EMDKQNB LB HJAKQJ\KQEK6 NJYJ NKHBIRHJQ LB RMJ YRY\JMIEJ

TKHÊ\EH

_QBYBM\JLK _KQ6

HREY BMQEZRB IKQLBQK IJAQJHBY

JMJEQEY \REQJM TJQ@JY

BLPEM FJTEBQ _QJYIJ IKMBK

_QBYBM\JLK J6

Lr. NJRBH _JBV

RMETBQYELJL LB IÙQLKAJ

DJIRH\JL6 IEBMIEJY AÊYEIJY

LB_JQ\JNBM\K6 ZRÎNEIJ

IRQYK6 DEYEIKZÖENEIJ :

NKM\BQÎJ ’ IÙQLKAJ

1?1?
 

QBYRNBM

Hks êtknks y nkhåiuhjs, bm bh bstjlk `jsbksk, sb iknpkrtjm iknk ibmtrks pumtujhbs lb njsj

qub skhk bm bh rjm`k lb hjs jhtjs prbsekmbs y ajfjs tbnpbrjturjs skm jdbitjljs pkr hjs dubrzjs

jtrjitevjs. Dubrj lb bstks hînetbs, hjs prkpebljlbs dîseijs lb um `js sb lbabm premiepjhnbmtb jh

nkvenebmtk emlbpbmlebmtb lb sus nkhåiuhjs. Ye sb ikmselbrjm j um `js ikmtbmelk bm um rbiepebmtb,

hj prbseùm qub bstb bfbrib bs hj dubrzj pkr umeljl lb êrbj skarb hjs pjrblbs lbaelj j hks enpjitks

bhêsteiks lb hjs nkhåiuhjs

Yb tebmb iknk dem lbtbrnemjr hj njsj nkhbiuhjr lb umj lbtbrnemjlj sustjmiej, nblejmtb um

bxpbrenbmtk ajsjlk bm hj biujieùm lb hks `jsbs elbjhbs, j trjvås lb nbleiekmbs lb tbnpbrjturj,

vkhunbm, njsj y prbseùm ikmstjmtb.

Jpheijr hks ikmibptks ihjvbs bs enprbsiemleahb j hj ckrj lb hj jpheijieùm lb hjs dkrnuhjs y su

 pkstbrekr rbskhuieùm j trjvås lb hks iêhiuhks.
 

EM\QKLRIIEÙM

Hj njsj nkhbiuhjr bs hj sunj lb ijlj umj lb hjs njsjs lb hks bhbnbmtks

bhbnbmtks qub iknpkmbm um

iknpubstk, bxestbm nuicjs njmbrjs dêiehbs lb ijhiuhjrhjs lbpbmlebmlk bm bh bstjlk bm qub sb

bmiubmtrb hj njtbrej (sùhelk, hîquelk y `jsbksk). Bm hks `jsbs (hîquelk vkhêteh) sb publb ijhiuhjr

hj njsj nkhbiuhjr lb njmbrj bxpbrenbmtjh jpheijmlk bh ikmibptk lb biujieùm lb bstjlk lb hks

`jsbs elbjhbs, lkmlb hj tbnpbrjturj, hj prbseùm y bh mönbrk lb nkhbs lbh `js fub`jm um pjpbh

enpkrtjmtb bm bh iknpkrtjnebmtk lb bstb bm bh sestbnj.

Bm bh hjakrjtkrek mk sb trjajfj ikm umj skhj nkhåiuhj, semk ikm `rjmlbs `rupks lb nkhåiuhjs.

Hj njsj lb um nkh bxprbsjlj bm `rjnks ikemielb munåreijnbmtb ikm hj njsj lb umj nkhåiuhj

bxprbsjlj bm umeljlbs lb njsj jtùneij. Hj njsj nkhjr ikemielb munåreijnbmtb ikm hj njsj

nkhbiuhjr, pbrk skm lks iksjs lestemtjs. Nebmtrjs qub hj njsj nkhbiuhjr bs hj njsj lb umj
nkhåiuhj, hj njsj nkhjr bs hj njsj lb um nkh lb iknpubstk, bs lbier, lbh mönbrk lb Jvk`jlrk

lb nkhåiuhjs. Hj njsj nkhbiuhjr bm umk ikemielb munåreijnbmtb ikm hj njsj nkhjr bm `rjnks.

_jrj umj sustjmiej bm bstjlk `jsbksk6

Yebmlk6 _ > _rbseùm lbh `js (bxprbsjlj bm jtnùsdbrjs). T > Tkhunbm lbh `js (bxprbsjlk bm
hetrks). n > @rjnks lb sustjmiej `jsbksj.

N > Njsj lb um nkh lb sustjmiej bxprbsjlj bm `rjnks. Q > Ikmstjmtb lb hks `jsbs pbrdbitks

>

\ > \bnpbrjturj (bm Gbhvem).

 

Hj lbtbrnemjieùm lbh pbsk nkhbiuhjr lb um `js, pkr tjmtk, bxe`b ikmkibr hks ljtks

bxpbrenbmtjhbs qub sb nubstrjm bm hj jmtbrekr bxprbseùm.

Hj prbseùm y hj tbnpbrjturj lb um `js skm debhnbmtb lbtbrnemjahbs bxpbrenbmtjhnbmtb7 pjrj

katbmbr hks rbstjmtbs ljtks, hks nåtklks `bmbrjhbs sb dumljnbmtjm bm lbtbrnemjr hj njsj lb umj

sustjmiej ikmtbmelj bm um vkhunbm demjhnbmtb ikmkielk, k bm cjhhjr bh vkhunbm lb `js k jerb

bquevjhbmtb jh nesnk, prkluielk pkr um pbsk lb sustjmiej.

Bh bstjlk `jsbksk bs um bstjlk lb hj njtbrej qub sb ijrjitbrezj pkr hj jusbmiej lb `rjmlbs

dubrzjs lb ikcbseùm bmtrb hjs nkhåiuhjs, rjzùm pkr hj iujh hks `jsbs prbsbmtjm iebrtjs prkpebljlbs

dîseijs tbhbs iknk bxpjmseaeheljl y dêieh leduseùm.

 Hj njsj nkhjr lb um hîquelk lb dêieh vjpkrezjieùm sb publb lbtbrnemjr j trjvås lb hj

biujieùm lb hks `jsbs elbjhbs, hj iujh rbhjiekmj hj prbseùm, tbnpbrjturj, vkhunbm y nkhbs lb um
`js. Rm `js elbjh, bs cepktåteik dkrnjlk pkr pjrtîiuhjs pumtujhbs, sem jtrjiieùm me rbpuhseùm bmtrb

bhhjs y iuyks ickqubs skm pbrdbitjnbmtb bhêsteiks.

 

KAFB\ETKY

- Lbtbrnemjr hj njsj Nkhbiuhjr lb umj sustjmiej hîquelj vkhêteh lbsikmkielj, jpheijmlk hj

biujieùm lb bstjlk lb hks `jsbs elbjhbs.

- Lbtbrnemjr hj lbmseljl lb umj sustjmiej lbsikmkielj bm bh bstjlk `jsbksk, j hjs ikmleiekmbs

lbh hjakrjtkrek.

- Jpheijr hks ikmibptks lb Ikmleiekmbs Mkrnjhbs pjrj bh iêhiuhk lb nkhbs lb umj sustjmiej

bm bstjlk `jsbksk.
 

IKM\BMELK

QBYRNBM...................................................................................................................................

EM\QKLRIIEÙM........................................................................................................................

KAFB\ETKY...............................................................................................................................2
DRMLJNBM\KY LB HJ _QÊI\EIJ.....................................................................................:

NJ\BQEJHBY U QBJI\ETKY................................................................................................9

_QKIBLENEBM\K BS_BQENBM\JH....................................................................................<

IÊIRHKY, QBYRH\JLKY U JMÊHEYEY...............................................................................0

IRBY\EKMJQEK.......................................................................................................................5

IKMIHRYEÙM.........................................................................................................................:2

AEAHEK@QJDÎJ......................................................................................................................:4
 

DRMLJNBM\KY LB HJ _QÊI\EIJ

Rm nklk lb lbtbrnemjr hj njsj Nkhbiuhjr lb um hîquelk vkhêteh,

vkhêteh, ikmsestb bm cjibr bvjpkrjr

umj nubstrj lbh nesnk bm um rbiepebmtb ibrrjlk jh iujh sb hb cj jaebrtk um pbqubúk kredeiek pjrj

qub bsijpb pjrtb lbh vjpkr cjstj qub hj prbseùm emtbrmj lbh rbiepebmtb (lbaelj jh vjpkr qub qublj

bmibrrjlk) sbj e`ujh j hj prbseùm jtnksdåreij.

Ikmkielks bh vkhunbm, hj tbnpbrjturj y hj prbseùm lbh `js bmibrrjlk bm bh rbiepebmtb, sb publb

bmtkmibs lbtbrnemjr hj njsj nkhbiuhjr lbh nesnk jpheijmlk hj biujieùm lb Bstjlk pjrj hks

@jsbs elbjhbs.

Ijrjitbrîsteijs lb @js Elbjh

Yb ikmselbrj qub um `js elbjh prbsbmtj hjs se`uebmtbs ijrjitbrîsteijs.

Bh mönbrk lb nkhåiuhjs bs lbsprbiejahb iknpjrjlk ikm bh vkhunbm tktjh lb um `js.

 Mk cjy dubrzj
dubrzj lb
 lb jtrjiieùm bmtrb hjs nkhåiuhjs.

Hjs ikhesekmbs skm pbrdbitjnbmtb bhêsteijs.

Bvetjmlk hjs tbnpbrjturjs bxtrbnjljnbmtb ajfjs y hjs prbsekmbs nuy bhbvjljs, pklbnks

ikmselbrjr qub hks `jsbs rbjhbs sb iknpkrtjm iknk `jsbs elbjhbs.

_T > m Q \

Lkmlb6

_ bs hj prbseùm jtnksdåreij bm jtnùsdbrj (jtn)

T bs bh vkhunbm lbh rbiepebmtb

rbiepebmtb bm hetrks (H)

m bs bh mönbrk lb nkhbs lb hj sustjmiej bm bstjlk `jsbksk

Q bs hj ikmstjmtb pjrj hks `jsbs elbjhbs >

\ bs hj tbnpbrjturj jaskhutj lb ¶G, jh iujh sb bmiubmtrj hj sustjmiej bm bstjlk `jsbksk.

 

Hj lbtbrnemjieùm lbh pbsk nkhbiuhjr lb um `js, pkr tjmtk, bxe`b ikmkibr hks ljtks

bxpbrenbmtjhbs qub sb nubstrjm bm hj jmtbrekr bxprbseùm.

Hj prbseùm y hj tbnpbrjturj lb um `js skm debhnbmtb lbtbrnemjahbs bxpbrenbmtjhnbmtb7 pjrj

katbmbr hks rbstjmtbs ljtks, hks nåtklks `bmbrjhbs sb dumljnbmtjm bm lbtbrnemjr hj njsj lb umj

sustjmiej ikmtbmelj bm um vkhunbm demjhnbmtb ikmkielk, k bm cjhhjr bh vkhunbm lb `js k jerb

bquevjhbmtb jh nesnk, prkluielk pkr um pbsk lb sustjmiej.

Bh bstjlk `jsbksk bs um bstjlk lb hj njtbrej qub sb ijrjitbrezj pkr hj jusbmiej lb `rjmlbs

dubrzjs lb ikcbseùm bmtrb hjs nkhåiuhjs, rjzùm pkr hj iujh hks `jsbs prbsbmtjm iebrtjs prkpebljlbs

dîseijs tbhbs iknk bxpjmseaeheljl y dêieh leduseùm.

Hj njsj nkhjr lb um hîquelk lb dêieh vjpkrezjieùm sb publb lbtbrnemjr j trjvås lb hj biujieùm

lb hks `jsbs elbjhbs, hj iujh rbhjiekmj hj prbseùm, tbnpbrjturj, vkhunbm y nkhbs lb um `js. Rm

`js elbjh, bs cepktåteik dkrnjlk pkr pjrtîiuhjs pumtujhbs, sem jtrjiieùm me rbpuhseùm bmtrb bhhjs y

iuyks ickqubs skm pbrdbitjnbmtb bhêsteiks.

 

NJ\BQEJHBY U QBJI\ETKY

< \brnùnbtrks Cbxjmk (I4C4)

: Ajrùnbtrk Nbtjmkh (IC9KC)

: Ykpkrtb Rmevbrsjh Jibtkmj (IC9KIC9)

: Jrk nbtêheik ikm muij Jibtjtk lb Btehk (IC9IKKI1C2)

: Njhhj lb jsabstk Btjmkh (I1C2KC)

: _emzj pjrj aurbtj Nubstrj hîquelj prkahbnj

: Ajhùm lb dkmlk phjmk lb 12? nh

: Abjigbr lb 4??nH

: _epbtj `rjlujlj lb 2 nH

: \reêm`uhk lb pkribhjmj

: _rkabtj `rjlujlj lb :?? nH

: jhdehbr 

_jpbh lb jhunemek

Ajhjmzj
 

<

_QKIBLENEBM\K BS_BQENBM\JH

_bsjr bh ajhùm lb dkmlk phjmk

phjmk henpek y sbik, ikmfumtjnbmtb ikm um iujlrk lb jhunemek lb <

in lb hjlk.

Tbrtbr bm bh ajhùm umks 9 nH lb hj sustjmiej hîquelj, cj`j umj ijpbruzj ikm hj hhênemj
ênemj lb

jhunemek y ikhùqubhj bm hj akij lbh ajhùm, jsb`urêmlksb lb qub qublb aebm jfustjlj, pbrdkrb hj

hênemj lb jhunemek ikm um jhdehbr.

_bsjr tklk bh jmtbrekr ikmfumtk

 

Ikhkijr bh ajhùm lbmtrk lbh abjigbr ikm j`uj y skståm`jhk ikm hj pemzj bm bh skpkrtb

umevbrsjh.

Ikhkijr bh tbrnùnbtrk lerbitjnbmtb skarb bh kredeiek qub cezk bm hj

hj hênemj lb jhunemek,
jhunemek, pjrj

lbtbitjr hj tbnpbrjturj lbh vjpkr qub sjhb bm bh nknbmtk lb hj bauhheieùm.

Ijhbmtjr tklk bh sestbnj.

sestbnj. Iujmlk tklj hj sustjmiej hîquelj sb cjyj bvjpkrjlk, rb`estrb hj

tbnpbrjturj. Bstj sbrê hj tbnpbrjturj j hj iujh sb bmiubmtrj hj sustjmiej bm bstjlk `jsbksk.

Ajfjr bh ajhùm jh treêm`uhk lb pkribhjmj y bspbrb j qub sb bmdrîb j tbnpbrjturj jnaebmtb.

 

Bxjnemb hj ijpbruzj pjrj jsb`urjrsb lb qub mk cjy `ktjs lbh hîquelk bm hj supbrdeieb bxtbrmj,

se hjs cjy såqubhjs hk nbfkr pkseahb. Ybqub iknphbtjnbmtb bh ajhùm.

_bsjr iujmlk sb cjyj bmdrejlk, bh ikmfumtk dkrnjlk pkr bh ajhùm, hj sustjmiej hîquelj

ikmlbmsjlj y hj ijpbruzj.

Nbler bh vkhunbm qub jpjrbib rb`estrjlk bm bh ajhùm, bh iujh mk ikrrbspkmlb jh vkhunbm tktjh

lbh rbiepebmtb, pkr tjh rjzùm bs mbibsjrek nbler bh vkhunbm lbh ajhùm, utehezjmlk j`uj y umj

 prkabtj `rjlujlj.

Qb`estrjr hj prbseùm ajrknåtreij lbh hjakrjtkrek.

 

IÊIRHKY, QBYRH\JLKY U JMÊHEYEY

Ye`uebmlk bh lbsjrrkhhk bxpbrenbmtjh, sb iunphebrkm hks se`uebmtbs pjsks6

:. Yb pbsù bh ajhùm lb dkmlk phjmk henpek y sbik, fumtk

fumtk ikm um pbljietk lb pjpbh jhunemek lb

jprkxenjljnbmtb < in lb hjlks, prbsbmtjmlk um pbsk lb 2?, 94 `r.

1. Yb vbrtebrkm 9nh lb btjmkh (I1C2KC) Yustjmiej hequelj bm bh ajhùm,, hub`k ikhkik bh pjpbh

jhunemek bm dkrnj lb `krrk bm hj akij lbh ajhùm ikm hj sb`ureljl lb qub qubljrj aebm jfustjlj, j

ikmtemujieùm sb pbrdkrk hj hênemj bm bh ibmtrk ikm hj pemtj lb um hêpez aebm demj, sb pbsù y lek um

umeljl lb nblelj lb 2?,45`r.

9. Hub`k sb prkibleù j ikhkijr bh ajhùm lbmtrk lbh abjigbr ikm j`uj, skstbmeåmlkhk ikm hj

 pemzj bm bh skpkrtb umevbrsjh, sb ikhkiù bh tbrnùnbtrk lerbitk bm bh kredeiek rbjhezjlk y skstbmelk

ikm hj ktrj njmk, pjrj mk rknpbr hj hênemj lb jhunemek, ikm bstk pjrj lbtbitjr hj tbnpbrjturj lbh

vjpkr qub sjhb bm bh nknbmtk lb hj bauhheieùm sebmlk bstj lb <?¿I, hub`k lb cjabr ijhbmtjlk

tklk bh sestbnj j :??¿I, hub`k lb bvjpkrjlk bh hîquelk iknphbtjnbmtb sb ajfù bh ajhùm

ikhkiêmlkhk bm bh treêm`uhk lb pkribhjmj bspbrjmlk umks 9? nemutks pjrj su iknphbtk

bmdrejnebmtk j tbnpbrjturj jnaebmtb, tbmeåmlkhj prbijuieùm lb qub mk prbsbmtjrj `ktjs lbh

hîquelk bm hj supbrdeieb bxtbrmj lb hj ijpbruzj mk prbsbmtjmlk bstj ledbrbmiej, prkiblebmlk j

 pbsjfb lbh ajhùm hub`k lb su bmdrejnebmtk sb pbsj

pbs j tklk bm ikmfumtk lb sustjmiej hequelj
ikmlbmsjlj y hj ijpbruzj ikm um rbsuhtjlk lb 22, 54`r.

<. Hub`k sb lbtbrnemù bh vkhunbm rbjh nelebmlk ikm umj prkabtj, pkr hk qub sb utehezù j`uj

hj prkabtj `rjlujlj jrrkfjmlk um rbsuhtjlk lb :9<nh

vbrteåmlkhj prenbrk bm bh ajhùm y hub`k bm hj

rbjh.

2. Hj prbseùm ajrknåtreij sb lbtbrnemj pkr hj jdernjieùm lb qub :Jtn > 04? nn/C`.
 

\JAHJ LB LJ\KY

_BYK BM @QJNKY
AJHKM + _J_BH JHRNEMEK :?3.<20<`
AJHKM + _J_BH + B\JMKH ::?.4021`
AJHKM + _J_BH + B\JMKH :?3.32?9`
IKMLBMYJLK

TKHRNBMBY (nh)
HEZRELK TKHJ\EH (btjmkh) 9nh
AJHKM 994nh

Iknk pklbnks vbr, bstb nåtklk bs enpkrtjmtb j hj ckrj lb bmikmtrjr bh pbsk nkhbiuhjr lb

umj sustjmiej, yj qub bh nkmtjfb bs dêieh lb rbjhezjr y hks rbsuhtjlks qub sb katebmbm mks publbm

jprkxenjr bm `rjm njmbrj jh vjhkr rbjh lb hhjj njsj nkhbiuhjr. Yem bnajr`k, bh rbsuhtjlk

katbmelk mk dub bh bspbrjlk, pkrqub bh iêhiuhk lbh pbsk n

nkhbiuhjr
khbiuhjr lb hj sustjmiej hequelj bm bstb

ijsk brj bh btjmkh (mks jrrkfù um vjhkr lb <2.: `/nkh nbmkr jh pbsk nkhbiuhjr rbjh lbh btjmkh

qub bs
bs lb <4.?0 `/nkh).
`/nkh).

Bstb rbsuhtjlk sb pulk katbmbr lbaelk nuicks djitkrbs bmtrb hks qub sb publbm nbmiekmjr, bh

cbick lb qub jmtbs lb pbsjr bh ajhùm bs mbibsjrek rbvesjr qub åstb sb bmiubmtrb henpek y sbik7

qub jh nknbmtk lb jleiekmjr hj sustjmiej vkhêteh bm bh ajhùm sb tjpb emnblejtjnbmtb ikm hj

ijpbruzj y mk pbsjr bh ajhùm ijhebmtb. Bs lbier, bstb lbab bstjr pbrdbitjnbmtb j tbnpbrjturj
jnaebmtb. \jnaeåm qub bh vjpkr lbh `js mk sb ikmlbmsù lbh tklk y nuick lb bstb `js sb pbrleù,

tbmebmlk bm iubmtj hj tbnpbrjturj j hj qub dub sknbtelk bh hîquelk.

hîquelk.

IRBY\EKMJQEK

:. »Iuêh bs vkhunbm lbh vjpkr j ikmleiekmbs mkrnjhbs;

J ikmleiekmbs mkrnjhbs bh vkhunbm lbh btjmkh, tbmebmlk bm iubmtj qub6

P 
 ϊ > T 
 

Hub`k, hj P btjmkh > w nkmtjfb iknphbtk ’ w btjmkh ikmlbsjlk.

> ::?.4021` ’ :?3.32?9`

> :.31<5`

 Iknk7 hj  ϊ >?.035 ` / nh  bmtkmibs

P > ϊ Ð T 

P > ?.035`/nh x 9nh > 1.940` btjmkh hîquelk

Jckrj hks

P rbjhbs lb btjmkh > 1.940` ’ :.31<5`

 > ?.2943`

PQ\  ( ?,2943 ` ) ( ?,?31 jtn.H / nkh.¿G   )) ( 109,:2 ¿ G  ) )

T >  >   > ?,144 H
/
 _N  ( : jtn ) ( <2.: ` nkh )

1. »Iuêh bs bh pbsk lbh vkhunbm lb `js qub sb bmiubmtrj bm bh rbiepebmtb;

Ye ikmselbrjnks qub hj sustjmiej hîquelj sb bmiubmtrj j ikmibmtrjiekmbs j hjs iujhbs pklbnks

ikmselbrjr purjs, utehezjrbnks bh pbsk nkhbiuhjr

nkhbiuhjr rb`estrjlk pjrj bh B\JMKH j ikmleiekmbs lbh

hjakrjtkrek.

T_N    ( ?,994 H ) ( : jtn ) ( <4.?0 ` / nkh )

P >  > >?,213 `
 Q\  ( ?,?31 jtn.H / nkh.¿ G ) ( 920.< ¿ G )

9. »Iùnk sb utehezj um ajúk lb njrîj, iknk lbab sbr bh pumtk lb bauhheieùm lb hj

sustjmiej hequelj ikm rbspbitk jh ajúk lb njrîj;

Yb utehezj iujmlk sb quebrb ijhbmtjr umj njtbrej lb dkrnj emlerbitj y umedkrnbnbmtb. J tjh dem

sb ikhkij bstj njtbrej bm um rbiepebmtb iujhquebrj, qub j su vbz sb sunbr`b bm bh sbmk lb umj
 

:?

njsj lb j`uj ikmtbmelj bm ktrk rbiepebmtb njykr. Jh ijhbmtjr bstb öhtenk, bh j`uj junbmtj su

tbnpbrjturj sujvb y cknk`åmbjnbmtb, b emlerbitjnbmtb hk cjib tjnaeåm hj sustjmiej bm iubsteùm.

Jsî, bh pumtk lb bauhheieùm lb hj sustjmiej ikm rbspbitk jh ajúk lb Njrîj lbab sbr rbhjtevjnbmtb

nbmkr.

<. »_kr quå hks iêhiuhks lbabm cjibrsb ikm bh ikmlbmsjlk y mk ikm hj ijmteljl emeiejh

tknjlj;

Bstks iêhiuhks sb rbjhezjm ikm hks ljtks lb hj sustjmiej ikmlbmsjlj ljlk qub bstj ikrrbspkmlb

j hj njsj lbh `js qub kiupk bh rbiepebmtb k ajhùm y hj njsj emeiejh ikrrbspkmlb j hj njsj lbh

hîquelk y qubrbnks lbtbrnemjr bh pbsk nkhbiuhjr lb hj sustjmiej bm bh bstjlk `jsbksk pkr hk iujh

utehezjnks hj biujieùm lb hks `jsbs elbjhbs.

2. J pjrter lb hj biujieùm lb bstjlk pjrj `jsbs elbjhbs, lbluzij umj bxprbseùm pjrj

lbtbrnemjr hj lbmseljl lb umj sustjmiej bm bstjlk `jsbksk.

P 
 _T >m Q \ m >
 N 

P 
 _T >   Q \ 
 N 

P   _N  P 
 >   ϊ>
T   Q \  T 

 _N 
 ϊ >
 Q \ 

4. Ikm hks ljtks katbmelks bm bh bxpbrenbmtk ijhiuhb hj njsj nkhbiuhjr lb hj sustjmiej y

hj lbmseljl lb hj nesnj bm bstjlk hîquelk y bm bstjlk `jsbksk j ikmleiekmbs lb hjakrjtkrek.

 

::

_jrj hj nubstrj hîquelj6

PQ\  ( ?,2943 ` ) ( ?,?31 jt n. H / nkh.¿G ) ( 9<2 ¿ G )

jtn.
 N >  >   > <2.: ` / nkh
 _T  ( : jtn ) ( ?,994 H )

Hj lbmseljl bstjlk `jsbksk6

 _N    ( <2.: ` / nkh ) ( : jtn )

 ϊ >  > >:.25 ` / nH
 Q\  ( ?,?31 jtn.H / nkh.¿ G ) ( 9<2 ¿ G )

  Hj lbmseljl bstjlk hîquelk6

P  1.940 `
 ϊ >   >   > ?,035 ` / nH
T  9 nH

0. »_ublb lbtbrnemjrsb pkr bstb nåtklk hj njsj nkhbiuhjr lb iujhquebr hîquelk;

Bxphequb.

 Mk sb publb lbtbrnemjr hj njsj nkhbiuhjr lb iujhquebr

i ujhquebr hîquelk, skhk jqubhhks qub sbjm

vkhêtehbs, yj qub sb mbibsetj qub sb iknpkrtb iknk um `js elbjh pjrj jpheijrhb hj biujieùm lb

`jsbs elbjhbs iknk venks jmtbrekrnbmtb, y bstk sb hk`rj sunemestrêmlkhb ijhkr j hj sustjmiej pjrj

qub pjsb j bstjlk `jsbksk.

3. Bxphequb se bh pbsk nkhbiuhjr lbh hîquelk vkhêteh junbmtj k lesnemuyb, se bm bh

bxpbrenbmtk sb prbsbmtj umj lb hjs se`uebmtbs setujiekmbs6

j) Bh ajhùm bstjaj nkfjlk iujmlk sb emeieù bh prkiblenebmtk6

Ye bh ajhùm bstjaj nkfjlk iujmlk sb pbsù sem bh hîquelk bm bstulek, åstb vjhkr bs njykr qub bh

qub sb pbsù ikm bh rbiepebmtb sbik, pkr tjmtk iujmlk sb sunbr`b bh hîquelk y sb sknbtb j
 

:1

ijhbmtjnebmtk, lbspuås lb bstk sb lbfj bmdrejr, y sb vubhvb j pbsjr bh ajhùm ikm bh `js ikmtbmelk7

bh vjhkr qub lå bm bstb öhtenk pjsk, sb hb rbstj bh vjhkr lbh pbsk iujmlk bh ajhùm bstjaj nkfjlk7 y

bstb vjhkr bs nbmkr qub se sb hb rbstj bh vjhkr lbh ajhùm sbik, bs lbier6

ajhù m + `js
P ajhù `js ’ P aj
ajhh ù m nkfjlk 8 P ajhù
nkfjlk ajhù m + `js
`js ’ P ajh
ajh ù msbik
msbik

PQ\ 
_kr hk tjmtk, jh rbbnphjzjr bh nebnark ezquebrlk lb hj lbse`ujhljl bm hj biujieùm  N >  ,
 _T 

bh pbsk nkhbiuhjr bs nbmkr qub se rbbnphjzjnks bh nebnark lbrbick. _kr bstj rjzùm vbnks qub

bh pbsk nkhbiuhjr lbh hîquelk lesnemuyb.

a) Bh hîquelk bstjaj enpurk y lbfù um rbseluk sùhelk bm bh dkmlk lbh ajhùm lbspuås lb 

bvjpkrjrsb6
Bm bstb ijsk bh pbsk nkhbiuhjr lbh hîquelk vkhêteh junbmtj, lbaelk j qub bh pbsk katbmelk

ikrrbspkmlb jh pbsk lb enpurbzjs nês bh pbsk lbh vjpkr y bs njykr qub bh vjhkr lbh pbsk sem

enpurbzjs.

i) Bh ajhùm + vjpkr ikmlbmsjlk sb pbsù ijhebmtb6

Ye bh rbiepebmtb sb pbsj bstjmlk ijhebmtb, se`medeij qub hjs pjrtîiuhjs qub sb bmiubmtrjm bm

bstjlk `jsbksk mk sb jhijmzjrkm j ikmlbmsjr iknphbtjnbmtb lbspuås lb hj bvjpkrjieùm qub

sudreù hj sustjmiej hequelj, hk iujh enpheij qub ‘bh pbsk lbh rbiepebmtb + bh `js„ sbrê nbmkr qub se

lbfjrj ikmlbmsjr bh `js, pkr tjh rjzùm, jh cjibr hj ledbrbmiej lb pbsks bmtrb bh vjhkr lbh P lbh

 ajhùm iujmlk bstj ijhebmtb nbmks bh vjhkr lbh P  lbh ajhùm sbik sbrê njykr qub se rbjhezjrj ikm bh

vjhkr lbh P  iujmlk bstê hj nubstrj ikmlbmsjlj7 bs jh`k jmêhk`k jh ijsk j), sebmlk qub 6

ijhebmtb + `js’P ajhùmsbik = P ajhùmdreù + ikm

P ajhù m ijhebmtb ikmlb
lbsj
sjlk
lk ’ P ajhù msbik

Jh rbbnphjzjr bh nebnark lb hj ezquebrlj bm hj biujieùm lb hks `jsbs elbjhbs pjrj cjhhjr bh

 pbsk nkhbiuhjr bh rbsuhtjlk sbrê njykr qub jh rbbnphjzjr bh nebnark lb hj lbrbicj (qub bs iknk
 

:9

lbab sbr). Yb ikmihuyb qub jh lbtbrnemjr bh pbsk nkhbiuhjr lb um hîquelk vkhêteh, cjy qub lbfjr

bmdrejr bh rbiepebmtb pjrj qub sb bmiubmtrb um rbsuhtjlk sjtesdjitkrek7 lb hk ikmtrjrek bh pbsk

nkhbiuhjr sbrê njykr (junbmtj bh pbsk nkhbiuhjr lbh hîquelk).

l) Yb lbsiubmtj bh pbsk lbh jerb ikmtbmelk bm bh rbiepebmtb6

Ye sb lbsiubmtj bh pbsk lbh jerb, hj njsj nkhbiuhjr lbh hîquelk lesnemuyb, yj qub bh pbsk lbh

 ajhùm ikm bh `js y sem bh jerb lesnemuyb7 y se hb rbstjnks bh pbsk lbh ajhùm emeiejhnbmtb, hj njsj

lbh `js sbrîj nbmkr.

5. Bxphequb bm dkrnj ihjrj y jmjhezjlj hjs sbnbfjmzjs y ledbrbmiejs bmtrb bstb nåtklk

ikm bh nåtklk lb Lunjs.

YBNBFJMVJY6

Bh nåtklk lb Lunjs y bh nåtklk utehezjlk bm bstj bxpbrebmiej sb ajsjm bm hj lbtbrnemjieùm

lb hj njsj `jsbksj ikmtbmelk bm um vkhunbm lb hîquelk qub sb publb nbler dêiehnbmtb j

ikmleiekmbs lb tbnpbrjturj y prbseùm ikmkieljs. Bm jnaks nåtklks sb utehezj bh ajúk lb Njrîj

 pjrj ijhbmtjr hj sustjmiej emlerbitj y umedkrnbnbmtb, jlbnês,

jl bnês, bm hks lks ijsks sb usj pjrj
pj rj

sustjmiejs vkhêtehbs.

LEDBQBMIEJY6

Hj ledbrbmiej bs qub bm bh nåtklk lb Lunjs sb sbhhj bh kredeiek lb hj ijpbruzj qub sb

bmiubmtrj bm bh rbiepebmtb ikm pjrjdemj umj vbz sb cjhhj bvjpkrjlk hj sustjmiej y sb tknj iknk

tbnpbrjturj hj lbh ajúk Njrîj.

:?. Bxphequb bm dkrnj ihjrj y ikmiesj bh nåtklk lb Tîitkr Nbybr

Bh nåtklk lb Tîitkr Nbybr ikmsestb bm um jpjrjtk qub ikmstj lb um tuak emtbrekr lb umks 2?

in lb hkm`etul, rklbjlks lb umj ijnesj hhbmj ikm um hîquelk iuyk pumtk lb bauhheieùm bs pkr hk
 

:<

nbmks 9? ¿  njykr
 njykr qub bh lb hj sustjmiej bm bstulek. Jlbnês lbmtrk lb bstb öhtenk tuak bxestb

ktrk jaebrtk bm bh dkmlk y pkr bh iujh pjsj umj vjrehhj nbtêheij sufbtj ikm tjpùm lb cuhb bm hj

 pjrtb supbrekr y prkvestk lb um êm`uhk

êm`u hk k jmzubhk bm bh dkmlk.

Bm bh tuak lb 2? in jdubrj lb hj ijnesj cjy umj sjhelj qub sb iknumeij ikm umj aurbtj lb `js

hhbmj lb C`, jh hjlk sb iknumeij ktrj aurbtj ikm um mevbh lb um hîquelk qub pbrnetb
pbrnetb bh jfustb lb

 prbseùm lbh `js lb hj aurbtj j hj jtnksdåreij. Bh hîquelk iuyk pbsk nkhbiuhjr sb vj j lbtbrnemjr,

vj bmibrrjlk bm umj jnpkhhj qub sb pbsj bm vjiîk prenbrk7 lbspuås sb bxtrjb bh hîquelk mbibsjrek

 pjrj prkluier umks <? nH k 4? nH lb vjpkr y sb sbhhj bh auhak ikm iueljlk ikm umj hhjnj

 pbsêmlksb lb mubvk. Hj ledbrbmiej lb pbsjlj mks lj bh hîquelk j bvjpkrjr.

bvjpkrjr . Hj jnpkhhj sb iubh`j

bm bh jmzubhk y bh jpjrjtk qublj lespubstk pjrj hj kpbrjieùm.

Lbspuås lb bstk sb lbtbrnemj bh vkhunbm j umj tbnpbrjturj y prbseùm ajrknåtreij lbdemelj.

Demjhnbmtb bh pbsk nkhbiuhjr sb katebmb sustetuybmlk bstks vjhkrbs bm hj biujieùm lb `jsbs

elbjhbs.

IKMIHRYEÙM

Lb hj jmtbrekr prêiteij pklbnks lbier qub bh nåtklk bnphbjlk pjrj lbtbrnemjr hj njsj

nkhbiuhjr lb hj
hj sustjmiej vkhêteh bstulejlj (btjmkh) bs nuy prêiteik y sbmiehhk, yj qub hks

njtbrejhbs y bquepks usjlks skm dêiehbs lb njmepuhjr , iujh `bmbrj iebrtj djieheljl bm hj

bfbiuieùm lb leicj prêiteij.

 

:2

Cjy ktrks nåtklks nuy utehezjlks pjrj cjhhjr hj njsj nkhbiuhjr lb um hîquelk vkhêteh, iknk bh

nåtklk lb Lunjs y bh nåtklk lb Tîitkr Nbybr. Bh nåtklk lb Lunjs bs senehjr jh qub

utehezjnks bm bstj bxpbrebmiej, skhk cjy pbqubújs nkledeijiekmbs qub sb publbm cjibr

dêiehnbmtb, nebmtrjs qub bh nåtklk lb Tîitkr Nbybr bs um pkik njs tbleksk, pkrqub sb mbibsetj

nês njtbrejhbs y umj cjaeheljl pjrj rbjhezjr bh nkmtjfb, pbrk bs umk lb hks nbfkrbs

 prkiblenebmtks pjrj ijhiuhjr njsjs nkhbiuhjrbs.

AEAHEK@QJDÎJ

:. Hk`jm, Y. Q., Dumljnbmtks lb Iemåteij Zuîneij, :ª Bleieùm, Bspjúj, Jlleskm Pbshby

Eabrkjnbreijmj, 1???.

1. Hjelhbr, G. F., Deseikquîneij, :ª Bleieùm, Nåxeik, IBIYJ. :550.

 

:4

9. IJY\BHHJM, @ehabrt P. Deseikquîneij. Nåxeik6 Dkmlk Bluijtevk Emtbrjnbreijmk Y.J.,

:504.

<. HBTEMB, Erj M. Deseikquîneij. Bspjúj6 Tkh. E y EE. Ni @rjw Cehh, :554.

2. NJQKM y _QR\\KM. Dumljnbmtk lb deseikquîneij. Henusj Pehby.