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Nvsu FR Icd 05 00 Module 1 (Sam101) Student
Nvsu FR Icd 05 00 Module 1 (Sam101) Student
V. LESSON CONTENT
Key Terms
BIOS – Short for Basic Input/Output System, it is instruction that controls most of the computer’s
input/output functions, such as communicating with disks, RAM, and the monitor kept in the System ROM
chips.
clean installation – Installing the software from scratch on a new drive or on newly reformatted drive.
drives – Components that are used as long-term storage.
network connections – The connection that the server uses to communicate with other servers or the
clients.
processor – The integrated chip that is considered the brain of the computer since all of the instructions
it performs are mathematical calculations and logical comparisons. It is the component the PC is built
around.
RAM – Short for random access memory, it is the computer’s short-term or temporary memory.
Network and system administration is a branch of engineering that concerns the operational
management of human–computer systems. It is unusual as an engineering discipline in that it addresses
both the technology of computer systems and the users of the technology on an equal basis. It is about
putting together a network of computers (workstations, PCs and supercomputers), getting them running
and then keeping them running in spite of the activities of users who tend to cause the systems to fail.
A system administrator works for users, so that they can use the system to produce work. However,
a system administrator should not just cater for one or two selfish needs, but also work for the benefit of
a whole community. Today, that community is a global community of machines and organizations, which
spans every niche of human society and culture, thanks to the Internet. It is often a difficult balancing act
to determine the best policy, which accounts for the different needs of everyone with a stake in a system.
Once a computer is attached to the Internet, we have to consider the consequences of being directly
connected to all the other computers in the world.
The terms network administration and system administration exist separately and are used both
variously and inconsistently by industry and by academics. System administration is the term used
traditionally by mainframe and Unix engineers to describe the management of computers whether they
are coupled by a network or not. To this community, network administration means the management of
network infrastructure devices (routers and switches). The world of personal computers (PCs) has no
tradition of managing individual computers and their subsystems, and thus does not speak of system
administration, per se.
2. ETHICAL ISSUES
Because computer systems are human–computer communities, there are ethical considerations
involved in their administration. Even if certain decisions can be made objectively, e.g. for maximizing
productivity or minimizing cost, one must have a policy for the use and management of computers and
their users. Some decisions have to be made to protect the rights of individuals. A system administrator
has many responsibilities and constraints to consider. Ethically, the first responsibility must be to the
greater network community, and then to the users of our system. An administrator’s job is to make users’
lives bearable and to empower them in the production of real work.
• https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6323
• https://www.computerworld.com/article/2557944/ethical-issues-for-it-security-professionals.html
System administration is not just about installing operating systems. It is about planning and
designing an efficient community of computers so that real users will be able to get their jobs done. That
means:
• Designing a network which is logical and efficient.
Some system administrators are responsible for both the hardware of the network and the
computers which it connects, i.e. the cables as well as the computers. Some are only responsible for the
computers. Either way, an understanding of how data flow from machine to machine is essential as well
as an understanding of how each machine affects every other. In all countries outside the United States,
there are issues of internationalization, or tailoring the input/output hardware and software to local
language. Internationalization support in computing involves three issues:
• Choice of keyboard: e.g. British, German, Norwegian, Thai etc.
• Fonts: Roman, Cyrillic, Greek, Persian etc.
• Translation of program text messages.
Inexperienced computer users usually want to be able to use computers in their own language.
Experienced computer users, particularly programmers, often prefer the American versions of keyboards
and software in order to avoid the awkward placement of commonly used characters on non-US
keyboards.
4. SERVER ROLES
Before selecting server hardware and software components, you must first understand what your
server is supposed to do. First identify the server roles and network services that the server will need to
provide. Then examine how many people will be accessing the server at one time to help determine the
load the server needs to fulfill.
A server role is a primary duty that a server performs. You should note that a server could
have multiple roles. Some of the more common server roles include:
• File services
A file server allows you to centrally locate files to be accessed by multiple people. Because
the files are centrally located, it is easier for multiple users to access and find files (assuming they
are organized well) and it is easier to back up these files. When using Microsoft Windows to
provide file sharing, you will usually be using Server Message Block (SMB) to access Microsoft
Shares or shared folders. Windows Servers can also provide NFS shares for Unix/Linux users.
• Print services
Multiple users can access a centrally located printer using print services, which means
that you may share an expensive heavy-duty, or fast, printer that supports advanced options such
as color. Printers can be accessed as a network printer that is connected directly to the network
or through a Microsoft Windows server (again using SMB).
• Web services
Because the Internet has become more prevalent in today’s business applications, so has
the use of web services. Using a web server to provide web services means that users can access
web pages using their browsers. These web services may be used to do research, provide leads
for sales, allow customers to purchase goods and services, and provide customer support over
the Internet. Web services may also be used to provide an easy method to access databases,
run reports, track sales leads, provide customer support, and even help you with payroll and
human resources. Because you are using a standard browser such as Mozilla Firefox, Google
Chrome MS Edge, etc., you will be using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or HTTP Secure
(HTTPS) protocols. Microsoft provides web services using Internet Information Services (IIS)
others are Apache, Nginx, etc.
• Application servers
The application server role provides an integrated environment for deploying and running
server-based business applications. In other words, the server delivers networked applications.
When you access a file from a shared folder, your PC does all of the work; in this case, the server
will also do some of the processing.
• Email server
The mail server is a server that stores and manages electronic messages (email) among
users. If you are using Microsoft email products, you will be using Microsoft Exchange to act as
your mail server, and you would most likely access the email using Microsoft Outlook or a web
browser.
• Database server
Two additional examples of application servers are sales tracking or inventory control
applications. You would access this type of server on your company network by using a
customized program or using your browser. You would then request information or input some
data, which would then be retrieved from or sent to the back end server running a database such
as Microsoft SQL server.
If any of these fails, the entire system can fail. In addition, if any one of these is asked to do more
than what it was designed for, it can cause a bottleneck that may affect performance of the entire system.
Even if you strive for 100% uptime, it is next to impossible to get it over a long enough period of
time. However, by anticipating the type of failure that could occur; adding additional servers, components,
or technology that will make the system more fault tolerant; and developing good plans so that you can
react quickly when a failure occurs, you can alleviate much of this to reduce your chances of a failure
and the impact that failure would have when it occurs. In addition, while you need to spend money to
The subsystems just listed are not the only components that make up the server but they are the
primary factors that are examined when determining what a server can handle.
Network Connections
The last primary component that makes up a server is the network connection. Without a network
connection, the server is not able to communicate with other servers or the clients. Most servers include
one or more network interface cards or NICs. Because servers are designed to support many network
connections, you must have the available bandwidth from the server. The minimum speed of today’s
network cards is 100 Mbit/second, while the minimum speed for servers is 1 Gbit/second or faster.
The server operating system, or server OS, is the software layer on top of which other software
programs, or applications, can run on the server hardware. Server operating systems help enable and
facilitate typical server roles such as Web server, mail server, file server, database server, application
server and print server.
7. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa) Server Step by step Installation Guide
https://ubuntu.com/download/server
Once ISO file is downloaded on your system then make a bootable USB drive or DVD using tools like
Rufus (Windows) and and Startup Disk Creator & Unetbootin ( Ubuntu Desktop)
In case you have multiple Ethernet cards then you have option to create a bond interface,
Configure-Network-During-Ubuntu-20-04-LTS-Server-Installation
Choose Done and hit enter.
In the next screen, based on the country location. Installer will automatically configure Ubuntu archive mirror.
Use an entire disk – In case, you want installer to automatically create partitions for you, then choose
option.
Custom Storage layout – In case, you want to create your own customized partition scheme or table
then choose this option.
In this guide, we will use option 1: use entire disk, then choose continue to write changes into the disk and
to proceed with installation,
So, choose “Install OpenSSH server” option and then hit enter.
In the next screen, you have an option to choose the snaps for your server environment and if you don’t want
to install any snap during the installation then don’t choose any snap and just choose Done and press enter
to start the installation.
Once the installation is completed, installer will prompt to reboot the system.
Choose ‘Reboot’ and hit enter
Note: Don’t forget to change boot medium from bootable media to disk so that system boots up with the disk
on which we have just installed Ubuntu 20.04 LTS Sever
8. ASSIGNMENT
Server Analysis
You are designing a new network for the Acme Corporation. You expect to have a lot of sales
over the Internet. How many servers do you think you will need, what hardware requirements should you
use, and what role would you assign to each server? Hint: When you purchase something over the
Internet, what type of server do you access? Then what type of server do you think you will need in the
background that will keep track of those sales?
9. REFERENCES
Kumar, P. (2020, June 01). Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa) Server Installation Guide. Retrieved August
19, 2020, from https://www.linuxtechi.com/ubuntu-20-04-lts-server-installation-guide/
Windows server administration fundamentals: Exam 98-365. (2011). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &
Sons.
Limoncelli, T., Chalup, S. R., & Hogan, C. J. (2015). The practice of cloud system administration:
Designing and operating large distributed systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley.
Burgess, M. (2006). Principles of network and system administration. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.