THEORETICAL BASIS

The classification of organic compounds can be distinguished according to the functional

groups they contain. A functional group (fuctional group) is a group of atoms which
causes the chemical behavior of the parent organic molecule (Chang, 2005: 332)
Function group is the position of chemical reactivity in molecules of one group of compounds
with certain functional groups showing the same reaction symptoms. According to the
similarity of the symptoms of the reaction, it can be grouped into grouping compounds.
Hydrocarbon compounds are organic compounds that only contain carbon and
hydrogen which can be distinguished from saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Alcohol is an important compound in life because it can be used as a germicide, fuel or
solvent. Alcohol can form hydrogen bonds between its molecules and with water, this
can result in boiling points, alcohol in water is quite high. Alcohol can be divided into
some groups depend on the position of the -OH group in the carbon atom chain, each of
these groups also has some differences in their chemical properties
(www.blogspot.com).
Alcohol contains a hydroxyl functional group, −OH. Ethanol has no application as a solvent
for organic chemicals and as an initial compound for the manufacture of dyes, synthetic
drugs, cosmetics, and explosives. Ethanol is also part of alcoholic beverages. Ethanol is
the only type of straight chain alcohol that is non-toxic (more precisely, the least toxic)
 (Chang, 2005: 350)
1. Primary alcohol
A carbon atom carrying an OH group which binds to an alkyl group. Example: CH3 – CH2 –
OH {ethanol}
2. Secondary alcohol
The carbon atom that binds to the -OH group which is directly bound to these two alkyl
groups can be the same or different. Example: OH
                                                            {2-propanol} CH3 – CH-CH3
3. Tertiary alcohol
The carbon atom that binds to the -OH group is directly bound to three alkyl groups.
Example: CH3
                                                                     CH3-C –CH3
                                                                                 OH
 According to Brady (1986), as for the reactions that occur in alcohol are as follows:
1. Substitution reaction
This reaction occurs in an acidic solution while in a neutral state not because the group goes
away must be a fairly weak base.
2. Elimination reaction
This reaction produces alkenes, because releasing water, this reaction is called a dehydration
reaction.
3. Oxidation reactions
This reaction is used to distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
 (www.blogspot.com).

The nature of alcohol is grouped into two, namely:

1. Physical properties
Short chain alcohols are polar so they are well-dissolved in water and have a higher boiling
point than alkene. In this case polarity and boiling point, short chain alcohol has
similarities to properties with water, because water and alcohol both have –OH groups.
This OH-group is polar too. The high boiling point is caused by the presence of
hydrogen bonds between water molecules, between alcohol molecules or water
molecules and alcohol. This hydrogen bond also causes alcohol to dissolve in water.
2. Chemical properties
Alcohol is flammable in addition to the -OH group is a group that is quite reactive so that
alcohol is easily involved in various types of reactions
 (Brady, 1999: 135).

Aldehyde is a compound containing a carbonyl group bound to a hydrogen atom or two.

Aldehyde making is as follows:
1. Oxidation of alcohol
2. Reduction of acid chloride from glycol
3. Hydroformylation of alkanes
4. Stephens reaction, and
5. For the manufacture of aromatic aldehydes
Aldehydes and ketones are compounds which contain one of the important groups in organic
chemistry, namely the C = O carbonyl group. All compounds containing this group are
called carbonyl compounds. The carbonyl group is the compound that most determines
the properties of aldehyde and ketone kima. there are lots of other physical properties of
these compounds that are similar to each other. one reaction for making aldehydes is
oxidation of primary alcohols. most oxidizers cannot be used because they oxidize the
aldehyde into carboxylic acids. oxidation of complex chrompiridine such as pyridinium
chlorine which can convert primary alcohols into aldehydes without turning them into
carboxylic acids
 (Petrucci, 1987: 270) A ketone is an organic compound which has a carbonyl group bound to
two alkyl groups. The ketone can also be said to be organic compounds whose carbonyl
carbon is connected to two other carbons. Ketones do not contain hydrogen atoms
bound to the carbonyl group. (Syukri, 1999: 313) Making the most common ketones is
oxidation from secondary alcohols. Almost all oxidizers can be used. Typical reactions
include chromium oxide (CRO3), phiridinium chlorine chromate, sodium bicarbonate
(Na2Cr2O7) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) . Reactions to aldehydes and
ketones are oxidation reactions and reduction reactions. Oxidation reactions to
distinguish aldehydes and ketones. Aldehydes are easily oxidized while ketones are
resistant to oxidizers. Aldehydes can be oxidized with very weak oxidizers, while
reduction reactions are divided into three parts namely reduction into alcohol, reduction
into hydrocarbons and reduction of pinacol. physical properties of aldehydes and
ketones, because aldehydes and ketones do not contain hydrogen which is bound to
oxygen, hydrogen bonds cannot occur as in alcohol. otherwise aldehydes and ketones
are polar and can form forces relatively strong electrostatic pull between the molecules,
the positive part of a molecule will be attracted to the negative part of the other
(fendenden, 1997: 234

Brady, E J. 1999. Kimia Universitas Asas dan Sruktur. Binarupa  Aksara: Jakarta

Chang, Raymond.2005. Kimia Dasar Edisi ke-3 Jilid 2.Jakarta: Erlangga
Fesenden, J Ralp. 2006. Kimia Organik.Jakarta: Erlangga
Petrucci, Ralph H. 1987. Kimia Dasar Jilid 1. Erlangga: Jakarta
Syukri, S. 1999. Kimia Dasar Jilid 1. Penerbit ITB: Bandung