Notation

A Aromatics content
A Aromatic content of a blend
Ac Catalyst activity
AM Membrane surface area
AG Acid gas
AGO Atmospheric gas oil
AR Atmospheric residue
ARDS Atmospheric residue desulphurization
ATK Aviation turbine kerosene
BAT Best available techniques
BOD Biological oxygen demand
BPCD Barrels per calendar day based on 365 days per year
BPD Barrels per day
BPSD Barrels per stream day
BTX Benzene, toluene and xylene
Cc Coke content in the catalyst
CD Drag force coefficient
Cp Heat capacity
Cp,air Heat capacity of air
Cp,cat Heat capacity of catalyst
Cp,s Heat capacity of steam
CCR Conradson carbon residue
CDU Crude distillation unit
COD Chemical oxygen demand
CONV Conversion of reaction
DT Absorber diameter
dBA Decibels of sound pressure
DAF Dissolved air floatation
DAO Deasphalted oil
DCC Deep catalytic cracking
DEA Diethanol Amine
DHDS Deep hydrodesulphurization
DME Dimethyl ether
DNHDS Deep non-hydrodesulphurization
DOC Dissolved organic carbon
EBP End boiling point
EOR End of run
EOS Equation of state
EP Emission rate
EPA Environmental Protection Agency

Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining # 2010 Elsevier B.V.

DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52785-1.00032-2 All rights reserved.

487
488 Notation

ESP Electrostatic precipitator

EVOC Emission rate of VOC
F Performance factor
FLV Entrainment flooding capacity
Fst Surface tension factor
FAE Fuel air explosives
FCC Fluid catalytic cracking
FGD Flue gas desulphurization
FOEB Fuel oil equivalent barrels
FT Fischer–Tropsch
FTA Fault tree analysis
gpm Gallons per minute
G Gibbs free energy
G0 Carrier gas flow rate in absorption
GC Gas chromatograph
GOR Gas to oil ratio
GTL Gas to liquid
H Enthalpy
H Henry’s constant
H Stack height
HG Height transfer units
HAP Hazardous air pollutants
HAZOP Hazard operability
HCGO Heavy cycle gas oil
HCN Heavy cycle naphtha
HDA Aromatic hydrogenation
HDC Hydrocracking
HDI Hydro-isomerization
HDN Hydro-denitrogenation
HDS Hydrodesulphurization
HF Hydrofluoric acid
HN Heavy naphtha
HPLC High performance liquid chromatograph
HSR Heavy straight run
HSS High selective switch
HT Hydrotreating
HTN Hydrotreated naphtha
HTSC High temperature shift converter
HTU Hydrothermal upgrading
IAP Aniline point index
Icp Cloud point index
IE Isobutene effluent volume %
IFP Flash point index
IPP Pour point index
IRVP Reid vapour pressure index
Notation 489

Ivis,v Viscosity index based on volume basis

Ivis,w Viscosity index based on weight basis
IBP Initial boiling point
IGCC Integrated gasification combined cycle
I/O Isobutane/olefin ratio
ki Reaction rate constant
K Watson characterization factor
Keq Equilibrium reaction constant
KP Equilibrium reaction constant for gas phase
L Solvent gas flow rate in absorption
Leq Equivalent level of sound
Lmax Maximum level of sound
LBG Low BTU gas
LCGO Light cycle gas oil
LCN Light cycle naphtha
LEL Lower explosive limit
LFL Lower flammability limit
LHSV Liquid hourly space velocity
LN Light naphtha
LNG Liquefied natural gas
LP Linear programming
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
LSFO Low sulphur fuel oil
LTA Lost time accident
LTSC Low temperature shift converter
LV% Liquid volume%
mair Mass flow rate of air to the catalyst regenerator
mcat Catalyst mass flow rate
mf Mass flow rate of the feed to the reactor
mi Mass flow rate of the products from the reactor
mscat Mass flow rate of the spent catalyst
M Molecular weight
M MON average of a blend
ML Liquid molecular weight
Mv Vapour molecular weight
MAWP Maximum allowable working pressure
MDEA Methyl die ethanolamine
MeABP Mean average boiling point
MEA Monoethanol amine
MEROX Mercaptans oxidation
MMSCFD 106 ft3/day
MO Metal oxide
MON Motor octane number
MS Mass spectroscopy
MSDS Material safety data sheet
490 Notation

MTBE Methyl ter butyl ether

n Refractive index
N Naphthenes
NBP Normal boiling point
NESHAP National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Nf Number of gas components in the flue gas
NG Natural gas
Ni Nickel
Np Number of products
O Olefin content in a blend
OSHA Occupational safety and health administration
P Pressure
PM Gas permeability
Pc Critical pressure
PDF Process flow diagram
Petro FCC Petrochemical fluid catalytic cracking
PHA Process hazard analysis
P&ID Piping and instrumentation diagram
PIONA Parrafins, isoparaffins, olefins and aromatic
PNA Polynuclear aromatics
PPE Personal protective equipment
PPM Parts per million
PSA Pressure swing adsorption
PTB Pounds per thousand barrels
Qcat Energy of catalyst
Qf Energy of oil feed to the reactor
Qrxn Energy of reaction
Qscat Energy of spent catalyst
Qsin Energy injected steam
Qsout Energy of steam out
rA Rate of reaction of component A
ryi Rate of reaction for lump i
R Refractivity parameter
R RON average of a blend
RFCC Residue fluid catalytic cracking
RME Rapeseed methyl ester
RON Research octane number
RSH Mercaptans
RVP Reid vapour pressure
R(t) Reliability of a process
S Sulphur
S Average gasoline sensitivity
Sin Injected steam flow rate
Sout Output steam flow rate
SP Tray spacing
Notation 491

SCFB Standard cubic feet per barrel

SCR Selective catalytic reduction
SDA Solvent deasphalting
SG Specific gravity
SHE Safety, health and environment
SNCR Selective non-catalytic reduction
SR Semi-regenerative
SRU Sulphur recovery unit
STP Standard temperature and pressure
SV Space velocity
t1/2 Half life of the catalyst
tc Coking time
Tb True boiling point
Tc Critical temperature
Tf Feed temperature
TBP True boiling point
TC Temperature controller
TCCU Tail gas clean-up
TCD Thermal conductivity detector
TNT Tri nitro toluene
TOC Total organic carbon
TSP Total suspended particulates
TSS Total suspended solids
UEL Upper explosive limit
UFL Upper flammability limit
V Volume
V100 Saybolt universal viscosity at 100  F
V210 Saybolt universal viscosity at 210  F
Vac Vacuum
VABP Volume average boiling point
VG Viscosity gravity constant
VGO Vacuum gas oil
VOC Volatile organic compound
VR Vacuum residue
wt% Weight percentage
WGS Water gas shift
WWE Waste water emission
xa Aromatics volume percentage in crude
xn Naphthenes volume percentage in crude
xp Parrafins volume percentage in crude
y Equilibrium gas composition
y1 VGO weight fraction in 3-lump and 4-lump models
y2 Gasoline weight fraction in 3-lump and 4-lump models
y3 Gas and coke weight fraction in 3-lump and 4-lump models
Z Compressibility factor
492 Notation

d Solubility parameter
eg Hydrocarbon gases void fraction
f Catalyst activity
m Average failure rate
y Residence time
rL Liquid density
rv Vapour density
sy Standard deviation in y-direction
sz Standard deviation in z-direction
s Surface tension
u100 Kinematic viscosity (cSt) at 100  F
u210 Kinematic viscosity (cSt) at 210  F
o Acentric factor