ALTERNATORS (1-30)

1. The no. of cycles generated in a 10 pole alternator in one revolution is _________.

a. 2 b. 5 c. 10 d. 20
Solution:
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 1 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 10𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
#𝑜𝑓 =( )( ) = 𝟓𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔/𝒓𝒆𝒗
𝑟𝑒𝑣 2 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣

2. What is the speed of a 100 kW, 230-volt, three-phase, four-pole, 60 Hz alternator?

a. 450 rpm b. 900 rpm c. 1200 rpm d. 1800 rpm
Solution:
120𝑓 120(60𝐻𝑧)
𝑁= = = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎
𝑃 4
3. What is the frequency of the generated emf of a 10 pole alternator driven at 720 rpm?
a. 50 hz b. 55 hz c. 60hz d. 25hz
Solution:
120𝑓
𝑁= 𝑃

10= 120(f)/720 = 60hz

4. A six-pole, 3-phase AC generator has 72 slots, the coil span is 12. What is the pitch factor?
a. 1.000 b. 0.939 c. 0.985 d. 0.966
Solution:
𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 12
𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ = = = 1.0
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 72/6
𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = sin(90° × 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ) = sin(90° × 1) = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎

5. In a 6-pole alternator how many mechanical degrees is the equivalent of 180 electrical
degrees?
a. 60 b. 30 c. 120 d. 90
Solution:
electrical degrees 𝑃 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
= × 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑟𝑒𝑣 2 𝑟𝑒𝑣
6
180° = × 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 = 60 mechanical degrees
2

6. A three-phase alternator has 6 slots per pole per phase. Determine the distribution factor.
a. 0.977 b. 0.956 c. 0.985 d. 0.948
Solution:
n= slots per pole per phase = 6
slot/pole =6(3) = 18
180°
𝛿= = 10°
18
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝛿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6(10°)
2 2
𝑘𝑑 = 𝛿 = 10° = 0.956
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
 7. A three-phase wye-connected 50 Hz 2-pole synchronous machine has a stator with 2000
turns of wire per phase. What rotor flux would be required to produce a terminal (line to
line) voltage of 5kV?
a. 8.4 mWb b. 6.5mWb c. 5.2 mWb d. 7.8mWb
Solution:
𝐸∅ = 4.44𝑓𝑁∅
5000
= 4.44(50)(2,000)∅
√3

∅ = 𝟔. 𝟓 𝒎𝑾𝒃
8. A 30 MVA, 15 kV three-phase alternator will have a per phase nominal impedance of
________.
a. 7.5 ohms b. 9 ohms c. 15 ohms d. None of these
Solution:
Note: Assume the load is wye-conneced in the following derivation. The final formula
is still the same if the load is delta-connected.
𝐸𝑝 𝐸𝐿 𝑆
𝑍𝑝 = ; 𝐸𝑝 = ; 𝐼𝐿 = ; 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝑝 √3 √3𝐸𝐿
Combining the above relations:
𝐸𝐿 ^2 150002
𝑍𝑝 = = 30 𝑥 106 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝛀
𝑆

9. If the alternator winding has a fractional of 4/5, the pitch factor 𝑘𝑝 is _______________.
a. 0.833 b. 0.966 c. 0.972 d. 0.951
Solution:
4 144
𝑃° = (180°) = 144 ; 𝑘𝑝 = sin ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟏
5 2

10. A six-pole, three phase alternator has 72 slots and coil span of 1 to 10, what is the pitch
factor?
a. 0.924 b. 0.939 c. 0.966 d. 0.985
Solution:
10 – 1 = 9 slots
(10−1)𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 180° 135
𝑃° = 72 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 (𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒) = 135 ; 𝑘𝑝 = sin ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟒
2
6 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

11. Calculate the distribution factor for a 36-slot 4 pole three phase winding.
a. 0.924 b. 0.951 c. 0.960 d. 0.975
Solution:
3𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 180° 20
36 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 (4𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒) sin[3( )]
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 2
n=(4 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠)(3𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠) = ; d= = 20 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 ; 𝑘𝑑 = 20 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟎
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 36 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 3 sin( )
2
12. A part of an alternator winding consists of six coils in series each coil having an e.m.f. of
10 V (r.m.s.) induced in it. The coils are placed in successive slots and between each slot
and the next, there is an electrical phase displacement of 30°. Find the e.m.f. of the six coils
in series.
a. 77.28 V b. 9.66 V c. 38.64 V 1 d. 19.32 V
Solution:
𝐸𝑇 = 𝐸𝐶1 + 𝐸𝐶2 + 𝐸𝐶3 + 𝐸𝐶4 + 𝐸𝐶5 + 𝐸𝐶6
𝐸𝑇 = 10∠0° + 10∠30° + 10∠60° + 10∠90° + 10∠120° + 10∠150° = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟒∠𝟕𝟓°
13. A 3,600v 500-KVA, 60 HZ, 3-phase Y -connected generator on test yields the following
results: Mechanical and iron losses are 10 KW; field current at full-load 100% p.f. is 50 A;
field current at fullload 80% p.f. is 70 A; resistance per phase of armature winding is 0.4
ohm. The exciter voltage is consta'nt at 120 volts and voltage control is done by means of
rheostat. Determine the full-load armature current at 80% lagging p.f.
a. 96.5 A b. 99.8 A c. 64.2 A d. 80.2 A

Solution:
𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑥 103 500,000
𝐼𝑎 = = = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝑨
√3𝑉𝐿 √3 (3,600𝑉)

14. A single phase alternator gives 250 amperes at 1,200 volts. What is the output of the
machine in KVA?
a. 300 b. 450 c. 400 d. 350
Solution:
𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 (1200)(250)
𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑜𝑢𝑡 = = = 𝟑𝟎𝟎
103 103

15. A single-phase 2,400-volt synchronous· generator delivers 450 amperes at unity power
factor. The synchronous impedance of the generator is 0.08 + j2.8 n. What is the regulation
in percent?
a. 14.2 b. 16.3 c. 20.1 d. 18.4
Solution:
𝐸𝐺 = 2400∠0° + 450∠0°(0.08 + 𝑗 2.8) = 2,714.57∠27.35 𝑉
Hence:
𝐸𝐺 −𝑉𝑇 2,714.57 −2400
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥 100% = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐%
𝑉𝑇 2400

16. A 3 phase wye connected, wound rotor synchronous generator rated at 10 kVA, 230 v has
a synchronous reactance of 1.2 ohms/phase and armature resistance of 0.5 ohm/phase.
What is the percent voltage regulation at full-load with 80% leading power factor?
a. -0.92% b. -5.14% c. -3.08% d. -3.91%
 Solution:
𝐸∅ = 132.79∠0° + 25.1 ∠ cos −1 0.8 (0.5 + 𝑗 1.2) = 12.7 ∠14.22°𝑉
Hence:
128.7−132.79
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥 100% = -3.08%
132.79

17. A 600 kVA, 2,400 V, 3-phase alternator has a zero phase sequence reactance of 12%, and
a positive and negative phase sequence reactances of 8%. If the alternator resistance is
negligible, determine the fault currents that the alternator can sustain if a 3phase fault
occurs at its terminals.
a. 1,042 A b. 1,804 A c. 3,125 A d. 602 A
Solution:
For 3Ø fault
100 600,000 100
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ( %𝑉 ) = ( ) = 𝟏, 𝟖𝟎𝟒. 𝟐𝟐 𝑨
√ 3(2400) 8%

18. A two-pole three phase 50 Hz Y-connected AC generator has 9 slots per pole and 6
conductors per slot. What is the flux per pole if the voltage on open circuit is 1.1 kV.
Assume a coil span of unity.
a. 0.1657 Wb b. 0.1742 Wb c. 0.1507Wb d. 0.1728Wb
Solution:
180° 180°
𝛿= = = 20°
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 9
n=slots per pole per phase = 9/3 = 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝛿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3(20°)
2 2
𝑘𝑑 = 𝛿 = 20° = 0.959 ; 𝑘𝑝 = sin(90°𝑥 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ) = sin(90° 𝑥 1) = 1
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2

Z= 9slots/pole x 2 poles x 6 conductors per slot / 3 = 36

𝐸𝑝 = 2.22𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑑 𝑓𝜙𝑍
𝐸𝑝 1100/√3
𝜙 = 2.22𝑘 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟕 𝑾𝒃
𝑝 𝑘𝑑 𝑓𝑍 2.22(1)(0.959)(50)(36)

19. A 6-pole, 3-phase 60-cycle alternator has 12 slots per pole and four conductors per slot.
The winding is 5/6 pitch. There are 2,500,000 maxwells (0.025 weber) entering the
armature from each north pole, and this flux is sinusoidally distributed along the air gap.
The armature coils are all connected in series. The windingis wye-connected. Determine
the open circuit emf of the alternator.
a. 532.1 V b. 504.2 V c. 512.4 V d. 572.4 V
Solution:
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 12 180° 180°
𝑛= 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
= 3
=4 ; 𝛿 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 12
= 15°
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝛿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4(15°)
2 2
𝑘𝑑 = 𝛿 = 15° = 0.958 𝑘𝑝 = sin(90°𝑥 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ) = sin(90° 𝑥 5/6) =
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
0.966
Z= 12 slots/pole x 6 poles x 4 conductors per slot = 96
𝐸𝑝 = 2.22𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑑 𝑓𝜙𝑍 = 2.22(0.966)(0.958)(60)(0.025)(96)

= 295.84 V

𝐸𝐿 = √3(295.84) = 𝟓𝟏𝟐. 𝟒 𝑽
20. A single phase AC generator has an armature winding resistance and reactance of 0.2
ohm and 2.0 ohms respectively. At rated load, the current delivered is 50 A at 500V.
Determine the generated emf when the load power factor is unity.
a. 532.1 V b. 504.2 V c. 512.4 V d. 519.71 V
Solution:
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 1.0 → 𝜃 = 0°

2 2
𝐸𝑝 = √[𝑉𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐼𝑝 𝑅𝑎 ] + [𝑉𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐼𝑝 𝑋𝑎 ]

𝐸𝑝 = √[500𝑐𝑜𝑠0° + (50)(0.2)]2 + [500𝑠𝑖𝑛0° + 50(2.0)]2 = 519.71 volts

21. A generator is rated 100 MW, 13.8kV and 90% power. A wye-connected alternator was
tested for its effective resistance. The ration of the effective resistance to ohmic resistance
was previously determined to be 1.35. a 12-V battery was connected across two terminals
and the ammeter read 120 amperes. What is the per phase effective resistance of the
alternator?
a. 0.0675ohm b. 0.0951ohm c. 0.0960ohm d. 0.0975 ohm
Solution:
𝐸 12
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑑𝑐 = = 0.1 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1.35𝑅𝑎 = 1.35(0.05) =
𝐼𝑑𝑐 120
𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎
𝑅𝑡 0.1
𝑅𝑎 = = = 0.05 𝑜ℎ𝑚
2 2
22. Determine the per phase nominal impedance of a 30 MVA, 15kV three-phase alternator.
a. 7.5 ohms b. 9 ohms c. 15 ohms d. None of these
Solution:
2
𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒) (15,000)2
𝑍𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 30𝑥106
23. A generator is rated 100 MW, 13.8kV and 90% power factor. The effective resistance to
ohmic resistance ratio is 1.5. The ohmic resistance is obtained by connecting two terminals
of the wye-connected windings to a dc source of 6 volts. The current drawn is 87.6
amperes. What is the % effective resistance?
a. 5% b. 3% c. 6% d. 4%
Solution:
 𝐸𝑑𝑐 6 𝑅𝑡 0.0685
𝑅𝑡 = = 87.6 = 0.0685 𝑜ℎ𝑚 𝑅𝑎 = = = 0.03425 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝐼𝑑𝑐 2 2

𝑅𝑎(𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) = 1.5𝑅𝑎 = 1.5(0.03425) =

0.051375 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑎 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑅
%IR= 2 =( ) (𝐸 2 𝑎 )
𝐸𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

100𝑥10^6 0.051375
%IR=( ) ((13.6𝑥10^3)^2) 𝑥 100% = 𝟑%
0.9

24. A 2.5 MVA, 6.6kV alternator is operating at full load and 0.8 pf lagging. This machine has
a synchronous reactance per phase of 10.4 ohms and negligible resistance. Calculate the
percentage voltage regulation?
a. 43.96% b. 44.96% c. 45.69% d. 42.69%
Solution:
𝑆 2,500,000
𝐼= = = 218.69 𝐴
√3𝐸 √3(6,600)
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0.8 = 36.869
6600
𝑉𝑝 = = 3810.5 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
√3
2 2
𝐸𝑝 = √[𝑉𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐼𝑝 𝑅𝑎 ] + [𝑉𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐼𝑝 𝑋𝑎 ]

𝐸𝑝
= √[3810.5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 36.869° + (218.69)(0)]2 + [3810.5 sin 36.869° + 218.69(10.4)]2
𝐸𝑝 = 5485.66 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝐸𝑝 −𝑉𝑝
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑝
𝑥 100%

5485.66−3810.5
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥 100% = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟖𝟗%
3810.5

25. An 11,000 volts three phase wye-connected turbo alternator has a synchronous reactance
of 6ohms and a negligible resistance per phase. When the field current is 8A, the open
circuit voltage is 12,000 V. Determine maximum power developed.
a. 24MW b. 21MW c. 22MW d. 20MW
Solution:
𝐸𝐿 𝑉𝐿 12000(11000)
𝑃𝑑(𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚) = = = 𝟐𝟐𝑴𝑾
𝑋𝑠 6

26. A four-pole three-phase, 50 Hz, star connected AC generator has 24 stator slots. There are
6 conductors per slot and a sinusoidally distributed flux per pole of 63 mWb. Find the
terminal voltage on open circuit, if the coil span factor is unity.
a. 546.05 V b. 579.44 V c. 568.48V d. 558.62 V
Solution:
 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 24/4
𝑛= = =2
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 3
180° 180°
𝛿= = = 30°
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 24/4
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝛿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(30°)
𝑘𝑑 = 2 = 2 = 0.966
𝛿 30°
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2

𝑘𝑝 = sin(90°𝑥 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ) = sin(90° 𝑥 1) = 1

Z= 24slots/3phase x 6 conductors per slot = 48

𝐸𝑝 = 2.22𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑑 𝑓𝜙𝑍 = 2.22(1.0)(0.966)(50)(65𝑥10−3 )(48) = 334.54 𝑉

𝐸𝐿 = √3(334.54𝑉 ) = 𝟓𝟕𝟗. 𝟒𝟒 𝑽
27. A three-phase, 6-pole, 72 slot armature of a synchronous generator is wound using a two-
layer lap coil having 20 conductors per coil with a pitch of 83.33%. The flux per pole is
4,800,000 maxwells. If the rotor of the generator is driven at a speed of 1200 rpm, calculate
the induced emf per phase.
a. 5,680 V b. 5,390 V c. 5,564 V d. 5,854 V
Solution:
180° 180°
𝛿= = = 15°
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠/𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 72/6
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 72/6
𝑛= = =4
𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝛿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4(15°)
𝑘𝑑 = 2 = 2 = 0.958
𝛿 15°
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
𝑘𝑝 = sin(90°𝑥 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ) = sin(90° 𝑥 0.8333) = 0.966
72𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑠
𝑍= 𝑥20 𝑥2 = 960
3 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡
𝑃𝑁 6(1200)
𝑓= = = 60𝐻𝑧
120 120
𝐸𝑝 = 2.22𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑑 𝑓𝜙𝑍 𝑥 10−8 = 2.22(0.966)(0.958)(60)(4,800,000)(960) 𝑥 10−8
= 𝟓𝟔𝟖𝟎. 𝟏𝟒 𝑽
28. The positive, negative, and zero-sequence reactance of a 20MVA, 13.2kV synchronous
generator are 0.3 p.u, 0.2 p.u and 0.1pu. respectively. The generator is solidly grounded
and is not loaded. A line to ground fault occurs on phase a. Neglecting all the resistances,
determine the fault current.
a. 2,916 A b. 4,374 A c. 2,525A d. 5,050 A
 Solution:
For line to ground fault on phase a.
(a ∠ − 𝐺 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡)
100 1
|𝐼𝑎 | = 3[𝐼𝐿𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ( )] = 3 [𝐼𝐿𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ( )]
%𝑋1 + %𝑋2 + %𝑋0 𝑋1 𝑃𝑢 + 𝑋2 𝑃𝑢 + 𝑋0 𝑃𝑢
20,000 1
= 3[ ][(0.3+0.2+0.1)] = 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟑. 𝟖𝟕 𝑨
√3(13.2)

29. A 3-phase, 8-pole generator is delta connected. The terminal voltage is 2,400 v while the
line current is 500 amperes. If the machine is converted to wye, what will be the terminal
voltage in volts?
a. 4,800 v b. 4,157 v c. 4,600v d. 3,800 v
Solution:
𝐸∅ = 𝐸𝐿 = 2400 𝑣

𝐸𝐿 = √3(2400 𝑣 ) = 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟕 𝑽
30. To get the armature resistance of a 100 MW, 13.8 kV and 90% power factor generator, two
terminals are connected to a DC source. The measured current and voltage are 87.6
amperes and 6 volts respectively. What is the DC resistance per phase?
a. 0.0223 ohm b. 0.0342 ohm c. 0.0685 ohm d. 0.0617 ohm
Solution:
𝐸𝑑𝑐 6
𝑅𝑑𝑐 = = = 0.0685 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝐼𝑑𝑐 87.6
The generator should be wye- connected:
𝑅𝑑𝑐 0.0685
𝑅𝑎 = = = 0.03425 𝑜ℎ𝑚
2 2

TRANSFORMERS (31- 70)

31. The net cross section of the core of a 60-cycle transformer is 20 square-inches. The
maximum flux density in the core is 50,000 lines per square inch. If there are 900 turns in
the primary and 90 turns in the secondary, determine the rated voltage of the primary and
secondary.
a. 2397.6 volts and 239.76 volts
b. 2388.6 volts and 238.86 volts
c. 2443.6 volts and 244.35 volts
d. 2566.6 volts and 256.66 volts
Solution:
𝐸 = 4.44𝑁𝑓𝛽𝑚 𝐴 𝑥10−8
𝐸1 = 4.44(900)(60)(50,000)(20)𝑥10−8 = 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟕. 𝟔 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔
 𝐸2 = 4.44(90)(60)(50,000)(20)𝑥10−8 = 𝟐𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟔 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔
32. A single-phase transformer is rated 4,160 V primary and 250 V secondary. If it has 1,500
turns in the primary, what should be the number of turns in the secondary winding?
a. 90 turns b. 80 turns c. 70 turns d. 75 turns
Solution:
𝑁1 𝐸 𝑁1 𝐸2
= 𝐸1 → 𝑁2 =
𝑁2 2 𝐸1

(1500)(250)
𝑁2 = = 𝟗𝟎 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔
4160

33. The high-voltage coil of a transformer is wound with 700 turns of wire, .and the low-
voltage coil is wound with 292 turns. When used as a step-up transformer (the low-voltage
coil used as the primary), the load current is 10.5 A. Find the load component of the
primary current.
a. 26.18 A b. 25.17 A c. 29.92A d. 52.71 A
Solution:
𝑁𝐻 = 700 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 = 𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝐿 = 292 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 = 𝑁𝑝
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑠 = 10.5 𝐴
Ip = Is (Ns/Np) = 10.5 (700/292) = 25.17 A
34. A transformer has a primary winding of 2,000 turns and of 2,400 v and current of 8.66 - j5
A with an impedance 𝑍2 connected across the secondary winding. If the secondary winding
has 500 turns, what is the value of the secondary impedance?
Solution:
𝐼𝑃 = 8.66 − j5 A
𝑁𝑝 2000
𝑎= = =4
𝑁𝑠 500

𝐼𝑃 1
= 𝑎 → 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑎𝐼𝑃 = 4(8.66 − j5 A ) = 34.64 − 𝑗20𝐴
𝐼𝑠

𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝑝 2400
= 𝑎 → 𝑉𝑠 = = = 600𝑉
𝑉𝑠 𝑎 4
𝑉𝑠 600
𝑍𝑠 = 𝐼𝑠
= 34.64− 𝑗20𝐴 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟗𝟗 + 𝒋 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒐𝒉𝒎

35. A 120 V to 27.5 V, 400 Hz step-down transformer is to be operated at 60 Hz. What is the
highest safe input voltage?
Solution:
𝐸 = 4.44𝑓∅𝑁
𝐸2 𝑓 𝑓
= 𝑓2 → 𝐸2 = 𝐸1 (𝑓2 ) = 120(60/400) = 18 V
𝐸1 1 1

36. The primary of transformer has 200 turns and is excited by a 240 v, 60 Hz source. What is
the maximum value of the core flux?
Solution:
𝐸𝑝 = 4.44𝑓∅𝑁𝑝
 240 240 1000𝑚𝑤𝑏
∅= = = 4.5𝑥10−3 𝑤𝑏 ( ) = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝒎𝒘𝒃
4.44𝑓𝑁𝑝 4.44(60)(200) 1𝑤𝑏
37. A transformer is rated 2- kVA, 230/115 v, 60 Hz. Because of an emergency this
tmnsformer has to be used on a 50 Hz system. If the flux 'density in the transformer core
is to be kept the same as at 60 Hz and 230 v, what voltage should be applied at 50 Hz?
Solution:
𝐸2 𝑓 𝑓 50𝐻𝑧
= 𝑓2 → 𝐸2 = 𝐸1 (𝑓2 ) = 230 (60𝐻𝑧) = 𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟔𝟕 𝑽
𝐸1 1 1

38. A 1Ø transformer has a no-load power input of 250 watts, when supplied at, 250-Volt, 50
Hz has a p.f of 0.25. What is the magnetizing component of the no-load current?
Solution:
𝑃 = 𝐼𝐿 𝑉𝐿 cos 𝜃𝑝𝑓
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑝
If 𝐼𝑠 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼𝑝 = 0
𝑃 250
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑛 = = ∠0° − cos −1(0.25) = 𝟏 − 𝒋𝟑. 𝟖𝟕 𝑨
𝑉𝑝𝑓 250(0.25)
39. A three-phase transformer is rated 15 MVA, 69/13.2 kV has a series impedance of 5%.
What is the new per unit impedance if the system study requires a 100 MVA base and 67
kV base?
Solution:
𝑉1 2 𝑆2 5% 69 2 100
𝑍𝑝𝑢2 = 𝑍𝑝𝑢1 ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟓
𝑉2 𝑆1 100% 67 15
40. A certain transformer has a ratio of 8 is to 1. The primary winding resistance is 0.00283
ohm per turn and has 1155 more turns than the secondary winding. If the copper loss in
the primary is 20% less than in the secondary, find resistance of the secondary winding.
Solution:
𝑁1 8
= 1 → 𝑁1 = 8𝑁2 → 𝐸𝑞. 1
𝑁 2
𝑁1 = 𝑁2 + 1155
8𝑁2 = 𝑁2 + 1155
𝑁2 = 165 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠; 𝑁1 = 1320 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
𝑃𝑐𝑢1 = 0.8𝑃𝑐𝑢2
𝐼12 𝑅1 = 0.8(𝐼22 𝑅2 )
𝐼1 2
( ) = 𝑅1 = 0.8𝑅2
𝐼2
𝑁2 2
( ) (0.00283𝑁1 ) = 0.8𝑅2
𝑁1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 ∶
1 2
( ) (0.00283)(1320) = 0.8𝑅2
8
𝑅2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟑 𝒐𝒉𝒎
 41. A transformer having a 360 turn primary winding takes 150 W in power and 1.4 A in
current at an input voltage of 230 volts. Determine the no-load power factor.
Solution:
𝑃𝑁𝐿 = 𝑉𝑁𝐿 𝐼𝑁𝐿 𝑃𝑓𝑁𝐿
150 = 230𝑉 (1.4 𝐴)(𝑃𝑓𝑁𝐿 )
𝑃𝑓𝑁𝐿 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟔
42. A transformer has a primary winding of 2,000 turns and of 2,400 v and current of 8.66 - j5
A with an impedance 𝑍2 connected across the secondary winding. If the secondary winding
has 500 turns, what is the value of the secondary current?
Solution:
𝐼𝑃 = 8.66 − j5 A
𝑁𝑝 2000
𝑎= = =4
𝑁𝑠 500

𝐼𝑃 1
= → 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑎𝐼𝑃 = 4(8.66 − j5 A ) = 34.64 − 𝑗20𝐴
𝐼𝑠 𝑎

43. A transformer has a turn ratio of 5. If a 150 ohms resistor is connected across the primary,
what is the resistance referred to secondary?
Solution:
𝑅𝑝 150
𝑎2 = → 52 =
𝑅𝑠 𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑠 = 𝟔 𝒐𝒉𝒎
44. A 500 kva, 11,000/2300 volts 60Hz. Transformer has been tested and gives the following
data:
Short Circuit test: Esc= 600 volts
Psc= 6000 wats

lsc=45.4 amperes
What is the percent regulation at full load 80% power factor lagging?
Solution:
500𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 𝐼𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = = 45.4 𝐴
11,000 𝑣
Short circuit test:
𝑉𝑠𝑐 600
𝑧𝑒 − 𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐 = 45.4 = 13.2 𝑜ℎ𝑚

𝑃𝑠𝑐 6000𝑤
𝐼𝑠𝑐^2
= (45.4)^2 = 2.91 𝑜ℎ𝑚

2.91
𝑧𝑒 − 𝑝 = 13.2 ∠ cos −1 13.2 = 13.2 ∠ cos −1 77.3°
𝑉𝑃 = 𝑎𝑉𝑠 + 𝐼𝑝𝑍𝑒𝑝
= 11,000 ∠0° + 45.4 ∠ − 36.87°(13.2 ∠ cos −1 77.3°)
= 11,463∠1.8°
|𝑉𝑝 |−|𝑎𝑉𝑠 |
%𝑉𝑅 = |𝑎𝑉𝑠 |
𝑥100%
11,463 – 11000
= 𝑥 100% = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟏%
11,000
45. Calculate the percent voltage regulation for a transformer with a percent resistance of 2%
and a reactance of 4% of rating 550 kVA, when delivering 450 kVA at 0.6 p.f. lagging.
 Solution:
If not at full load

%𝑉𝑅 = 𝐾𝑉𝐴⁄𝐾𝑉𝐴 (%𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ± %𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 )

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
450
%𝑉𝑅 = [2%(0.6) + 4%(0.3)] = 𝟑. 𝟔%
550

46. A 1-phase transformer is rated 4,160 Volts primary and 250 Volts secondary. It has 1,500
turns in the primary and a voltage regulation of 8%. What should be the number of turns
in the secondary windings?
Solution:
4160−𝑎(250)
0.08 = 𝑎(250)

a= 15.4
𝑁𝑝 1500
𝑁𝑠 = = = 97.4 ≈ 𝟗𝟕 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏𝒔
𝑎 15.4

47. The potential transformer of a line have a ratio of 132,000/66. These are connected wye-
delta. The voltmeter connected at the secondary reads 64 Volts. What is the voltage of the
line?
Solution:
132,000
𝑎 = 66 = 2000

2000= Vp/64
Vp= 128000 V
𝑉𝑝𝐿 = √3(128,000) = 𝟐𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝒌𝑽

48. Three transformers are delta connected, one connection has been cut, what is the percent
reduced?
Solution:
3√3
%𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100% = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟑%
3
49. Three single phase 37.5 kva transformers are connected in delta. Load is 85 kva at 85%
lagging power factor. What is the overload of the remaining units if one unit is brought
for repair?
Solution:
26 𝑘𝑣𝑎
𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ = 3 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝒗𝒂
√
50. Calculate the total magnetic flux in a 60-cycle transformer in which the induced emf per
turn of the winding is equal to 2V.
Solution:
𝐸𝑝 = 4.44𝑁𝑝 𝑓𝑝 𝛽𝑚 𝐴
2.54𝑐𝑚 2
𝐴 = 20𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ( ) = 129 𝑐𝑚2
1𝑖𝑛
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒:
𝐸𝑝 = 4.44(1000)(60)(11,000)(129)𝑥10−8
 = 𝟑𝟕𝟖𝟎 𝑽
51. The low side of a certain welding transformer has 2 turns and delivers 300 A. If the high
voltage side has 30 turns, how much current flows through it?
Solution:
𝐼1 𝑁2
=
𝐼2 𝑁1

𝑁2 𝐼1 2(300)
𝐼1 = = = 𝟐𝟎 𝑨
𝑁1 30

52. A single-phase transformer rated 75 kVA, 8000 volts primary 240 volts secondary, is
given the short circuit test. With the secondary terminals short-circuited, 440 volts (60Hz)
is impressed on the primary, which then draws rated current and 1125 watts. Solve for the
percentage impedance of the transformer.
Solution:
𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 75,000
𝐼𝑠𝑐 ≅ 𝐼𝑝 = = = 9.375𝐴
𝑉𝑝 8000

𝑉𝑠𝑐 440
𝑍𝑒𝑞 = = = 46.933Ω
𝐼𝑠𝑐 9.375
𝐼𝑝 𝑍𝑒𝑞 46.933Ω
%𝐼𝑍 = 𝑉𝑝
= 9.375𝐴 ( 8000
) = 𝟓. 𝟓%
53. A short circuit test was performed upon a 10kVA, 2300/230 volt transformer with the
following results: 𝐸𝑆𝐶 = 137 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠; 𝑃𝑆𝐶 = 192 𝑊; 𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 4.34𝐴. Calculate in primary
terms the reactance of the transformer.
Solution:
𝐸𝑆𝐶 137
𝑍𝑝 = = 4.34 = 31.567Ω
𝐼𝑆𝐶

𝑃𝑆𝐶 192
𝑅𝑝 = 2 = 4.342 = 10.193Ω
𝐼𝑠𝑐

𝑋𝑝 = √𝑍𝑝2 − 𝑅𝑝2 = √31.5672 − 10.1932 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝛀

54. A single-phase, 25 kVA, 4800/240 volt transformer was given a short circuit tests: With
the secondary terminals short-circuited, 93.75 volts was applied on the primary so that the
ammeter reads rated current and the wattmeter reads 162.74 watts, all on the primary side.
Solve for the percentage resistance of the transformer.
Solution:
𝑉𝐴 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 25,000
𝐼𝑠𝑐 ≅ 𝐼𝑝 = = = 5.208𝐴
𝑉𝑝 4800

𝑃𝑆𝐶 162.74
𝑅𝑝 = 2
= = 31.248Ω
𝐼𝑠𝑐 (5.208)2
|𝐼𝑝 |−|𝑅𝑝| 5.208(31.248)
%𝐼𝑅 = |𝑉𝑝|
= 𝑥 100% = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟗%
4800

55. A 13.8 kV/480 V, 10 MVA three-phase transformer has 5% impedance. What is the
impedance in ohms referred to the primary?
 Solution:
𝑆𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑍1 %𝐼𝑍(𝑉1)2 0.05(13.8𝑥10−3 )2
%𝐼𝑍 = → 𝑍1 = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟐𝟐𝛀
𝑉12 𝑆𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 10𝑥106
56. The percent impedance of the 115KV transmission line is (3.8 + j 15.1) % at 100 MVA
base. What is its ohmic impedance?
Solution:
𝑆𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑍𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 %𝐼𝑍𝑝𝑢 ( 𝑉 2 )
%𝐼𝑍𝑝𝑢 = → 𝑍𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 =
𝑉2 𝑆𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
(0.038 + 𝑗0.515)(115,000)2
=
100 𝑥 10^6
𝑍𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟓 + 𝒋 𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟕 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔
57. The impedance of a transformer is 1% at 100 MA base and 34.5 kV base. What shall be
the percent impedance at 50 MVA base and 115 kV base?
Solution:
𝑆𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 2
%𝐼𝑍𝑛𝑒𝑤 = %𝐼𝑍𝑜𝑙𝑑 ( )( )
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
50 34.5 2
%𝐼𝑍𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 1% ( )( ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟓%
100 115

58. What should be the kVA rating of each two transformers in an open-delta bank when the
three-phase balanced load is 290.4 kVA?
Solution:
𝑆𝑣 = √3𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆 290.4
Rating = 𝑣3 = 3 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝒌𝑽𝑨
√ √
59. A V or open delta connected transformer bank, composed of two identical units serves a
balanced 3-phase load of 16 kVA at 230 volts. Solve for the minimum size in kVA of the
transformers needed.
Solution:
𝑆𝑣 = √3𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆𝑣 16
Rating = = = 𝟗. 𝟐𝟒𝒌𝑽𝑨
√3 √3
60. A V (open delta) connected transformer bank serves a balanced 3-phase load of 40 kVA
at 230 V and 0.866 pf lagging. Solve for the minimum kVA of each transformer needed
to accommodate the load without overloading.
Solution:
𝑆𝑣 = √3𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆 40
Rating = 𝑣3 = 3 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟎𝟗𝒌𝑽𝑨
√ √
61. Two single-phase distribution transformers are banked in V (open delta). If each
transformer is rated 37.5 kVA, solve for the maximum 3-phase load that the bank can
carry without overloading, considering that the load has a power factor of 0.85 lagging.
Solution:
 𝑆𝑣 = √3𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = √3(37.5) = 64.95 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑃𝐿 = (𝑆𝑣 )(𝑝𝑓 ) = 64.95(0.85) = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟎𝟕 𝒌𝑾
62. The following data were obtained when a short ckt test was performed upon a 100 kVA,
2400/240volts distribution transformer: Esc=72 volts; Isc= 41.6A ; Psc= 1,180W. All
instruments are on the high side during the short circuit test. Calculate the equivalent
resistance and reactance of the transformer.
Solution:
𝑃 1,180
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝐼2𝑠𝑐 = (41.6)2 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟐𝛀
𝑠𝑐
𝐸𝑠𝑐 72
𝑍𝑒𝑞 = = = 1.73Ω
𝐼𝑠𝑐 41.6

𝑋𝑒𝑞 = √𝑍𝑒𝑞 2 − 𝑅𝑒𝑞 2 = √(1.73)2 − (0.682)2 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝛀

63. Two (2) single- phase distribution transformers, connected in open delta will supply power
to a 200-hp, 3-phase induction motor, operating at 0.70 power factor. And 0.90 efficiency.
Solve for the minimum size in kVA of each transformer needed to supply the power
without being overloaded.
Solution:

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 200(0.746)
𝑆𝑣 = = = 236.825 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝜂𝑝𝑓 0.9(0.7)

𝑆𝑣 = √3𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆 236.825
Rating = 𝑣3 = = 𝟏𝟑𝟔. 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑽𝑨
√ √3

64. The Utility Company supplies two single-phase transformers banked in open delta. If each
transformer is rated 75-kVA capacity, what is the maximum 3-phase load in kilowatts that
the bank can carry without suffering overload considering that the load has a lagging
power factor of 0.80.
Solution:
𝑆𝑣 = √3𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = √3(75) = 129.9 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑃𝐿 = 𝑆𝑉 𝑝𝑓 = 129.9(0.80) = 103.92 𝑘𝑊 ≅ 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝒌𝑾

65. Two identical 1-phase transformers connected in open delta will serve a 3-phase motor
load of 250 hp, o.70 lagging, 0.90 efficiency. Solve for the minimum size in kVA of each
transformer required to serve the load without overloading.
Solution:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 250(0.746)
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = = = 207.222 𝑘𝑊
𝜂 0.90
𝑃𝑖𝑛 207.222𝑘𝑊
𝑆𝑖𝑛 = = = 296.03 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑝𝑓 0.70
𝑆𝑣 296.03
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = = 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝑽𝑨
√3 √3
66. Two single-phase transformers are connected in V (open delta) and serving a delta
connected impedance load, each impedance is equal to 16∠36.87° ohms. If the
transformer voltages impressed on the impedances are:
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 240∠0°, 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 240∠240°, 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 240∠120°
Solve for the kVA delivered by each transformer.
Solution:
Note: Since load is balanced, the kVA delivered by transformer A is equal to the
kVA delivered by transformer B.
𝑉𝑝 240
𝐼𝑝 = = = 15 𝐴
𝑍𝑝 16

𝐼𝐿 = √3𝐼𝑝 = √3(15) = 25.98 𝐴

𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 240(25.98)
𝑆𝑎 = 𝑆𝑏 = = = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝒌𝑽𝑨 ← 𝑹𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑵𝑮
1000 1000
67. Two single-phase transformer in an open-delta bank served a three-phase balanced load
of 290.4 kVA. If a third transformer is added for delta operation, what oercent increase in
load does this represent?
Solution:

𝑆𝑣 = √3𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑆𝑣 290.4
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = = 167.66𝑘𝑉𝐴
√3 √3
𝑆∆ = 3 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 3(167.66) = 502.98 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑆∆ − 𝑆𝑣 502.98 − 290.4
%𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = = 𝑥 100% = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟐%
𝑆𝑣 290.4

68. Three single-phase transformers each rated 75 kVA are banked in delta and supplying a
3-phase load drawing 160 kVA at 0.8 lagging power factor. If one transformer is removed
for repairs, solve for the amount of overloading of the remaining units.
Solution:

𝑆𝑣 = √3𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = √3(75) = 129.9 ≅ 130 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑆𝐿 − 𝑆𝑉 = 160 − 130 = 𝟑𝟎𝒌𝑽𝑨
69. Two transformers are connected in parallel to supply a common load of 175 kVA.
Transformer A is rated 100 kVA with equivalent impedance of 9.6 ohms while
transformer B is rated 75 kVA with equivalent impedance of 12.5 ohms. Find the kVA
load of each transformer.
Solution:
 𝑆𝑡 𝑍𝑒2 175(12.5)
𝑆1 = = = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟖 𝒌𝑽𝑨
𝑍𝑒1 + 𝑍𝑒2 9.6 + 12.5
𝑆𝑡 𝑍𝑒1 175 (9.6)
𝑆2 = = = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝑽𝑨
𝑍𝑒1 + 𝑍𝑒2 9.6 + 12.5

70. What should be the turns ratio of a three phase transformer to transform 10,000 kVA
from 230 kV to 4160 V if the transformer is to be connected ∆ − 𝑌 ?
Solution:
𝑉𝐿2 = 4.16𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝐿2 4.16
𝑉𝑝2 = = = 2.4 𝑘𝑉
√3 √3
𝑉𝐿1 = 230 𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝑃1 = 𝑉𝐿1 = 230 𝑘𝑉
𝑁1 𝑉𝑃1 230𝑘𝑉
= = = 95.83
𝑁2 𝑉𝑝2 2.4𝑘𝑉

Therefore:
Turns Ratio = 96

MOTORS (71-100)
71. Calculate the speed of 60-cycle, 14-pole motor if the slip is 5%
Solution:

120𝑓
𝑁𝑟 = (1 – s)
𝑃

120(60)
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 0.05) = 𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟕 𝒓𝒑𝒎
14

72. A 4-pole single phase induction motor is rated 20 hp, 220 volts, 60 Hz, 1750 rpm and 80%
pf. What is the percent slip at rated load?
Solution:
120𝑓 120(60)
𝑁𝑠 = = = 1800 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃 4
𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁𝑟 1800 − 1750
𝑠= = 𝑥 100%
𝑁𝑠 1800
𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟖%
73. An induction motor 8 poles, 60 Hz is operated with a slip of 3%. Calculate the rotor speed.
Solution:
 120𝑓 120(60)
𝑁𝑠 = = = 900 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃 8
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠)𝑁𝑠
= (1 − 0.03)(900) = 𝟖𝟕𝟑 𝒓𝒑𝒎

74. The nameplate speed of 60 Hz induction motor is 1750 rpm. If the speed at no load is
1795 rpm, what is the percent regulation?
Solution:
𝑁𝑛𝐿 − 𝑁𝑓𝐿
%𝑆𝑟 = 𝑥 100%
𝑁𝑓𝐿
1795 − 1750
%𝑆𝑟 = 𝑥 100% = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟕%
1750

75. A 3-phase 4-pole, 230-V, 60 cycle wound-rotor induction motor has both its stator and
rotor connected in Y. The rotor has half as many turns per phase as the stator. If the rotor
is turning at 1725 rpm, 𝑅𝑅 = 0.075 Ω and 𝑋𝐵𝑅 = 0.375 Ω, determine the torque
developed by the motor.
Solution:
230√3
𝐸𝐵𝑅 = = 66.4 𝑉
2
120𝑓 120(60𝐻𝑧)
𝑁𝑠 = = = 1800 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃 4
𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁𝑟 1800 − 1725
𝑠= = = 0.0417
𝑁𝑠 1800

3 𝜙 2 𝑅𝑅
𝑇𝑑 = ( )
= 𝑠𝐸𝐵𝑅 ( 2 )
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅𝑅 + (𝑠 𝑥 𝐵𝑟)2
3 (0.0417)(66.4)2 (0.075)
𝑇𝑑 = ( )( )
1800𝑟𝑒𝑣 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 (0.075)2 + [(0.0417)(0.375)]2
2𝜋 ( min ) (60sec)
𝑓𝑡
550 𝑙𝑏.
= (37.36 𝑁 − 𝑚) ( 𝑠 ) = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓𝟒𝟐 𝒍𝒃. 𝒇𝒕
𝑁−𝑚
746 𝑠

76. In Problem #75, what is the maximum torque that can be developed by the motor?
Solution:
3 𝐸𝐵𝑅 𝜙 2
𝑇𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑥
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 2𝑥𝐵𝑅
3 (66.4𝑉 )2
𝑇𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑥
1800𝑟𝑒𝑣 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( )
2𝜋 ( 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) (60𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠) 2 0.375Ω
 550 𝑙𝑏−𝑓𝑡
𝑇𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (93.55 𝑁. 𝑚) ( 𝑁.𝑚 ) = 68.97 lb-ft
746
𝑠

77. In Problem # 75, what is the speed at which maximum torque will occur?
Solution:
𝑅𝑅 0.75Ω
𝑆𝑚𝑡 = = = 0.2
𝑋𝐵𝑅 0.375Ω
𝑁𝑅 = (1 − 𝑆𝑚𝑡 )𝑁𝑠 = (1-0.02)(1800rpm) = 1400 rpm

78. In Problem # 75, calculate the starting torque of the motor.

Solution:
3 𝐸𝐵𝑅 𝜙 2 𝑅𝑅
𝑇𝑑 , 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 2
2𝜋𝑁𝑠 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑋𝐵𝑅2
3 (66.4𝑉 )2 (0.075Ω)
𝑇𝑑 , 𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥
1 ( )2 ( )2
2𝜋(1800) (60) 0.075Ω + 0.375Ω
𝑙𝑏
550 𝑠
𝑇𝑑 , 𝑠𝑡 = (35.98𝑁. 𝑚) ( 𝑛. 𝑚) = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟓𝟐𝟕 𝒍𝒃. 𝒇𝒕
746 𝑠
79. An induction motor has a starting torque of 20 N-m at full-voltage starting. If the starting
voltage is reduced to 80% of rated voltage, the starting torque is___ N-m.
Solution:
𝑇𝑑2 𝑉𝑇22
=
𝑇𝑑1 𝑉𝑇12

𝑉𝑇2 2
𝑇𝑑2 =( ) 𝑇𝑑1
𝑉𝑇1

0.80 𝑉 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 2
𝑇𝑑2 =( ) (20 𝑁 − 𝑚) = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟖 𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑉 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

80. A 1 0-hp 550-volt 60-cycle three-phase induction motor has a starting torque of 160
percent of full-load torque and a starting current of 425 percent of full-load current. What
voltage is required to limit the starting current to the full-load current value?
Solution:
𝐼𝑅2 𝑉 1 𝑉
= 𝑉𝑇2 → 4.25 = 550𝑉
𝑇2
= 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟏 𝑽
𝐼𝑅1 𝑇1

81. A three phase squirrel cage motor is started by a wye-delta starter. What shall be its
starting torque relative to its rated voltage starting torque?

Solution:
 𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑇𝑑2 𝑉𝑇22 ( )^2 1
√3
= = = 𝑥 100% = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑%
𝑇𝑑1 𝑉𝑇12 (𝑉 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑)2 3

82. For a 10 pole 60 Hz synchronous motor, what is the normal operating speed?
Solution:
120𝑓 120(60𝐻𝑧)
𝑁𝑅 = 𝑁𝑆 = = = 𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎
𝑃 10 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒

83. What is the percent slip of the synchronous motor when running?

Solution:
𝑁𝑆 −𝑁𝑅
%𝑆 = 𝑥 100% = 0%
𝑁𝑠

84. A 50-hp three-phase motor, rated 220V, 60Hz, 75% pf has 6 poles. The slip at full load
is 3%. What is the frequency of the rotor current at full load?
Solution:

𝑓𝑟 = 𝑠𝑓 = (0.03)(60) = 𝟏. 𝟖 𝑯𝒛

85. A single-phase induction motor is rated 5-hp, 75% power factor and 220 volts. What is its
full load current?
Solution:
Note: Since efficiency is not given, assume that the rating of the motor is equivalent
to the same power drawn from the supply. (𝜂 = 100%)
𝑃 5(746)
𝐼=𝑉 = (220)(0.75) = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟎𝟔 𝑨
𝐿 𝑝𝑓

86. A 5-hp, 3-phase motor draws current when connected to 230V. Determine the current
drawn by the motor if the power factor is 0.90 ad efficiency of 83%.
Solution:

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 5(746)
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = = = 4493.97 𝑊
𝜂 0.83

𝑃𝑖𝑛 4493.97
𝐼= = = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟑 𝑨
√3𝑉𝐿 𝑝𝑓 √3(230)(0.9)

87. A 3-phase motor is rated 750 hp at 460 volts line to line, 0.85 pf lagging and 0.95
efficiency. Solve for the rated current.
Solution:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 (750)(746)
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = = = 588,947.368 𝑊
𝜂 0.95

𝑃𝑖𝑛 588,947.368
𝐼= = = 𝟖𝟔𝟗. 𝟔𝟒 𝑨
√3𝑉𝐿 𝑝𝑓 √3(460)(0.85)
88. A 40-hp, 3-phase, 4-pole, 230 volt, 60 Hz, induction motor operating at 0.90 efficiency,
0.85 power factor and 3 percent slip, drives a water pump. Determine the current at which
the motor is operating.
 Solution:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 (40)(746)
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = = = 33155.55 𝑊
𝜂 0.9
𝑃𝑖𝑛 33155.55 𝑊
𝐼= = = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟗𝟏𝟓 𝑨
√3𝐸𝑝𝑓 √3(230)(0.85)
89. Calculate the speed of a 60-cycle, 14-pole motor if the slip is 9%.
Solution:
120𝑓 120(60)
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠 ) = (1 − 0.09) = 𝟒𝟔𝟖 𝒓𝒑𝒎
𝑃 14

90. The rotor speed of 6-pole, 50-cycle induction motor is 960 rpm. Calculate the percent slip.
Solution:
120𝑓
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠 )
𝑃
𝑁𝑟 𝑃 960(6)
𝑠 =1− =1− = 0.4 ≈ 𝟒%
120𝑓 120(50)
91. What is the speed of an induction motor of six poles if the present slip is 2.5%?
Solution:

120𝑓
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠 )
𝑃
120(60)
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 0.025) = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝒓𝒑𝒎
6
92. A 150 hp, 3-phase, 6 pole, 460 V 60Hz induction motor draws 195 A line current at full
load speed of 1170 rpm and 0.85 pf. Solve for the percent slip at full load.
Solution:
120𝑓
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠 )
𝑃
𝑁𝑟 𝑃 1170(6)
𝑠 =1− =1− = 0.025 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟓%
120𝑓 120(60)

93. The rotor of a 220-V, 60 Hz, 4-pole induction motor has a power input of 80 kW. Is
observed that the rotor emf makes 90 cycles per minute. Calculate the gross mechanical
power developed.
Solution:
90 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠 = 1.5 𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑟 1.5𝐻𝑧
𝑠= = = 0.025
𝑓𝑠 60 𝐻𝑍
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑟 (1 − 𝑠) = 80(1 − 0.025) = 𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝑾
94. A 50-hp, 440 V, 3-phase, 60 Hz, 6 pole squirrel cage induction motor is operating at full
load 0.8 pf. The full load efficiency is 85% and the percentage slip is 5%. Determine full
load torque.
Solution:

120𝑓
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠 )
𝑃
 120(60)
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 0.8) = 1140 𝑟𝑝𝑚
6
9.55𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 9.55(50)(746)
𝑇= = = 𝟑𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟕 𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑁𝑟 1140
95. A 30-hp, 4 poles, 3-phase, 230 volts, 60 Hz squirrel cage induction motor operating at
90% efficiency, 85% power factor and 2.5% slip drives a water pump for a reservoir. Find
the current and speed at which the motor is operating.
Solution:
120𝑓
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠 )
𝑃
120(60)
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 0.25) = 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟓 𝒓𝒑𝒎
4

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 (30)(746)
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = = = 24866.67 𝑊
𝜂 0.9
𝑃𝑖𝑛 24866.67 𝑊
𝐼= = = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝟔 𝑨
√3𝑉𝐿 𝑝𝑓 √3(230)(0.85)

96. A 50 hp, 3-phase, 4 pole, 60Hz, 230-volt squirrel cage induction motor has efficiency of
90%, a power factor of 85% and a slip of 2% at full load. Find the torque in lb-ft at full
load.
Solution:
120𝑓
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠 )
𝑃
120(60)
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 0.02) = 1764 𝑟𝑝𝑚
4
Note: at full load, the output power is 50 Hz.
2𝜋𝑁𝑟 𝑇
𝐻𝑃 =
33000
𝐻𝑃(33000) (50)(33000)
𝑇= = = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟕 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕.
2𝜋𝑁𝑟 2𝜋(1764)

97. A 100-hp, 440 volts, three-phase, 60 Hz induction motor operates with 92 percent
efficiency, 0.85 power factor, at rated load. What is the current of the motor?
Solution:

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 (100)(746)
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = = = 81086.95 𝑊
𝜂 0.92

𝑃𝑖𝑛 81086.95 𝑊
𝐼= = = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝑨
√3𝑉𝐿 𝑝𝑓 √3(440𝑉)(0.85)
98. A 10 HP, 550 V, 60 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has a starting torque of 160 % of full
load torque and a starting current of 425% of full load current. If the motor is used on a
440 V, 60 Hz system, what will be the starting torque expressed in percent of full load
value?
 Solution:
𝑇𝑠 = 𝑘𝑉𝑠2
2
𝑇𝑠1 𝑉𝑠1
=( )
𝑇𝑠2 𝑉𝑠2

Substitute:

1.6𝑇𝐹𝐿 550 2
= (440)
𝑇𝑠2

𝑻𝒔𝟐 = 1.024 or 102.4% of full load value

99. A 10 HP, 550 V. 6- Hz, 3-phase induction motor has a starting torque of 160% of full
load torque and a starting current of 425% of full load current. What will be the voltage
in order that the starting current be limited to the full load value?
Solution:
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑘𝑉𝑠

𝐼𝑠1 𝑉𝑠1
=
𝐼𝑠2 𝑉𝑠2
4.25𝐼𝑓𝑙 550
=
𝐼𝑓𝑙 𝑉𝑠2
𝑉𝑠2 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟏 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔
100. A squirrel cage motor is started at 50% of its rated voltage. What is the starting torque
relative to its rated voltage starting torque?
Solution:
𝑇𝑠 = 𝑘𝑉𝑠2
2
𝑇𝑠1 𝑉𝑠1
=( )
𝑇𝑠2 𝑉𝑠2

Substitute :
2
𝑇𝐹𝐿 550
=( )
𝑇𝑠2 0.5(550)
𝑇𝑠2 = 0.25 𝑇𝐹𝐿
𝑻𝒔𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝟐𝟓% 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆