1ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Created by :

Elkana Indah Sari Pakpahan 4183312004

Erwin Syahputra
Fadhilah Hayati
Firda Pratiwi 4183111068
Thasya Leonita Pane

Supported Lecturer:

MAJOR MATHEMATIC
BILINGUAL MATHEMATIC EDUCATION
FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND NATURAL SCIENCE
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN
2018
 PREFACE

First of all, we say thanks to God, because He still bless us until now, so we can finish
our paper on time.
The title of our paper is about “Organic Compounds”. On this occasion, we want to say
thanks to our lecturer Mrs. . as the lecturer of general chemistry who have supported us for finish
this paper. We also say thank to the others who support us when we make this paper.
We know that our paper is not perfect, so we still receive your critics and suggestion, so
this paper can be perfect. And we want to say sorry for the imperfection. And finally, we say
thank you.

Medan, November 12th 2018

Group 4

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 Contents

PREFACE..................................................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Problems............................................................................................................................................4
1.3 Objectives..........................................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Definition of Hydrocarbons..............................................................................................................5
2.2 Carbon and Covalent Bonds..............................................................................................................5
2.4 Aliphatic hydrocarbons......................................................................................................................6
2.5 Alkanes and cycloalkanes..................................................................................................................8

CHAPTER III
CLOSING................................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................11
3.2 Recommendation.................................................................................................................................11

BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................................................12

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that
contains carbon. Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms),
millions of organic compounds are known. Study of the properties and synthesis of organic
compounds is the discipline known as organic chemistry. For historical reasons, a few classes of
carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonates and cyanides), along with a handful of other
exceptions (e.g., carbon dioxide), are not classified as organic compounds and are considered
inorganic. No consensus exists among chemists on precisely which carbon-containing
compounds are excluded, making the definition of an organic compound elusive. Although
organic compounds only make up a small percentage of the Earth's crust, they are of central
importance because all known life is based on organic compounds. Most synthetically produced
organic compounds are ultimately derived from petrochemicals consisting mainly
of hydrocarbons.

The organic compound L-isoleucine molecule presents some features typical of organic

compounds: carbon–carbon bonds, carbon–hydrogen bonds, as well as covalent bonds from
carbon to oxygen and to nitrogen.

As described in detail below, any definition of organic compound that uses simple, broadly
applicable criteria turns out to be unsatisfactory, to varying degrees. The modern, commonly
accepted definition of organic compound essentially amounts to any carbon containing
compound, excluding several classes of substances traditionally considered as 'inorganic'.
However, the list of substances so excluded varies from author to author. Still, it is generally
agreed upon that there are (at least) a few carbon containing compounds that should not be
considered organic. For instance, almost all authorities would require the exclusion of alloys that
contain carbon, including steel (which contains cementite, Fe3C), as well as other metal and
semimetal carbides (including "ionic" carbides, e.g, Al4C3 and CaC2 and "covalent" carbides, e.g.
B4C and SiC, and graphite intercalation compounds, e.g. KC8). Other compounds and materials
that are considered 'inorganic' by most authorities include: metal carbonates, simple oxides (CO,

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CO2, and arguably, C3O2), the allotropes of carbon, cyanide derivatives not containing an organic
residue (e.g., KCN, (CN)2, BrCN, CNO−, etc.), and heavier analogs thereof (e.g.,
CP− 'cyaphideanion', CSe, COS; although CS2 'carbon disulfide' is often classed as
an organic solvent). Halides of carbon without hydrogen (e.g., CF 4 and
CClF3), phosgene (COCl2), carboranes, metal carbonyls (e.g., nickel carbonyl), mellitic
anhydride (C12O9), and other exotic oxocarbons are also considered inorganic by some
authorities.

1.2 Problems
1. What is meant by organic and inorganic in hydrocarbons?
2. What is the Carbon and Covalent Bonds?
3. What is the Aliphatic hydrocarbons?
4. What are the Alkanes and cycloalkanes?

1.3 Objectives
1. To know about the hydrocarbons.
2. To know the Carbon and Covalent Bonds.
3. To know the Aliphatic hydrocarbons.
4. To know the Alkenas and cycloalkenas.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Hydrocarbons
Organic chemistry is a term used at the beginning of the development of chemistry (18th
century) which was characterized by the grouping of chemical compounds into two major groups
namely organic compounds derived from plants and animals and inorganic compounds that are
minerals or not living things. More organic chemistry in everyday life than inorganic
compounds.
The difference in organic matter and inorganic substances is;
1. In general organic substances are harder in water than inorganic substances.
2. To accelerate the reaction of organic compounds, a catalyst is needed because it is
usually a reaction of organic matter, except that combustion is slower than the reaction of
inorganic compounds.
3. Organic matter in general is non electrolyte while inorganic substances are electrolyte.
4. Organic matter when heated will continue to break down into simpler molecules while
inorganic substances will evaporate.
5. Organic matter generally has a low melting point while inorganic substances have a
melting point.
. Hydrocarbons can be divided into two groups, namely;
1. Aliphatic hydrocarbons namely hydrocarbons that have a straight or open chain.
Aliphatic
hydrocarbons are divided into two namely saturated algatics, namely:
 Hydrocarbon compounds with a single bond.
 Unsaturated alphabet is a hydrocarbon compound with a double bond or triple bond.
2. Cyclic hydrocarbons (closed) are hydrocarbons which are both carbon atoms with the
most ends linked to each other to form a ring. cyclic hydrocarbons are divided into two,
namely:
 Carbocyclic is a cyclic compound formed only by carbon atoms.

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  Heterocyclic is a cyclic compound which is not only formed by carbon atoms but
there are other elements such as O, S and N.
Carboxylic compounds can be divided into two parts, namely alicyclic carbicyclics which
have the same properties as aliphatic and carboxylic aromatic compounds which always
contain benzene nuclei (C6H6).

Picture 2.1 Classification of Hydrocarbons.

2.2 Carbon and Covalent Bonds

If an element forms a bond with another element, the valence of the element must be
known so that the number and type of bond formed by the element can be determined. Valence is
the number of bonds that can be formed by an element if it binds to other elements. If an atom
binds to another atom it forms a covalent bond with the use of a bonding electron pair (covalent
bond) not by the release and reception of electrons or what is known as an ionic bond. If the
carbon atom binds to hydrogen it will use together the bonding electron pair as shown below:

If a carbon atom binds to another atom using a pair of electrons together it is called a single
covalent bond. If a carbon atom binds to another atom using two shared electron pairs called

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double covalent bonds. If carbon atoms bind to other atoms using three shared electron pairs
called triple covalent bonds.

Polar covalent bonds occur when the electronegativity of carbon atoms and atoms which are
attached is large enough to cause partial charges.

2.3 Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons can be divided into 2 large groups, namely acyclic hydrocarbons (open
chain hydrocarbons) as saturated hydrocarbons and cyclic hydrocarbons (closed chains) as
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
In general aliphatic hydrocarbons can be divided into :
1. Alkana and cycloalkanes
Alkana has an empirical formula CnH2n+ 2. alkanes with straight-branched chains
are called normal alkanes. The simplest alkane is methane which is the main component
of natural gas which is used as fuel throughout the world. Alkanes with more than three
carbon atoms can form abnormal alkanes known as wake isomers.
Alkanes with four carbon atoms form a straight chain called butane (n-butane),
but Alkanes with four carbon atoms form three straight chain carbons and one carbon as a
branch is called isobutane.

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Formula and homologous name:

Alkane properties:
 The alkane boiling point is directly proportional to the increase in the number of C atoms
that the alkane has.
 Alkanes with straight chains have a higher boiling point than branched alkanes with the
same number of c atoms.
 Alkanes are the most difficult organic compounds to react.

The usefulness of Alkana compounds:

 Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) is used as a solvent.
 Carbon tetrachloride is used as a solvent

Reactions to alkanes:
 Alkane oxidation reaction produces energy
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + H20 + Energy
 If reacting with halogen, alkanes can substitute. This reaction takes place at high
temperatures.

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 The reaction of halogens with alkanes on higher c atoms will produce a mixture of
isomers.

2. Alkena and cycloalkene

Alkena is an unsaturated hydrocarbon group because of lack of hydrogen
compared to hydrocarbons which have equivalent C atoms. The general formula for
alkene is CnH2n.
Formula:

Cycloalkene is unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon and its name is simply by adding

the cyclo prefix to the name alkene.
Alkena properties:
 Compound with 4 carbon atoms or less tangible as colorless gas. Compounds with
5 carbon atoms and higher homologous series which are fluid and volatile.
 Branched alkenes have lower boiling points compared to straight chain alkenes
with the same number of c atoms.
 Reaction with bromine water is the identification of the presence or absence of
double bonds in a compound.

The usefulness of Alkene compounds:

 Polyethylene, which is a polymer from ethene used as a wrapper for goods, plastic
cups and plastic bottles.

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  Poliisopropene is a polymer of isopropene which is used as a shoe sole, rain coat,
and tire.
 Polyvinylchloride is a polymer of vinylchloride used as a substitute for animal
skin for making jackets, bags, and shoes.
 Butyl rubber is a butadiene polymer with isobutene used as a coating on the inner
pipe wall and as a high voltage insulator.
 Noitrile rubber, a polymer from butadiene with acrylonintryl, is used for bensi and
oil lamps and gas tanks.
 Politetrafluoroetene, a polymer of tetrafluoroethene, is used as a heat-resistant
plastic and is widely used as part of machine tools.
Reactions to alkenas:
 The alkaline undergoes an addition reaction and produces alkene or alkyl halides.
 Reaction of alkenes with halide acid
 Alkene can undergo an oxidation reaction by KMn04 to produce glycol
compounds.
 Alkenes can undergo polymerization reaction, which is the incorporation of
similar molecules or not to form molecules with very long carbon chains.
3. Alkyne
Alkyne is a hydrocarbo compound that has a triple bond with the general formula
CnH2n-2. Formula:

Alkaline properties and reactions:

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 Although alkanes are nonpolar compounds but are slightly more soluble in water.
 Can experience addition reactions to produce saturated bonds.
 Acetylene can polymerize to produce benzene
 Reaction of alkyne with water using an acid catalyst to form aldehyde.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

3.2 Recommendation

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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