Diffusion

Inter mixing of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

(random movement of particles)
- High temperature : faster diffusion
- Low temperature : slowed diffusion

Dissolve : When a solute is mixed or is distributed evenly through a solvent to form a

solution.
Solute particles getting in between the solvent particles and the volume expands
Keywords :
- Crystals dissolve/diffuse
- Random movement of particles / particles spread out
- Particles collide
- Silver and iodide particles react (or mention the particles that react)
- To form silver iodide (or whatever they form)

Vaporization : when liquid boils at high temperature

Evaporation : can happen at any temperature (does not have to be high)

Brownian Motion

- Zig-zag motion of particles in solvents like water

- This happens due to the collision of particles with the solvent particles

Pollen grains suspended in water. THe particles of water collide with the pollen grains in a
zigzag motion. This is what causes the pollen grains to move in the water without any heat

Significance :

- Many theories existed earlier on atoms and molecules, but all of them lacked solid
evidence to prove them. Robert Brown, a Scottish Botanist provided the evidence for
the existence of atoms and molecules through the Brownian Motion
- He noticed that (through a microscope) that pollens suspended in water moved in
an irregular ‘swarming’ motion. This is how he discovered the ‘Brownian Motion’
Relative Molecular Mass
- No unit
- Relative Molecular Mass of all elements are found by comparing with Carbon-12’s
relative molecular mass (isotopes)
Mr = Relative Molecular Mass

Ammonia + hydrochloric acid → ammonium chloride

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl(g)
Forms dense white smoke (characteristic of ammonium chloride)

Ammonia has a lower Relative Molecular Mass than Hydrochloric Acid.

Therefore Ammonium Chloride forms closer to Hydrochloric acid

*Lower the relative molecular mass, the faster it diffuses

- How to find the relative molecular mass?

Sum of all individual atomic masses
NH3 →
N : Nitrogen = 14 (7 protons + 7 neutrons)
H3 : Hydrogen = 3 (3(1 proton + 0 neutrons))
= 14 + 3
Mr = 17