Resource Material

West Visayas State University
College of Education
SCIENCE EDUCATION DIVISION
Division of Secondary Teacher Training
Center of Teaching Excellence for Teacher Education
La Paz, Iloilo City, Philippines
Chemical Reaction
Evidence and Type
I. Introduction
Whether you’re awake or asleep a chemical reaction

takes place. Every time you eat something, a series of chemical
reactions happen inside your body for you to digest it. Aside
from all the chemical reactions that simultaneously take place
inside your body, the process by which plants make their own
food is also a chemical reaction.
In this lesson, the evidences and the types of chemical

reactions will be discussed. For us to be able to identify if a
chemical reaction takes place, we look for evidences. The
evidences of chemical reactions are the production of light,
formation of gas, change in temperature, change in intrinsic
properties, and the formation of a precipitate. On the other
hand, chemical reactions are classified into types to help us
analyze them and to help us predict what the products of the
reaction will be. The five major types of chemical reactions are
synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double
replacement, and combustion.
Enjoy learning!
II. Learning Competencies/Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students must have:

 described a chemical reaction;
 differentiated a chemical change from a physical change;
 cited evidences of a chemical reaction;
 identified the types of chemical reactions; and
 related the concept of chemical reactions to everyday life
situations
Chemical Reaction
New substances are produced during a chemical change. The

chemical bonds of the substances must break in order for this to
happen, and the atoms that make up the substances must separate
and re-arrange themselves into new substances with new chemical
bonds. A chemical reaction is what we term this process when it
occurs. A chemical reaction is the transformation of one or more
chemicals into one or more new substances.
To explain a chemical reaction, we must first identify the

substances present at the start and the substances present at the
end. The substances present at the start are known as reactants,
whereas the substances present at the end are known as products.
The direction of the chemical reaction is shown by an arrow drawn
between the reactants and products. The reaction arrow may travel
from left to right or be a double arrow, signifying that reactants
become products and some of the products undergo reversible
reactions to reform reactants.
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
reactants product
Writing Chemical Equation
When we utilize chemical formulas instead of words, we may

make chemical equations more concise and helpful. A chemical
equation is a mathematical representation of a chemical process. A
reaction's general equation is:
Reactant → Product
To communicate in chemical shorthand, we must first learn a

few specific symbols. An overview of the primary symbols used in
chemical equations is provided in the table.
Chemists can describe a chemical process using a variety of

approaches. They might also describe the reaction in words.
Chemical Equation: 2H(2)(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
Verbal Description: Two molecules of hydrogen gas combine with

one molecule of oxygen gas to form two molecules of water
vapor in the image above.
Let’s Try This!

Convert the following chemical equations to verbal
descriptions or the other way around.
1. HCl(aq) +NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) +H2O(l)

Answer: An aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid reacts
with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to produce
an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and liquid water.
2. Gaseous propane, C3H8, burns in oxygen gas to produce

gaseous carbon dioxide and liquid water.
Answer: C3H8(g) +O2(g) → CO2(g) +H2O(l)
Balancing Chemical Equation
On the reactant and product sides of a balanced chemical

equation, there are equal quantities of atoms for each element
involved in the reaction. This is a condition that the equation must
meet in order to be consistent with the conservation of matter
principle. It may be verified by adding the numbers of atoms on
both sides of the arrow and comparing them to check that they are
equal. Note that the number of atoms in any formula involving that
element is derived by multiplying the coefficient by the element's
subscript in the expression.
In chemical equations, there are two sorts of numbers that

exist. Subscripts appear in the chemical formulae of the reactants
and products, and coefficients appear in front of the formulations to
show how many molecules of that material are utilized or
generated. The coefficients and subscripts are indicated in the
chemical formula below:
Three steps are involved in writing a balanced chemical

equation:
Step 1: Identify the reactants and products of the reaction and write a word
equation for it.
Step 2: Write all of the reactants' and products' formula.
Step 3: Balance the equation by adjusting the coefficients.
Example 1:
Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs between
chlorine gas and aqueous sodium bromide to produce liquid
bromine and aqueous sodium chloride.
Step 1. Identify the reactants and products of the reaction and write
a word equation for it.
Chlorine + sodium bromide yields bromine + sodium

chloride
Step 2. Write all of the reactants’ and products’ formula. Substitute.
Cl2 +NaBr → Br2 +NaCl
Step 3. Insert coefficients where it is necessary to balance the

equation. We may balance the bromine atoms by putting a
coefficient of 2 in front of NaBr. We may balance the chlorine atoms
by putting a coefficient of 2 in front of the NaCl.
Cl2 + 2 NaBr → Br2 + 2 NaCl
Example 2:
Write a balanced equation for the reaction of molecular
nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) to form dinitrogen pentoxide.
First, write the unbalanced equation:
N2+O2→N2O5
Next, count the number of each type of atom present in the

unbalanced equation.
Element Reactants Products Balanced?

N 1×2=2 1×2=2 2 = 2, yes
O 1×2=2 1×5=5 2 ≠ 5, no
Though nitrogen is balanced, changes in coefficients are

needed to balance the number of oxygen atoms. To balance the
number of oxygen atoms, a reasonable first attempt would be to
change the coefficients for the O2 and N2O5 to integers that will yield
10 O atoms
N2+ 5 O2 → 2 N2O5 (unbalanced)

N 1×2=2 2×2=4 2 ≠ 4, no
O 5 × 2 = 10 2 × 5 = 10 10 = 10, yes
The N atom balance has been upset by this change; it is

restored by changing the coefficient for the reactant N2 to 2.
2N2+5O2→2N2O5

N 2×2=4 2×2=4 4 = 4, yes
O 5 × 2 = 10 2 × 5 = 10 10 = 10, yes
Because the number of N and O atoms on either side of the

equation is now equal, the equation is now balanced.
If you want to know more, see the link provided below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmdxMlb88Fs
Balance the following equation:

a. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) +CO2(g)
b. H2SO4(aq) +Al(OH)3(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) +H2O(l)
c. Ba(NO3 )2(aq) +Na2CO3(aq) → BaCO3(aq) +NaNO3(aq)
d. C2H6(g) +O2(g) → CO2(g) +H2O(l)
Difference of Chemical Change and Physical Change
A physical change occurs when a substance's shape changes

but its chemical content remains the same (reversible). Changes in
state, for example, are considered physical changes. When chilled, a
cup of water can be frozen, then heated to return to a liquid state.
Ice (frozen water) and liquid water are both made up of the same
component, water.
It is still paper if a piece of paper is cut into little bits. This

would be a physical change to the paper's form and size. You've
changed the shape of the paper, but not the fact that it's still paper.
It doesn't matter whether you heat an iron bar till it glows red
hot; it's still the same iron. The iron has not been transformed into
anything else.
A chemical change is a change in solution that results in the

formation of something new (irreversible). The initial materials
transform into a new substance or substances totally. The chemical
makeup of the resultant compound differs from that of the starting
materials. The interaction of iron with air (rusting) or the reactions
of a metal with an acid are examples of chemical changes.
Evidences of Chemical Reaction
We seek for a chemical change to identify a chemical reaction.

A chemical change always results in the formation of one or more
forms of matter that are distinct from the matter that existed before
to the change. Chemical reactions are therefore evidenced by the
existence of chemical changes.
a. Formation of Precipitate
Precipitates of magnesium and calcium oxides, for
example, can block the pipes in our houses. Hard water,
sometimes known as bore water, can cause this.
Also, a precipitate is a solid generated in a chemical
process that is not one of the reactants. This can happen
when ionic compound-containing liquids are combined,
resulting in an insoluble product. (See images below)
Magnesium and Calcium oxides Crystals formed a decay of acid

b. Color Change
A chemical change
can also be indicated by a
change in color. When
leaves are dry, for
example, they may change
color.
c. Gas Formation
When two liquids are
combined, bubbles develop,
indicating that a gas has been
generated. When a solid is
introduced to a solution, a gas can
arise.
When you dissolve a dispirin pill

in water, it starts to bubble. The
appearance of bubbles is a sign
that a chemical shift has
happened.
d. Production of heat, light, and

sound
When you gaze at the
fireworks, you may see glistening
red, white, and blue sparkles falling
from the sky in all directions.
Chemical change may be seen in
the explosion of fireworks. It's a
powerful reaction that produces
heat, light, and sound. The fireworks emit energy in the form
of visible light.
The acquisition of energy
by an object is another
evidence of a chemical shift.
When a chemical reaction
occurs, such as when baking a
cake, energy is absorbed.
When you bake a cake, the
butter absorbs energy as it
transforms from a fluid batter
to a cake.
e. Noticeable Odor
When two or more compounds
or elements are combined, odor is
produced, indicating that a chemical
transition has occurred. A chemical
reaction has occurred when an egg
begins to smell (a rotting egg, for
example). A chemical breakdown has
resulted in this.
f. Temperature Change
A chemical change is
indicated by an increase or
decrease in temperature. A
change in temperature can be
sensed regardless of whether a
thermometer is accessible. The
temperature has risen if it feels hot. The temperature has

dropped if it feels cold.
TYPES OF REACTION
Chemical reactions are divided into types to help in the
analysis and prediction of the reaction's products. Synthesis,
decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and
combustion are the five primary types of chemical reactions.
1. Synthesis Reactions
A synthesis reaction occurs when two or more reactants
combine to form a single product. A synthesis reaction's
general equation is:
X+Y → XY
Because there is just one product, we can always identify

a synthesis reaction. You should be able to predict the
products if you are provided elemental reactants and told that
the reaction is a synthesis process. Take a look at the
following equation. The combination of two elements (hydrogen
and oxygen) results in the formation of a single product
(water):
2 H2(g) +O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)
2. Decomposition Reactions
A decomposition reaction occurs when one kind of
reactant breaks down to create two or more products. The best
way to remember a decomposition reaction is that there is only
one reactant in all reactions of this type. A decomposition
reaction's general equation is:
XY→ X+Y
Consider the following equation as an example of a

decomposition reaction. Ammonium nitrate breaks down in
this process to create dinitrogen oxide and water.
NH4NO3(s) → N2O(g) +2H2O(g)
There is just one reactant on the left side of the arrow,

NH4NO3, while there are several on the right side of the arrow.
This is the inverse of a synthesis reaction.
3. Single Replacement Reactions

The single replacement reaction is a third type of
reaction. One element combines with one compound to create
products in single replacement reactions. When the products
form, the single element is said to replace one element in the
compound, thus the name single replacement.
Pure elements, such as pure zinc metal or hydrogen gas,

plus an aqueous combination, are always used as starting
materials. As a result of a replacement reaction, a new
aqueous compound and a different pure element are formed as
products. The following illustration depicts the overall pattern
of a single replacement reaction.
AB(aq)+C→A+CB(aq)
Pure elements
We can observe that in compound AB, A is replaced by

C, resulting in a new compound CB and elemental A.
a) Replacement of a Metal with a Metal

This section focuses on single replacement reactions
in which an elemental metal reactant replaces the metal (or
cation) of a second product. This reaction's general equation
is:
X+YZ → Y+XZ
Say we know that a single replacement reaction

between solid aluminum and solid iron(III) oxide will occur.
Al(s) +Fe2O3(s)
We need to know that aluminum will replace iron and
generate aluminum oxide in order to anticipate the
products. Aluminum has a charge of +3 (Group 3A), while
oxygen has a negative charge of 2 (it is in Group 6A). As a
result, the combination produced between aluminum and
oxygen will be Al2O3(s). Because aluminum has replaced iron
in the compound, the iron product will now be a single
element. The unbalanced equation will be the following:
Al(s) +Fe2O3(s) → Al2O3(s) +Fe(s)

The balanced equation is as follows:
2 Al(s) +Fe2O3(s) → Al2O3(s) +2 Fe(s)
b.) Replacement of Hydrogen with a Metal

In this situation, single replacement reactions will be

considered, in which the element reactant replaces the
hydrogen in the acid compound. The general reaction is:
A+2 HX → AX2 +H2
We can predict reactants in these single replacement
reactions in the same way we did for the other categories of
single replacement reactions. Take a look at the reaction
below. The compound HCl is an acid because it contains
hydrogen and an anion.
Mg(s) +2HCl(aq)
We need to know that magnesium will replace
hydrogen and create magnesium chloride in order to
predict the products. Magnesium has a charge of +2 (Group
2A), while chlorine has a negative charge of 1. (it is in group
7A). As a result, MgCl2 will be the compound generated.
The elemental hydrogen, H2, is formed when hydrogen is
replaced. All that's left is to balance the equation after the
products have been determined.
Mg(s) +2 HCl(aq) → MgCl2(s) +H2(g)
c.) Replacement of a Nonmetal with a Nonmetal
The element reactant replaces the nonmetal (or anion)
in a compound in this last form of single replacement
reaction. For this sort of reaction, the fundamental equation
is:
A+BC → C +BA
Notice how the chlorine has replaced the iodine in the

equation below, yielding solid iodine as a result. The
products of these single replacement reactions can be
predicted in the same way that they can be predicted for all
other single replacement reactions. The only difference is
that instead of replacing the cation, we must remember to
replace the anion of the compound.
Cl2(g) +2 KI(aq) → 2 KCl(aq) +I2(s)
d.) Double Replacement Reactions

When components of two ionic compounds are
swapped, two new compounds are formed. Double
replacement reactions are also known as double
displacement, exchange, or metathesis processes. Two
reactants will react when the cations switch places in a
double replacement reaction. Recognize that there are two
compounds as reactants to identify this sort of reaction. A
double replacement reaction has the following general
pattern:
A+B−+C+D−→A+D−+C+B−
An example of a double replacement reaction is as

follows:
BaCl2(aq)+Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s)+2NaCl(aq)
In this example, the cations are Ba2+ and Na+, and the
anions are Cl- SO24. If we swap the anions or cations, we get
as our products BaSO4 and NaCl.
Common types of double replacement reactions:

a. When two aqueous ionic compounds combine to
generate a new ionic compound that is not soluble in
water, it is called a precipitation reaction. The reaction

of lead (II) nitrate with potassium iodide is one example.
Both are white solids that may be dissolved in water to
produce clear, colorless solutions. When the two clear
solutions are combined, the following reaction occurs:
Pb(NO3)2(aq)+2KI(aq)→2KNO3(aq)+ PbI2(s)
From two obvious solutions, we created a
lovely golden solid! In real life, the response
flask can resemble the one shown.
Precipitate is the name for the insoluble
product compound. The reaction's
supernatant or supernate is the solvent and
soluble components.
(Combining aqueous solutions of lead (II) nitrate and potassium
iodide results in the formation of insoluble lead (II) iodide, a yellow
solid. Image credit: PRHaney on Wikimedia Commons)
b. An acid and a base undergo a neutralization

reaction, which is a type of double replacement
reaction. A neutralization reaction can be
demonstrated as follows:
HF (aq) + NaOH (aq) → H2O + NaF(aq)
Meaning, acid + base → H2O + salt. In most aqueous

neutralization reactions, water and a new ionic
substance, often known as a salt, are produced.
Look at the reaction between acetic acid and barium

hydroxide below.
HC2H3O2(aq) +Ba(OH)2(aq) → ?
Try to predict the products by having the cations

exchange places and writing the correct formulas for the
products formed.
HC2H3O2(aq) +Ba(OH)2(aq → Ba(C2H3O2)2(aq) +H2O(l)

(not balanced)
Therefore, the final balanced equation will be:
2HC2H3O2(aq) +Ba(OH)2(aq → Ba(C2H3O2)2(aq) +2H2O(l)

(balanced)
This is an acid-base reaction yielding salt, barium

acetate, and water. Notice that HOH and H2O are the
same.
4. Combustion
The combustion reaction is a unique form of single
replacement reaction that merits special consideration.
Oxygen combines with another substance to generate carbon
dioxide and water in a combustion process. In most
combustion processes, a hydrocarbon, which is an organic
compound made up entirely of hydrogen and carbon, reacts
with oxygen to create CO2 and H2O. To put it another way, the
only thing that varies from one combustion reaction to the
next is the hydrocarbon involved. This reaction's general
equation is shown below. The general equation includes
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water to show that the reactants
and products are the same from one combustion reaction to

the next.
Hydrocarbon+O2(g) → CO2(g) +H2O(l)
Look at the the combustion reaction of octane, C 8H18,

shown below. Octane has 8 carbon atoms, hence the prefix
“oct-.”
2 C8H18(l) +25 O2(g) → 16 CO2(g) +18 H2O(l)
Complete combustion is the name given

to this process. When there is enough
oxygen to burn the entire hydrocarbon,
complete combustion processes occur.
As a result, carbon dioxide and water
are the sole byproducts.
Watch the video below for classroom examples of several

reaction types, followed by a presentation of the balancing
method for reaction equations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B8PFqbMNIw
Sources:
https://getvisitapp.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/binge-
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West Visayas State University

Whether you’re awake or asleep a chemical reaction

In this lesson, the evidences and the types of chemical

II. Learning Competencies/Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students must have:

New substances are produced during a chemical change. The

To explain a chemical reaction, we must first identify the

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

Writing Chemical Equation

When we utilize chemical formulas instead of words, we may

To communicate in chemical shorthand, we must first learn a

Chemists can describe a chemical process using a variety of

Chemical Equation: 2H(2)(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

Verbal Description: Two molecules of hydrogen gas combine with

Let’s Try This!

1. HCl(aq) +NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) +H2O(l)

2. Gaseous propane, C3H8, burns in oxygen gas to produce

Balancing Chemical Equation

On the reactant and product sides of a balanced chemical

In chemical equations, there are two sorts of numbers that

Three steps are involved in writing a balanced chemical

Chlorine + sodium bromide yields bromine + sodium

Step 2. Write all of the reactants’ and products’ formula. Substitute.

Cl2 +NaBr → Br2 +NaCl

Step 3. Insert coefficients where it is necessary to balance the

Cl2 + 2 NaBr → Br2 + 2 NaCl

First, write the unbalanced equation:

Next, count the number of each type of atom present in the

Element Reactants Products Balanced?

Though nitrogen is balanced, changes in coefficients are

N2+ 5 O2 → 2 N2O5 (unbalanced)

Element Reactants Products Balanced?

The N atom balance has been upset by this change; it is

Element Reactants Products Balanced?

Because the number of N and O atoms on either side of the

If you want to know more, see the link provided below:

Balance the following equation:

Difference of Chemical Change and Physical Change

A physical change occurs when a substance's shape changes

It is still paper if a piece of paper is cut into little bits. This

A chemical change is a change in solution that results in the

Evidences of Chemical Reaction

We seek for a chemical change to identify a chemical reaction.

Magnesium and Calcium oxides Crystals formed a decay of acid

When you dissolve a dispirin pill

d. Production of heat, light, and

temperature has risen if it feels hot. The temperature has

Because there is just one product, we can always identify

2 H2(g) +O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)

Consider the following equation as an example of a

NH4NO3(s) → N2O(g) +2H2O(g)

There is just one reactant on the left side of the arrow,

3. Single Replacement Reactions

Pure elements, such as pure zinc metal or hydrogen gas,

We can observe that in compound AB, A is replaced by

a) Replacement of a Metal with a Metal

Say we know that a single replacement reaction

Al(s) +Fe2O3(s) → Al2O3(s) +Fe(s)

2 Al(s) +Fe2O3(s) → Al2O3(s) +2 Fe(s)

b.) Replacement of Hydrogen with a Metal

In this situation, single replacement reactions will be

Notice how the chlorine has replaced the iodine in the

Cl2(g) +2 KI(aq) → 2 KCl(aq) +I2(s)

d.) Double Replacement Reactions