental determinations of the radius and ionization energy of the hydrogen [siom. ri =0529A Ej = 13.58ev 1.3 EMISSION OF RADIATION IN BOHR’S THEORY Classical electrodynamical theory predicts that an orbiting (hence, accelerating) charge should emit ition whose frequency would be equal to the frequency of revolution. We have already scen in the ic effect, however, that classical electrodynamics must be modified on an atomic seale when orption of electromagnetic radiation is considered, In an analogous fashion Bohr chose to modify ical electrodynamics on an atomic scale when emission of electromagnetic radiation occurs, Bohr postulated that an atom will emit radiation onty when the electron, initially in one of the stable orbits where E = E,, changes to another allowed orbit with a smaller energy given by E = E;, The Of the emitted photon will then be equal to the difference between the electron energics in the two orbits, Thus the wavelength of the emitted photon will be found from 28 hv=hS Ey-E oor 4 = 7G F) ut aaa ‘THE BOHR ATOM Sotetinuting the values of the orbital enenpes given by (71.54 we ten find 1_ 2nteemz® ( 1 i a a we \ni with = Bete?) _ 1 99737 x 10 A! (hey {In this analysis it is assumed that the positively charged nucleus is so massive compared to the electron that it can be considered infinitely heavy. If the finite mass of the nucleus is taken into consideration, the motion of the combined electron (m=) and nucleus (M) system separated by a distance r about its center of ‘mass is equivalent to a particle of reduced mass mM mM leg 14e he Orbiting the center of mass at a radius r. For hydrogen m/M = 1/1836, and using this to modify the Rydberg constant we obtain = Reo _ 1.09737 x 107 A T+ (n/m) 1+ (1/1836) 1 agreement with the experimental value R = 1.096 7758 x 10™° A. Ry = 1.0968 x 10 A“!are 2 Se Fe ; ; (CHar | —— 2. ue ———— oS oe — 4) —Se ae = aie¥ S=* =———. “sw SS= ——$— Pe, a 70s : — Ss ne ——__ jo I——__ haw 2——_____n ——___ 4.» a Bs Fig. 1-2DIAGRAMS M4 ENERGY Lev a allowed states is . | A coment way to describe the tmeitions Between a TS own in Fis 11 ’ : iheremom tend enn ne 1 transitions are then indicated by arrows runni eee iat averse final energy state, designated by n, Thus, for example, the prorsiiel series are culled Hy. Hy. H.. ere indicated by the arrows that end on , = 2. The lines in the indicated in Fig, 11-1 118, HYDROGENIC ATOMS hus, hydrogenic ators : its electrons. Thus, hydro ‘A toeroncenic ator is an storm that is stripped of all but one of its electron Toe lium n nen (LP singly ionized helium (He', Z = 2), double ionized lithium aS. {ii 2 = 4 and sofort These seme behave i ll respects like hydro ee nnn pesitive charge of Ze, where Z's the nomic numberof the atm. Equations (11.1) tou (11-7) he hydrogen stom, proved the apprepriae vale ofZ used Figure He", and Li?* Solved Problems 11.1. Determine, in angstroms, the shortest and longest wavelengths of the Lyman series of hydrogen, Ans. Wavelengths in the Lyman series are given by nj = 1 t Leaornionn(h-t) nana The longest wavelength corresponds to n, ~ 2: em toneion (i) oe fam 12ISA ‘The shortest wavelength corresponds to 1, 1.007 1079 A 12A 11.2. Determine the wavelength of the second line of the Paschen serics for hydrogen. ) oe ; ‘The Paschen series is defined by nm, = 3, and the second line Corresponds tom, = 5. Henec, 1 S(t > 07 x 10 A-H(, -9) or 2 12.8204 113. The longest wavelength in the Lyman series for hy gen is 1215S A. Calculate ne ymat iydrogen is 1215 A, Calculate the Rydberg ard = ats ina) Fee the Lyman series ny = 1; the longest wavelength will correspond te the value m, = 2 1 1 t peri rasan a 0xTHE BOHR ate, 14. Determ Ienar 1) ne the Waveten, ths OF hy Ans. The 'yarOREN that tie in the opti “SINENS for eropen mest, PUSS Spectrum (3860 0 19 700 4), FC eager (tt 19 Problem 11.1 oe 5 8 found that hen NOME OF these lic For SPI ran fom 912A 161218 A, wo ar ie BS ort iegon, For a ati lone wan o de HOT aay ‘wl be thre melo comgcde 6, giving 1 1 1.097 x 10 y(t _ oa 4(e wavclen eg bev elengths in the Balmer sorice (n= 2) lic in the optical region. To determine werent st d= SB00A and se wee sia ‘hersfors he lines inthe opica Dmcel ee, Hence, these tan(t_t Hono 4(! 8 region are given by Me = 3.4, $.0...9 1 = Sines the shortest wavelength ofthe Paschen serie (2 = 3) feo nina 9 F007 x10 %a1(Lac BES. “Evahue the ionization Potential of hydrogen, £). in units of eV. Ans 2n7Hetm Ie (he?y me) 2n2(14.40eV + APOSIL x Fev) tial lima ELLE CA 2 he? (12.40% 10¥ev. Ay? ae ited when a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition 544 eV ~ (~3.40eV) = 2.860y. ‘The wavelength of this photon is given by he 124% 10ev. a Baier = A808THE BOHR ATOM cua 11) s formula, ‘This problem can also be solved using Rydberg ) 1007s 10(4 2) Solving, i = 43400, the Sonizaton enexy of hydrogen if the shorest wavelength in the Balmer sera. Determine the ionization «x found to be 3650.A =e wavelet will corespond to », c Balmer snes open by mj 2. The shonest wa pascorspreh to Soeyih ome acount “moa (= 1B. How many different photons can be emitted by hytogen atoms that undergo transitions to the ‘sround state from the n= 5 state? A124 x 10'eV- Ay = 13.6ev 36504 7 ‘tt Comite epi fairy n> omy pt ota igen Sere ec aa am talon tae |e "env Thus, the number of photons is equal to the number of such pairs, which is 0 photons. Powe reascning fails if there is “degeneracy.” men fond tthe same energy diference, In that og the ety -10-19€X, @ bycrogen atom emits a 4890) A Photon. Determine the binding energy of the inital cate ‘ns, ‘The energy of the emitted phaton is he _ 12.40 x 1O'ev- A BO aie Sind ae The excitation energy (Eis the energy to the energy of the level is Sate ‘rate the tlom to aleve! above the pround state Therefore, -136eV + 10.19¢ 1, F,~(-3AleV) = 2.54ey ‘Therefore the binding energy of an electron inthe state is 0.87 ev, Note that the transi ition comesponds to nf. few Y Sun VOBtey, =feHar 1) SPRY state E, given by (assuming Lae ' NORIO AN SB ns — aay i ae z 6503 I-11. According to the Bohr of hydrogen if the lifetime i Ans, ; how many revolutions will an electron make in the fist excited state in that state is 10-* x? BY (11-4) and (11.6, the radios and ebital velocity forthe uate n = 2 are given by 40.529 A) =2.12A= 2.12 x 10-!m (137) 1.10. 10° m/s The angulac velocity is then 110 x 10° m/s i oF = Fr rigs = 052 x 10 rata and the total number of revolutions is wt (0.52 x 10" rad/s) 10-* s) Feo a = 83 x 1h rev 11.12. Determine the correction to the wavelength of an emitted photon when the rex the hydrogen nucleus is taken into account. ‘Ans. Assuming that the atom is initaily at Fost, conservation of energy givesKsrates Bohrk corregwnding principle, which states that for large na. quantum ‘alintion cant £0, 2% into the coresponding classical equation. According t» caceeat theory, ‘radiation emitted from i 11-14. An electron rotates in @ circle around a mucleus with Positive charge Ze. How is the el velocity related to the radius of its orbit? Ars, 1115, How is the total energy of the electron in Problem 11.14 Ans The electrical ponemial energy of the electron is Vag =(-9 = MZ) _ ee ‘The kinetic energy ofthe electron i found by using the reat of Rf m yA He 3 The total energy is thenAns plus two extra sins uh te ee tos of BYSOEEN TO he " ee ‘gvailable, there will ‘be more lines in er rk SI amin tol I ma ratio of deuterium and hydrogen if, Tespeste and 6562 A. (it was through 11.17. Determine the wavelengths of 6561.01 A was discovered.) “Ans, In terms of the reduced mass of the atom. the Rydberg formula whore m and M ae the eletrenie and nuclear masses For a fixed transition and fied 7 this emphies that 2 is proportional 1 | + (m/iM), so that Substituting the data and m/My = 1/1836, -.9A 1 ssecma” va Gis!) Solving, My My M4205 oo Menro My My ? i 1.18 Desuies the Rydberg constant for positronium (a bound system composed of a positron and an Ans. The mass ofa positron is the same as the mass of an electron, $0 that R R. : Be —o,sags «10-9 A! [a TH (Ml) ~T¥ (mim) ~ 2 9. Refer to Problem 11.18. Find the ionization potential of positronium.Ans, 11.20, Electrons are accelerated between a filament and a grid through mercury vapor by a variable potential 7, as shown in Fig. 11-3(a). A small retarding potential, V, *0.5V is: maintained between the grid and the collector plate. When the curve / in the collector is measured as a function of the accelerating voltage, the curve of Fig. 11-3(6) is obtained. Determine the first excitation ‘energy of mercury and the wavelength of the light emitted by mercury in the experiment. w Ans ® Fig. 113 7 The ionization energy is the energy required to excite positronium from its ground state (n; = 1) to the state 1, = cc. Thus ¥ Engg, = heRy = (12.40 x 10? eV + AX0.5485 x 10? A!) = 6.BeV t 4 Im order 10 reach the collector the electrons. mat have a kinetic energy greater than the retarding, potential energy of about 0.5 eV between the grid and the collector. As the accelerating potential is. increased, the electrons acquire larger and larger kinetic energies and hence more and more reach collector, resulting in an increasing current, Eventually, however, the electrons acquire an energy 10 the first excited state of the mercury atoms. At this point the electrons can excite the mercury into this state, thereby losing kinetic energy. Thos fewer electrons will have sufficiem energy ‘overcome the retarding potential Vy, resulting in the observed dip in the collector current. In the mercury vapor, previously dark, will emit radiation as the atoms return to their yround ste,[CHAP 11 ‘because the electrons can Upon further increase in I aceuine additonal kinetic energy after 2 ice. a potentials clectrons will have sufficient ene"Ey ase yteroad cage rand so on. (We are neglecting the poss es in ad 0 0. a a gat special potential variations across Ager excd state This could happen, ‘ requir.) The voltage diference between the various current Peaks ccnony required 10 excite mercury into its first excited stats, 0 AE = eAV = 4.880V and various contact, (The poterial of the fist peak cannot be used because of the existence of Vx and various comect potentials) The wavelengths of the photon emitted when the excited mercury atoms spround state is ete he 2AXIV A a5494 ‘ de This eaperiment was first performed by J. Franck and G. Hert in 1914, and was the first ‘experiment to demonstrate the existence of saticnary states in atoms, further confirming Bohr's emerging quamum hypothesis. In addition. it showed that atoms can be excited by interacting with ences Soro cael Yukawa’s explanation of nuclear binding forces (i.e, strong interactions), the existence of a particle Called a mesonic. of rest mass. 264 times the rest mass of an electron, was predicted, Two years afier this ediction, in 1937. a particle with a rest mass of 207 electron masses was discovered. However. in 1946, it ‘Mas shown that this y-meson was not the predicted particle, and a short time after, the Yukawa particle, ‘alled a r-meson. was found. __ Both n- and p-mesons can be found with negative charge, and can therefore form hydrogenic atoms. ‘The Bobr orbits of these particles, due lo their lane masyes, are much smaller than the clecron'’s orbits. ‘11.21. Determine the ionization energy of a u-mesonic atom that is formed when a ji-meson is captured by is is identical in all respects to that of a hydrogen atom, with the mass. m. of the eleciron replaced by 207 m. 101(13.60V) = 282keV |.22. Refer to Problem 11.21. Calculate the radius of the first Bohr orbit in ™*Ph (Z = 82) for a yemesonic atom. ns. By (114), r, vaties inversely with Znt, Hence, (0.529 A) =3.12 x 107° A= 3.12 fm t (821207) For Problem 11.22. calculate the energy of the first Bohr orbit. Ans. By (11.5), Ey varies directly with 2m, Hence, E,, = (82¥(207—13.58 eV) = -19.0 MeV NTHE ROHR x ‘TOM nd 7 tems atom, what is the energy of the in, =2 00 m= ty ics of transitions with mj =4 (the Brackett 27. Calculate the Stortestwavelength photon inthe sti SHS), Ans. 1459 x tot 1128. The shortest wavelength in the Radner (io cogent 3646 A. Determine the Ryders conmant Som this valve Ans 1.097 x 10 So 1129. Fed he vali of mise ic hdr gen te weet a the hydrogen spectrum at 1026 A. (Note: this is it the Lyman series.) Ans. 3 HS Reet Pater 11.29 Sor the iytromen spect fine. at “4661 A. (Note: this is in the Balmer srs.) fas 4 N31. Evaluate fe? in units of ev «A Ans. 14.400V +A 1132, Show that cj/e = 2rke?/he = 2 is 1/137 The dimensionless quantity > is called the fine siucture constant. HH, From (71.4) evaluate the ras of the frst Bohr orbit of hycrogen in angstroms. Ans. 0.529 1136, Determine the mit Se et be ho yhgen som so that it cance Hin (Te line comsponds to a4 2 transition) — gy. 2 s5e¥ 137. Drei te Kine enray of cto in he hd ead se of trogen Ans. 0.85 eV 113K, “Os essing pete wl erable lero onze hyhegen se? Ans. 13.616 ‘THE BOHR ATOM {CHAP 39. What isthe highest state that nexcited hydrogen atons can rach when they are bombarded with 12.6€V clectrons? Ans. n=3 \ M40. Find the recoil energy of a hydropen atom when a photon is emited in a transition fom n, = 10 40 mal Ans. 9.6 x10 eV Hl. “Calculate the factional chanye in the wavelength of a spectral line that arises from a small change in the Teduced mass of the atom. — Ans. A/i = ~Ayi/u M142. Determine the radius of the second Bohr orbit for doubly ionized lithium, Ans. 0.7054 1.43. For triply ionized beryliium (2 ) determine the first Bohr orbit radius. Ans. 0.1320 HA4, Determine the wavelngth of the My line of deuterium if the Hy line of hydrogen is 4862.6 © Ry = 1.09707 x 107A), Ans. 486134 Ans. 1.064; 423 1.46. (2) Calculate the first three energy levels for positronium. (6) Find the wavelength of the I, line (3 + 2 ansition) of positronium. dns. (a) ~6.8eV. —1.70V, -0.760V; (6) 1313.