SHEARING DEFORMATION:

- Shearing forces cause deformation. An element subjected to shear does

not change in length but undergoes a change in shape

- The change in angle at the corner of an original rectangular element is

called the shear strain and is expressed as;
𝛿
𝛾=
𝐿
- The ratio of the shear stress 𝜏 and the shear strain 𝛾 is called the
modulus of elasticity for shear or modulus of rigidity and is denoted
as, 𝐺;
 𝜏
𝐺=𝛾
- The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied
shearing force is;
𝑉𝐿 𝜏𝐿
𝛿𝑠 = =
𝐴𝑠 𝐺 𝐺
where:
𝑉 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Poisson's Ratio:
When a bar is subjected to tensile loading, there is an increase in
length of the bar in the direction of the applied load, but there is
also a change in lateral dimension perpendicular to the load. The ratio
Of the sideways deformation (or strain) to the longitudinal deformation
(or strain) is called Poisson’s Ratio and is denoted by, 𝑣 . For most
steel, it lies in the range of 0.25 to 0.30, and 0.20 for concrete.
 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑧
𝑣=− =−
𝜀𝑥 𝜀𝑥
where:
𝜀𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜀𝑦 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜀𝑧 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
* The negative sign indicates a decrease in transverse dimension, and
𝜀𝑥 is positive

BIAXIAL DEFORMATION:
If an element is subjected simultaneously by tensile stresses, 𝜎𝑥 and
𝜎𝑥
𝜎𝑦 , in the x and y directions, the strain in the x-direction is and
𝐸
𝜎𝑦
the strain y-direction is . Simultaneously, the stress in the
𝐸
x-direction will produce a lateral contraction on the y-direction
 𝑣𝜎𝑦
of the amount −𝑣𝜀𝑦 or − 𝐸
. The resulting strain in the x-direction
will be;
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜀𝑥 +𝑣𝜀𝑦 𝐸
𝜀𝑥 = 𝐸
− 𝑣 𝐸
, 𝜎𝑥 = 1−𝑣 2
𝜎𝑦 𝜎 𝜀𝑦 +𝑣𝜀𝑥 𝐸
𝜀𝑦 = 𝐸
− 𝑣 𝐸𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 = 1−𝑣 2

TRIAXIAL DEFORMATION:
If an element is subjected simultaneously by three mutually
perpendicular normal stresses 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 , 𝜎𝑧 , which are accompanied by
strains 𝜀𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦 , 𝜀𝑧 respectively,
1
𝜀𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧
𝐸
1
𝜀𝑦 = 𝐸
𝜎𝑦 − 𝑣 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧
1
𝜀𝑧 = 𝐸
𝜎𝑧 − 𝑣 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦
 Note:
* Tensile stress and elongation are taken as positive. Compressive
stress and contraction are taken as negative.

Relationships between E, G and 𝒗;

𝐸
𝐺= 2 1+𝑣
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity or Modulus of Volume Expansion, 𝒌;
- Is a measure of a resistance of a material to change in volume without
a change in shape or form;
𝐸 𝜎
𝑘= = ∆𝑉ൗ
3 1−2𝑣 𝑉
where:
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
∆𝑉 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
∆𝑉Τ = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑉
 ∆𝑉 𝜎 3 1−2𝑣
= =
𝑉 𝑘 𝐸

Illustrative Problem:
A rectangular steel block is 3′′ long in the x-direction, 2′′ long in the
y-direction, and 4′′ long in the z-direction. The block is subjected to a
triaxial loading of three uniformly distributed forces as follows;
48 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 tension in x-direction, 60 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 compression in the y-direction, and
54 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 tension in the z-direction. If 𝑣 = 0.30 and 𝐸 = 29𝑥106 psi, determine
The single uniformly distributed load in the x-direction that would
produce the same deformation in the y-direction as the original loading
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
𝑥 = 3′′ 𝐹𝑥 = 48 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑇
𝑦 = 2′′ 𝐹𝑦 = 60 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝐶
z = 4′′ 𝐹𝑧 = 54 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑇
Illustrative Problem:
A 150 mm long bronze tube closed at its ends is 80 mm in diameter and
has a wall thickness of 3 mm. It fits without clearance in an 80 mm hole
in a rigid block. The tube is then subjected to an internal pressure of
1
4.0 𝑀𝑃𝑎 . Assuming 𝑣 = and 𝐸 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎, determine the tangential stress in
3
the tube.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑:
𝜌 = 4.0 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎𝑥
𝐷 = 80 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 3 𝑚𝑚
1
𝑣=
3
𝐸 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐿 = 150 𝑚𝑚
Illustrative Problem:
A standard tension test is used to determine the properties of an
5
experimental plastic. The test specimen is a − 𝑖𝑛 diameter rod and it
8
is subjected to 800 𝑙𝑏 tensile force. If an elongation of 𝛿𝐿 =0.45 𝑖𝑛 and a
decrease in diameter of 𝛿𝐷 = 0.025 𝑖𝑛 are observed in a 5-in gage length,
determine;
a) the modulus of elasticity of the material
b) the Poisson’s ratio of the material
c) the modulus of rigidity of the material