Paper

Research Procedure

Arranged by Group 5:

1. Dinda Muthia Rilyanti (A1B019053)

2. Popika Ramadania (A1B019049)

3. Rizki Indriana (A1B019050)

4. Sholihah Annafisah (A1B019051)

5. Succia Putri Nabila (A1B019054)

Lecturer : Dr. Iis Sujarwati, M.Pd

English Study Program

Faculty of Teacher Training & Education
Bengkulu University
2022
 PREFACE

First of all, we say thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer
finished writing the paper entitled “Research Procedure” right in the calculated
time.

The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by
Dr. Iis Surjawati, M. Pd. as lecturer in course Method in Language Research. This
paper is structured to help develop the reader's understanding of Research
Procedure. This understanding can be understood through the introduction,
discussion of the problem, and drawing conclusions in this paper.

In arranging this paper, the writers truly get lots challenges and
obstructions but with help of many individuals, those obstructions could pass.
Writers also realized there are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper.
Therefore, we really expect constructive criticism and suggestions from readers for
the perfection of this paper.

The writers hopes that this paper can add knowledge and experience to
readers. In fact, we hope that this paper can be practiced by readers in everyday
life.

Bengkulu, March 2022

Writers

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background ...........................................................................................................................1

1.2. Questions of the problem .....................................................................................................2

1.3. Objectives .............................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

2.1. Population .............................................................................................................................3

2.2. Sample/Participant ...............................................................................................................4

2.3. Instrument .............................................................................................................................6

2.4. Data Collecting Technique .................................................................................................11

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................19

BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................21

ii
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Research is an art of scientific and systematic investigation to get information about a

specific topic. It can be considered as an endeavor to find an answer of intellectual and
practical problems using the applicable scientific method. Kerlinger (1986) says that research
is a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions,
facts, the answer to a question, or the resolution of a problem. Likewise Sekaran (2000)
defines that research is an organized, systematic, data-based, critical, scientific enquiry or
investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the objective of finding answers or
solutions of it.

A scientific procedure means a procedure through which a given task related to the
research and reaching the research aim is successively implemented. A scientific procedure is
based on certain methodology. Its content is supported by the methodology. The meaning of a
scientific procedure is to successfully reach the research aim. At the same time, a scientific
procedure means implementation of research methods.

It provides systematic and scientific and orderly work plan to complete the research.
There are certain techniques and methods too to accomplish the job of good research. Thus
research is creative and strategic process with its certain framework to search the new
dimension of knowledge and solve the current problems.

In research, it is essential to know about a brief overview of the research process before
the details of research methodology. Research process consists of certain structural process or
steps to carry out research effectively. Research process has several crucial steps that we have
to know and learn before we want to do a research.

Based on several points that have been explained above, that is what underlies the author
to make this paper which reviews the Research Procedure.

1
1.2 Questions of the Problem
1. What is Population in Research Procedure?
2. What is Sample/Participant in Research Procedure?
3. What is Instrument in Research Procedure?
4. What is Data Collecting Technique in Research Procedure?

1.3 Objectives
The purposes of the discussion in this paper are :
1. To know and understand about Population in Research Procedure.
2. To know and understand about Sampe/Participant in Research Procedure.
3. To know and understand about Instrument in Research Procedure.
4. To know and understand about Data Collecting Technique in Research Procedure.

2
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Population

A research population is also known as a well-defined collection of individuals or objects

known to have similar characteristics. Population includes all the elements from the data set
and measurable characteristics of the population such as mean and standard deviation are
known as a parameter. A research population is generally a large collection of individuals or
objects that is the main focus of a scientific query. It is for the benefit of the population that
researches are done.

There are different types of population. They are:

1. Finite Population

The finite population is also known as a countable population in which the

population can be counted. In other words, it is defined as the population of all the
individuals or objects that are finite. For statistical analysis, the finite population is
more advantageous than the infinite population. Examples of finite populations are
employees of a company, potential consumer in a market.

2. Infinite Population

The infinite population is also known as an uncountable population in which the

counting of units in the population is not possible. Example of an infinite population
is the number of germs in the patient’s body is uncountable.

3. Existent Population

The existing population is defined as the population of concrete individuals. In other

words, the population whose unit is available in solid form is known as existent
population. Examples are books, students etc.

4. Hypothetical Population

The population in which whose unit is not available in solid form is known as the
hypothetical population. A population consists of sets of observations, objects etc
that are all something in common. In some situations, the populations are only

3
 hypothetical. Examples are an outcome of rolling the dice, the outcome of tossing a
coin.

Populations are used when your research question requires, or when you have access to,
data from every member of the population. Usually, it is only straightforward to collect data
from a whole population when it is small, accessible and cooperative.

Example: Collecting data from a population

A high school administrator wants to analyze the final exam scores of all graduating
seniors to see if there is a trend. Since they are only interested in applying their findings to
the graduating seniors in this high school, they use the whole population dataset.

For larger and more dispersed populations, it is often difficult or impossible to collect
data from every individual. However, historically, marginalized and low-income groups have
been difficult to contact, locate and encourage participation from. In cases like this, sampling
can be used to make more precise inferences about the population.

2.2 Sample/Participant

Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your
research. It includes one or more observations that are drawn from the population and the
measurable characteristic of a sample is a statistic. According to Sugiyono (2016, p.81),
sampling technique is the technique to take the sample.

Basically, there are two types of sampling. They are:

1. Probability Sampling

In probability sampling, the population units cannot be selected at the discretion of

the researcher. This can be dealt with following certain procedures which will ensure
that every unit of the population consists of one fixed probability being included in
the sample. Such a method is also called random sampling. Some of the techniques
used for probability sampling are:

● Simple random sampling

● Cluster sampling
● Stratified Sampling

4
 ● Disproportionate sampling
● Proportionate sampling
● Optimum allocation stratified sampling
● Multi-stage sampling

2. Non Probability Sampling

In non-probability sampling, the population units can be selected at the discretion of

the researcher. Those samples will use the human judgements for selecting units and
has no theoretical basis for estimating the characteristics of the population. Some of
the techniques used for non-probability sampling are

● Quota sampling
● Judgement sampling
● Purposive sampling

When your population is large in size, geographically dispersed, or difficult to contact,

it’s necessary to use a sample. With statistical analysis, you can use sample data to make
estimates or test hypotheses about population data.

Example: Collecting data from a sample

You want to study political attitudes in young people. Your population is the 300,000
undergraduate students in the Netherlands. Because it’s not practical to collect data from all
of them, you use a sample of 300 undergraduate volunteers from three Dutch universities –
this is the group who will complete your online survey.

Ideally, a sample should be randomly selected and representative of the population.

Using probability sampling methods (such as simple random sampling or stratified sampling)
reduces the risk of sampling bias and enhances both internal and external validity.

For practical reasons, researchers often use non-probability sampling methods. Non-
probability samples are chosen for specific criteria; they may be more convenient or cheaper
to access. Because of non-random selection methods, any statistical inferences about the
broader population will be weaker than with a probability sample.

5
 Difference between Population and Sample
Some of the key differences between population and sample are clearly given below:

Comparison Population Sample

Meaning Collection of all the units or A subgroup of the members
elements that possess common of the population
characteristics
Includes Each and every element of a Only includes a handful of
group units of population
Characteristics Parameter Statistic
Data Collection Complete enumeration or Sampling or sample survey
census
Focus on Identification of the Making inferences about the
characteristics population

2.3 Instrument
A. Blueprint

Blueprint is a detailed framework (architecture) as a basis for policy making which

includes setting goals and objectives, formulating strategies, implementing programs and
focusing activities as well as steps or implementation that must be carried out by each unit in
the work environment. The definition of a blueprint according to the Oxford Dictionary is a
detailed description of a plan. The term blueprint itself is generally used by architects to refer
to plans for building shapes on blue paper. Irawan (2000: 76), explains "Research Design is a
"blue print" or a blueprint for research made by a researcher before conducting research. The
research design was founded on three main pillars, namely research problems, theoretical
frameworks and research methodologies”.

One of the goals of the blue print is to keep each item in accordance with the indicators
and each indicator in accordance with the aspects referred to in the construct. In addition, the
blue print is also a guide in determining the score for each item or how to score it. In
addition, the blue print is also a guideline so that there is no repetition of items that can cause
a decrease in the level of validity and reliability of existing items. In general, the blue print
will ensure the validity of the instrument from the planning stage to the item preparation
stage.It also give an overview of the contents of the scale. Blueprint become a reference and
guide for writers to stay within the correct measuring scope. It quantitatively makes it easier
to write items and upports the content validity of the scale (content validity).

6
 Blueprint in Qualitative Research

The blueprint is the overall picture and the relationship between the problem and the
validation of the research. Alwasilah (2006) explains that the blueprint is the logic or
coherence of interrelated research, including research problems, research questions, research
objectives, research conceptual theoretical frameworks, research methods, and research
validity. "Based on the blueprint you prepare a research proposal, which is a document that
communicates and convinces the supervisor that you are solid with the blueprint, and are
ready to get input and corrections" (Alwasilah, 2006:86).

1. Masalah
Penelitian

4. kerangka 3. Tujuan
konsep

2.
Pertanyaan

6. Validasi 5. metode

Qualitative research blueprint model (source: Alwasilah, 2006)

From the figure, it can be explained that the blueprint for qualitative research starts with
the research problem. The problem will display an event or situation of individuals, society
and the environment. The problem also raises facts and data in the field. Alwasilah (2006)
explains in detail that there are three types of problems that are often encountered by a
researcher, namely concepts, empirical findings, and experiences. The three problems interact
with each other so that it will make researchers 'confused' and researchers are curious to find
answers. The impact of being 'confused' on the researcher will raise questions that will be

7
answered by him/herself, among others; What exactly do researchers want to know from this
research?
From the questions asked there will be answers, and that is the goal to be achieved. For
each goal to be achieved there must be a conceptual framework that is useful as the
researcher's logic for thinking. To achieve the research objectives, tools and methods are also
needed. The final step in the blueprint, namely, internal and external threats to the validity of
the research should be taken into consideration by a researcher.
Blueprint in Quantitative Research

According to Sugiono (2008: 244) are tools used by researchers to collect data by taking
measurements. In this study to determine the score, use a Likert scale. Likert scaling is a
scale that uses the response distribution as the basis for determining the scale value. This
scale contains a set of statements which are the opinions of the research subjects. Some of
these statements show a positive (favorable) or negative (unfavorable) opinion. In scaling the
Likert model, there are five alternative answers to the existing statements, namely Strongly
Agree (SS), Agree (S), Neutral (N), Disagree (TS), and Strongly Disagree (STS) (Suryabrata,
2000: 50). Neutral (N) to avoid respondents who are passive and tend to choose a safe
position without giving a definite answer. Alternative answers are arranged in the form of
levels containing four categories of answer choices, namely: SS = Strongly Agree, S = Agree,
TS = Disagree, STS = Strongly Disagree. To compile and develop the instrument, the
researcher first made a blue print containing indicators of research variables that could
provide an overview of the contents and dimensions of the measuring area that would be used
as a reference in writing items.

The contents of the Blueprint

• Factor-Aspect-Component-Dimension-
• Characteristics
• Behavioral indicators
• Aitem proportion
• Aitem direction

8
 B. Validity

Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to measure. If

research has high validity, that means it produces results that correspond to real properties,
characteristics, and variations in the physical or social world.

High reliability is one indicator that a measurement is valid. If a method is not reliable, it
probably isn’t valid.

Example : A group of participants take a test designed to measure working memory.

The results are reliable, but participants’ scores correlate strongly with their level of reading
comprehension. This indicates that the method might have low validity: the test may be
measuring participants’ reading comprehension instead of their working memory.

Validity is harder to assess than reliability, but it is even more important. To obtain useful
results, the methods you use to collect your data must be valid: the research must be
measuring what it claims to measure. This ensures that your discussion of the data and
the conclusions you draw are also valid.

The validity of a measurement can be estimated based on three main types of evidence.
Each type can be evaluated through expert judgement or statistical methods.

Type of validity What does it assess? Example

Construct The adherence of a measure to existing A self-esteem questionnaire

theory and knowledge of the concept could be assessed by
being measured. measuring other traits known
or assumed to be related to
the concept of self-esteem
(such as social skills and
optimism). Strong correlation
between the scores for self-
esteem and associated traits
would indicate high construct
validity.

Content The extent to which the A test that aims to measure a

measurement covers all aspects of the class of students’ level of
concept being measured. Spanish contains reading,
writing and speaking

9
 components, but no listening
component. Experts agree
that listening comprehension
is an essential aspect of
language ability, so the test
lacks content validity for
measuring the overall level of
ability in Spanish.

Criterion The extent to which the result of a A survey is conducted to

measure corresponds to other valid measure the political opinions
measures of the same concept. of voters in a region. If the
results accurately predict the
later outcome of an election
in that region, this indicates
that the survey has high
criterion validity.

To assess the validity of a cause-and-effect relationship, you also need to consider

internal validity (the design of the experiment) and external validity (the generalizability of
the results)

C. Reliablity

Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures something. If the same result
can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the
measurement is considered reliable.
Example : A group of participants complete a questionnaire designed to measure
personality traits. If they repeat the questionnaire days, weeks or months apart and give the
same answers, this indicates high test-retest reliability.
Reliability can be estimated by comparing different versions of the same measurement.

Type of reliability What does it assess? Example

Test-retest The consistency of a measure across A group of participants

time: do you get the same results complete
when you repeat the measurement? a questionnaire designed to
measure personality traits. If
they repeat the questionnaire
days, weeks or months apart
and give the same answers, this
indicates high test-retest

10
 reliability.

interrater The consistency of a measure across Based on an assessment criteria

raters or observers: do you get the checklist, five examiners
same results when different people submit substantially different
conduct the same measurement? results for the same student
project. This indicates that the
assessment checklist has low
inter-rater reliability (for
example, because the criteria
are too subjective).

Internal The consistency of the measurement You design a questionnaire to

consistency itself: do you get the same results from
different parts of a test that are
designed to measure the same thing?
measure self-esteem. If you
randomly split the results into
two halves, there should be
a strong correlation between
the two sets of results. If the
two results are very different,
this indicates low internal
consistency.

Reliability relates to the consistency of a measure. A participant completing an instrument

meant to measure motivation should have approximately the same responses each time the
test is completed. Although it is not possible to give an exact calculation of reliability, an
estimate of reliability can be achieved through different measures. The three attributes of
reliability are outlined in table. How each attribute is tested for is described below.
Attributes Description
Homogeneity (or The extent to which all the items on a scale
internal consistency) measure one construct
The consistency of results using an instrument
Stability with repeated testing

Consistency among responses of multiple users of

Equivalence an instrument, or among alternate forms of an
instrument

11
2.4 Data Collecting Technique

Data collection is the process of gathering, measuring, and analyzing accurate data from a
variety of relevant sources to find answers to research problems, answer questions, evaluate
outcomes, and forecast trends and probabilities.

During data collection, the researchers must identify the data types, the sources of data,
and what methods are being used. We will soon see that there are many different data
collection methods. There is heavy reliance on data collection in research, commercial, and
government fields.

Before an analyst begins collecting data, they must answer three questions first:

1. What’s the goal or purpose of this research?

2. What kinds of data are they planning on gathering?
3. What methods and procedures will be used to collect, store, and process the
information?

Additionally, we can break up data into qualitative and quantitative types. Qualitative
data covers descriptions such as color, size, quality, and appearance. Quantitative data,
unsurprisingly, deals with numbers, such as statistics, poll numbers, percentages, etc.

Methods used for qualitative data collection

Qualitative data collection methods are exploratory, and they are usually more focused on
gaining insights and understanding the underlying reasons by digging deeper. Although
quantitative data cannot be quantified, measuring it or analyzing it might become an issue.
Due to the lack of measurability, qualitative data collection methods are primarily
unstructured or structured in rare cases – that too to some extent.

1. Individual interview:

It is one of the most trusted, widely used, and most familiar qualitative data collection
methods primarily because of its approach. An individual or a face-to-face interview is a
direct conversation between two people with a specific structure and purpose. The interview
questionnaire is designed in the manner to elicit the interviewee’s knowledge or perspective
related to a topic, program, or issue.

12
 At times, depending on the interviewer’s approach, the conversation can be unstructured
or informal but focused on understanding the individual’s beliefs, values, understandings,
feelings, experiences, and perspectives of an issue. More often, the interviewer chooses to ask
open-ended questions in individual interviews. If the interviewee selects answers from a set
of given options, it becomes a structured, fixed response, or a biased discussion.

The individual interview is an ideal qualitative data collection method, particularly when
the researchers want highly personalized information from the participants. The individual
interview is a notable method if the interviewer decides to probe further and ask follow-up
questions to gain more insights.

2. Qualitative surveys:

To develop an informed hypothesis, many researchers use qualitative surveys for data
collection or to collect a piece of detailed information about a product or an issue. If you want
to create questionnaires for collecting textual or qualitative data, then ask more open-ended
questions. To answer such questions, the respondent has to write his/her opinion or
perspective concerning a specific topic or issue. Unlike other qualitative data collection
methods, online surveys have a wider reach wherein many people can provide you quality
data that is highly credible and valuable.

- Paper surveys : The paper questionnaires are frequently used for qualitative data
collection from the participants. The survey consists of short text questions, which are
often open-ended. These questions’ motive is to collect as much detailed information
as possible in the respondents’ own words. More often, the survey questionnaires are
designed to collect standardized data hence used to collect responses from a larger
population or large sample size.

- Online surveys : An online survey or a web survey is prepared using a prominent

online survey software and either uploaded in a website or emailed to the selected
sample size with a motive to collect reliable online data. Instead of writing down
responses, the respondents use computers and keyboards to type their answers. With
an online survey questionnaire, it becomes easier and smoother to collect qualitative
data. In addition to that, online surveys have a wider reach, and the respondent is not
pressurized to answer each question under the interviewer’s supervision. One of the

13
 significant benefits that online surveys offer is that they allow the respondents to take
the survey on any device, be it a desktop, tablet, or mobile.

- Focus group discussions : Focus group discussions can also be considered a type of
interview, but it is conducted in a group discussion setting. Usually, the focus group
consists of 8 – 10 people (the size may vary depending on the researcher’s
requirement). The researchers ensure appropriate space is given to the participants to
discuss a topic or issue in a context. The participants are allowed to either agree or
disagree with each other’s comments. With a focused group discussion, researchers
know how a particular group of participants perceives the topic. Researchers analyze
what participants think of an issue, the range of opinions expressed, and the ideas
discussed. The data is collected by noting down the variations or inconsistencies (if
any exists) in the participants, especially in terms of belief, experiences, and practice.
The participants of focused group discussions are selected based on the topic or issues
for which the researcher wants actionable insights. For example, is the research is
about the recovery of college students from drug addiction, the participants have to be
a college student, studying and recovering from the drug addiction.

Other parameters such as age, qualification, financial background, social presence, and
demographics are also considered but not primarily, as the group needs diverse participants.
Frequently, the qualitative data collected through focused group discussion is more
descriptive and highly detailed.

3. Observations:

Observation is one of the traditional qualitative data collection methods used by

researchers to gather descriptive text data by observing people and their behavior at events or
in their natural settings. In this method, the researcher is completely immersed in watching or
seeing people by taking a participatory stance to take down notes. Aside from taking notes,
different techniques such as videos, photographs, audio recordings, tangible items like
artifacts, and souvenirs are also be used.

There are two main types of observation,

- Covert: In this method, the observer is concealed without letting anyone know that
they are being observed. For example, a researcher studying the rituals of a wedding

14
 in nomadic tribes must join them as a guest and quietly see everything that goes
around him.
- Overt: In this method, everyone is aware that they are being watched. For example, A
researcher or an observer wants to study the wedding rituals of a nomadic tribe. To
proceed with the research, the observer or researcher can reveal why he is attending
the marriage and even use a video camera to shoot everything around him.

Observation is a useful qualitative data collection method, especially when you want to
study the ongoing process, situation, or reactions on a specific issue related to the people
being observed.

Even when you want to understand people’s behavior or their way of interaction in a
particular community or demographic, you can rely on the observation data. Remember, if
you fail to get quality data through surveys, interviews, or group discussions, rely on
observation. It is the best and trusted qualitative data collection method to generate
qualitative data as it requires equal to no efforts from the participants.

Methods used for quantitative data collection

A data that can be counted or expressed in numerical’s constitute the quantitative data. It
is commonly used to study the events or levels of concurrence. And is collected through a
structured questionnaire asking questions starting with “how much” or “how many.” As the
quantitative data is numerical, it represents both definitive and objective data. Furthermore,
quantitative information is much sorted for statistical and mathematical analysis, making it
possible to illustrate it in the form of charts and graphs.

Discrete and continuous are the two major categories of quantitative data where discreet
data have finite numbers and the constant data values falling on a continuum possessing the
possibility to have fractions or decimals. If research is conducted to find out the number of
vehicles owned by the American household, then we get a whole number, which is an
excellent example of discrete data. When research is limited to the study of physical
measurements of the population like height, weight, age, or distance, then the result is an
excellent example of continuous data.

15
 Any traditional or online data collection method that helps in gathering numerical data is
a proven method of collecting quantitative data.

1. Probability sampling

A definitive method of sampling carried out by utilizing some form of random selection
and enabling researchers to make a probability statement based on data collected at random
from the targeted demographic. One of the best things about probability sampling is it allows
researchers to collect the data from representatives of the population they are interested in
studying. Besides, the data is collected randomly from the selected sample rules out the
possibility of sampling bias.

There are three significant types of probability sampling

- Simple random sampling: More often, the targeted demographic is chosen for
inclusion in the sample.

- Systematic random sampling: Any of the targeted demographic would be included in

the sample, but only the first unit for inclusion in the sample is selected randomly, rest
are selected in the ordered fashion as if one out of every ten people on the list.

- Stratified random sampling: It allows selecting each unit from a particular group of
the targeted audience while creating a sample. It is useful when the researchers are
selective about including a specific set of people in the sample, i.e., only males or
females, managers or executives, people working within a particular industry.

2. Interviews

Interviewing people is a standard method used for data collection. However, the
interviews conducted to collect quantitative data are more structured, wherein the researchers
ask only a standard set of questionnaires and nothing more than that.

There are three major types of interviews conducted for data collection

- Telephone interviews: For years, telephone interviews ruled the charts of data
collection methods. However, nowadays, there is a significant rise in conducting
video interviews using the internet, Skype, or similar online video calling platforms.

16
 - Face-to-face interviews: It is a proven technique to collect data directly from the
participants. It helps in acquiring quality data as it provides a scope to ask detailed
questions and probing further to collect rich and informative data. Literacy
requirements of the participant are irrelevant as F2F surveys offer ample opportunities
to collect non-verbal data through observation or to explore complex and unknown
issues. Although it can be an expensive and time-consuming method, the response
rates for F2F interviews are often higher.

- Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI): It is nothing but a similar setup of

the face-to-face interview where the interviewer carries a desktop or laptop along with
him at the time of interview to upload the data obtained from the interview directly
into the database. CAPI saves a lot of time in updating and processing the data and
also makes the entire process paperless as the interviewer does not carry a bunch of
papers and questionnaires.

3. Surveys/questionnaires

Surveys or questionnaires created using online survey software are playing a pivotal role
in online data collection be is quantitative or qualitative research. The surveys are designed in
a manner to legitimize the behavior and trust of the respondents. More often, checklists and
rating scale type of questions make the bulk of quantitative surveys as it helps in simplifying
and quantifying the attitude or behavior of the respondents.

There are two significant types of survey questionnaires used to collect online data for
quantitative market research.

- Web-based questionnaire: This is one of the ruling and most trusted methods for
internet-based research or online research. In a web-based questionnaire, the receive
an email containing the survey link, clicking on which takes the respondent to a
secure online survey tool from where he/she can take the survey or fill in the survey
questionnaire. Being a cost-efficient, quicker, and having a wider reach, web-based
surveys are more preferred by the researchers. The primary benefit of a web-based
questionnaire is flexibility; respondents are free to take the survey in their free time
using either a desktop, laptop, tablet, or mobile.

- Mail Questionnaire: In a mail questionnaire, the survey is mailed out to a host of the
sample population, enabling the researcher to connect with a wide range of audiences.

17
 The mail questionnaire typically consists of a packet containing a cover sheet that
introduces the audience about the type of research and reason why it is being
conducted along with a prepaid return to collect data online. Although the mail
questionnaire has a higher churn rate compared to other quantitative data collection
methods, adding certain perks such as reminders and incentives to complete the
survey help in drastically improving the churn rate. One of the major benefits of the
mail questionnaire is all the responses are anonymous, and respondents are allowed to
take as much time as they want to complete the survey and be completely honest
about the answer without the fear of prejudice.

4. Observations

As the name suggests, it is a pretty simple and straightforward method of collecting

quantitative data. In this method, researchers collect quantitative data through systematic
observations by using techniques like counting the number of people present at the specific
event at a particular time and a particular venue or number of people attending the event in a
designated place. More often, for quantitative data collection, the researchers have a
naturalistic observation approach that needs keen observation skills and senses for getting the
numerical data about the “what” and not about “why” and ”how.”

Naturalistic observation is used to collect both types of data; qualitative and quantitative.
However, structured observation is more used to collect quantitative rather than qualitative
data.

Structured observation: In this type of observation method, the researcher has to make
careful observations of one or more specific behaviors in a more comprehensive or structured
setting compared to naturalistic or participant observation. In a structured observation, the
researchers, rather than observing everything, focus only on very specific behaviors of
interest. It allows them to quantify the behaviors they are observing. When the observations
require a judgment on the part of the observers – it is often described as coding, which
requires a clearly defining a set of target behaviors.

18
 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

Based on the explanation in this paper about research procedure, the writer conduct some
conclusion including:

● The research paper introduction should address three questions: What, why, and how?
After finishing the introduction, the reader should know what the paper is about, why it is
worth reading, and how you’ll build your arguments.
● Data collection is a systematic process of gathering observations or measurements.
Whether you are performing research for business, governmental or academic purposes,
data collection allows you to gain first-hand knowledge and original insights into
your research problem.

● A population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
● A sample is the specific group that you will collect data from. The size of the sample is
always less than the total size of the population.
● In research, a population doesn’t always refer to people. It can mean a group containing
elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events, organizations, countries,
species, organisms, etc.
● Blueprint is a detailed framework (architecture) as a basis for policy making which
includes setting goals and objectives, formulating strategies, implementing programs and
focusing activities as well as steps or implementation that must be carried out by each
unit in the work environment.
● Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. They
indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something. Reliability is about
the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure.
● Validity is harder to assess than reliability, but it is even more important. To obtain useful
results, the methods you use to collect your data must be valid: the research must be
measuring what it claims to measure. This ensures that your discussion of the data and
the conclusions you draw are also valid.

● Data collection is a process of collecting information from all the relevant sources to find
answers to the research problem, test the hypothesis (if you are following deductive
approach) and evaluate the outcomes.

19
● Data collection method can be divided into two groups: quantitative and qualitative.
Quantitative data collection methods are based on mathematical calculations in various
formats. Methods of quantitative data collection and analysis include questionnaires with
closed-ended questions, methods of correlation and regression, mean, mode and median
and others.Qualitative research methods, on the contrary, do not involve numbers or
mathematical calculations. Qualitative research is closely associated with words, sounds,
feeling, emotions, colours and other elements that are non-quantifiable.

20
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alison Twycross, David Barren. 2018. "Data collection in qualitative research". http
://dx.doi.org/10.1136/eb-2018-102939, on March 8th 2022 at 08.00 pm.

Bhandari, Pritha. 2021. “Population vs Sample | Definitions, Differences & Examples”.

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/population-vs-
sample/#:~:text=A%20population%20is%20the%20entire,t%20always%20refer%20to%20pe
ople., on March 3rd 2022 at 08.00 pm.

Bhat, Adi. 2020. “Population vs Sample – All you need to know”.

https://www.questionpro.com/blog/population-vs-sample/amp/., on March 7th 2022 at 09.00
pm.

Heale, Roberta. 2015. “Validity and reliability in quantitative studies”,

https://ebn.bmj.com/content/ebnurs/18/3/66.full.pdf , on february 27th 2022 at 10.00 pm.

John Dudovskiy. 2022. "The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: A
Step-by-Step Assistance (6th edition)". https://research-methodology.net/research-
methods/data-collection/, on February 28th 2022 at 06.00 a.m.

Middleton, Fiona. 2019. “ Reliability vs validity in research-differences, types and

examples”, https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/reliability-vs-
validity/#:~:text=Reliability%20and%20validity%20are%20concepts,the%20accuracy%20of
%20a%20measure , on on february 27th 2022 at 07.00 pm

Middleton, Fiona. 2019. “ The 4 types of reliability-definitions,examples,methods”,

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/types-of-reliability/ , on february 17th 2022 at 09.00
pm

Nadifa Andriani, Dina (2014), Hubungan antara persepsi menggunakan handphone dengan
kontrol diri siswa Mts Sunan Kalijogo Karang Besuki Malan, http://etheses.uin-
malang.ac.id/605/7/10410105%20Bab%203.pdf, on february 28th 2022 at 10.00 a.m.

Rahmah, Nidaur (2021), Contoh Blueprint, Komponen, dan Cara Membuatnya,

https://www.pengadaanbarang.co.id/2021/10/blueprint-adalah.html, on february 28th 2022 at
10.00 a.m.

Ravikiran. 2022. “Population vs Sample: Definitions, Differences and Examples”.

https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/machine-learning-tutorial/population-vs-sample., on
March 7th at 09.00 pm.

Tola Data. 2021. "Qualitative and Quantitative data collection methods in M&E",
https://www.toladata.com/blog/qualitative-and-quantitative-data-collection-methods-in-
monitoring-and-evaluation/ on March 8th 2022 at 08.00 a.m.

21