3 States of Matter

- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas

Changes in temperature and/or pressure can change the state in which a substance exists

Matter : anything that mass and takes up space

Physical State Volume Density Shape Fluidity

Solid Fixed volume high Definite shape Does not flow

Liquid Fixed volume Moderate - high No definite Generally flows

shape - takes easily
shape of the
container

Gas No fixed volume low No definite Flows easily

- expands to fill shape - takes
container shape of the
container

Changes in State
Melting and Freezing :
- Temperature at which a pure substance turns into a liquid is called ‘melting point’
- This process can be reversed at exactly the same temperature if a liquid is cooled
down. This is called ‘freezing point’

- Melting point and Freezing point are the same for pure substances

Sublimation :
- When solids directly turn into gas when heater at normal pressures it is called
sublimation (can also be used when a gas directly becomes a solid)
- This happens at a particular temperature
Examples : Carbon dioxide, iodine
Evaporation, Boiling and Condensation :
- Evaporation and condensation take place over a range of temperatures
- Boiling takes place at a fixed temperature (in pure substances) (boiling point)

Evaporation : Takes place from the surface of the liquid

Larger the surface area → faster the liquid evaporates
Warmer the liquid → faster it evaporates

Eventually, it becomes hot enough for gas to form within the liquid and the surface. This is
called Boiling (bubbles of gas appear inside the liquid)

Volatile liquids : liquids which evaporate easily and have a relatively low boiling point

When gases are cooled, it condenses.

It is possible to condense gas at normal temperatures by increasing pressure

Melting, Boiling and Freezing points are usually given at atmospheric pressure (pressure at
sea level)
● If atmospheric pressure drops, boiling point drops

Pure Substances
- Consists of only one substance
- No impurities
- Has definitive melting and boiling points at atmospheric pressure(precise or sharp
melting and boiling points)
- These melting and boiling points can be used to test for impurities and identify
substance
- Melting points can be measured using an electrical melting point apparatus

Effect of Impurities
- Lowers melting point
- Raises boiling points

- Reduces sharpness of the melting or boiling point

Heating and Cooling Curves
Another way to measure melting point
- A powdered solid is put in a narrow melting-
point tube so that it can be heated easily
- By following the temperature of the sample
before and after melting you can produce the
results as a heating curve.

Water bath is used for melting points under 100 oC

and Oil bath for melting points above 100 oC

Melting and Boiling points for impure substances are

over a range of temperatures

Kinetic Model of Matter

- All matter is made up of very small particles (different substances contain different
types of particles - such as atoms and molecules)
- The particles are moving all the time (higher the temperature, the faster they move)
In gas, the faster the movement of particles, the higher the temperature
- The freedom of movement and arrangement of the particles is different for the
three states of matter
- The pressure of a gas is produced by the atoms or molecules of the gas hitting the
walls of the container, THe more often the particles collide with the walls, the greater
the pressure.

State Arrangement Movement Changes in state

Solid - Packed close - Vibrate in When temperatures

together in fixed increase, the particles
regular positions gain energy and
pattern or - Not able to vibrate more
arrangement move freely strongly.
called lattice The particles occupy
more space and this
causes them to
expand. Eventually
the particles have
enough energy to
break the forces of
 lattice and flow. The
solid melts

Liquid - Closely - Able to slip On heating, the

packed in an and slide particles of liquid
irregular past each move faster and
pattern other. expand.
- Flow past - In the liquid
each other some particles
have enough
energy to
escape from
the surface of
the liquid -
evaporation
takes place
- As
temperature
rises, all the
particles have
enough
energy to
escape -
boiling takes
place.
- At the boiling
point, all
particles have
enough
energy to
break the
forces of
attraction. The
particles move
fast and the
liquid boils

Gas - Spread far - Move at

apart from high speeds
each other. - Move in
random
directions