UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING
AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Bachelor of Engineering (Aerospace
Engineering)
AEROSPACE MATERIALS- ASY-
***

AEROSPACE MATERIALS DISCOVER . LEARN .

EMPOWER
 Er. Gurmail Singh Malhi
Assistant Professor
MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Lecture 1

March 2, 2022 2
 Outline of the presentation

 Introduction
 Fundamental mechanical properties
 Stress-strain relation for
different engineering materials
 Introduction to Ductile materials /Brittle
material

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 Types of Materials
Ferrous Metals: iron and steel.

Nonferrous Metals and Alloys: aluminum, magnesium,

copper, nickel, titanium, super-alloys, beryllium,
zirconium, low-melting alloys, precious metals.

Plastics: thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers.

Ceramics: glass, graphite, diamond.

Composite materials: reinforced plastics, metal-matrix

and ceramic-matrix composites, honeycomb structures.

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 Properties of Materials
Mechanical Properties: strength,
Materials
toughness, ductility, hardness, elasticity,
fatigue, creep, Brittleness, toughness, stifness,
resilience, endurance etc.

Behavior Under Loading: tension,

compression, bending, torsion, shear.

Physical Properties: density, specific heat,

thermal expansion, thermal conductivity,
melting point, electrical and magnetic
properties.

Chemical Properties: oxidation, corrosion,

degradation, toxicity, flammability.
 Manufacturing
Processes for Metals
 Casting: expendable mold and permanent mold.
 Forming and Shaping: rolling, forging, extrusion, drawing,
sheet forming, powder metallurgy, molding
 Machining: turning, boring, drilling, milling, planning,
shaping, broaching, grinding, ultrasonic machining, chemical
machining, electrical discharge machining (EDM),
electrochemical machining, high-energy beam machining
 Joining: welding, brazing, soldering, diffusion bonding,
adhesive bonding, mechanical joining
 Finishing: honing, lapping, polishing, burnishing,
deburring, surface treating, coating, plating
 Manufacturing a Product: General Considerations

 Material Selection

 Processing Methods Manufacturing;

“The Process of Converting
 Final Shape and Appearance
Raw Materials Into
 Dimensional and Surface Finish Products”
 Economics of Tooling

 Design Requirements

 Safety and Environmental Concerns

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 Why Do Materials Differ in Their
Mechanical Response ???
What Does our Central
Experience Tell Us? Questions
 Bricks and glass do not deform and  When do materials
break easily. deform/break?
 Rubber bands deform a lot but return  Why do they
to their original shape deform/break ?
 A paper clip easily deforms but does  How do they??
not easily return to its original shape
 The thicker something is, the more
force we have to exert to get it to
break

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 Internal/External
stress relaxation is
the key

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 A deeper approach
Why don’t you think in terms of the
chemical bonds and chemical structures
that are present

ENGINEERS NEED A WAY TO

QUANTIFY THESE
DIFFERENCES

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 Some Important Definitions
Isotropy ; physical properties – direction independent.
 Ex: Aluminum, steels/cast irons
Anisotropy; direction dependent,
 Ex: Various composite materials, wood and laminated plastics
Elasticity;
• able to regain its original shape/size after the deformation within the
elastic limit (Hooke’s law)
• Stress is linearly proportional to strain
Plasticity;
• able to permanently deform, after the stress is removed
• Stress and strain no longer linearly related
Yield strength (an important ENGINEERING parameter);
• defines the stress at which plastic DEFORMATION begins (Al -370
Mpa, Steel-1500 Mpa, Cu 490 Mpa)

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 Different means of load applied

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 Quiz time

 When a metal stretches, but does not break under

a certain load, this point is called the _________
Point.

A: yield
B: tensile
C: stretch
D: ultimate strength
 A close correlation/analogy

Necking begins

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 Some terminology of the term “Strength”
Elastic Strength;
The strength value of a material , it s’ behavior changes from elastic to
plastic regime
Plastic Strength;
plastic to rupture regime
Tensile Strength;
Ultimate strength corresponds to maximum load
Compressive Strength;
The value of load applied to break-off by crushing.
Shear Strength;
The value of load applied (specifically tangential load)
Torsional Strength;
The value of load applied (specifically twisting load)

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Some More terms

Resilience
 property- stores energy and resists
shocks or impacts
CREEPING; deformation increases
even under constant load Amount of energy absorbed by a
E.g..- Rubber stretching, concrete material in the ELASTIC region
bridge
Toughness
Toughness
Amount of energy absorbed by a
material up to the fracture

Endurance
 property - withstand varying stresses
or repeated application of stress.

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 To be Precise ;
A compelling competition
between elastic and plastic
deformation

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Stress-Strain Relation for ferrous metals
Different Engineering Materials

Brittle; don’t exhibit yielding

before failure
non - ferrous metals

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 An another example

Structural steel

All dim. in mm

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 Yet another piece of information

Polyamide

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A deeper look on
stress-strain
curves

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 A close comparison

Original/actual area

Instaneous load
TrueStress(T ) 
Instantaneous cross sectional area

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 P
( T )
 The nominal stress σn = P/A0 Ai
where P is the force and A0 the Engineering stress/strain diagrams -
elastic range,
original area of cross section while true stress – strain diagrams
plastic range.
 The nominal strain, εn = (L-L0)/L0
where L is the length of the L dL L
t   .  In
original gauge length under force L0 L L0

P, and L0 is the original gauge

length. L
 (1   n )
L L L0
n   1 or n  1
L0 L0
L
t  In(1  n )  t  n
L0

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