[802 18. 1. 20. a. 2. 23. 24. 25. Fluid Mechanics ] ‘The specific energy for a 6 m wide rectangular channel isto be 5 kg-m/kg. If the rate of flow of water through the channel is 24 m/s, determine the alternate depths of flow. [Ans.4.831 m,0.169m] The depth of flow of water, at a certain section of a rectangular channel of Sm wide is 0.6 m. The discharge through the channel is 15 m/s. IF a hydraulic jump takes place on the downstream side, find the depth of flow after the jump. Ans. 1.474 m] For the Question 19, find the loss of energy per kg of water due to hydraulic jump. [Ans.0.188m] A sluice gate discharges water into a horizontal rectangular channel with a velocity of 8 m/s and depth of flow is 0.5 m. The width of the channel is 6 m. Determine whether a hydraulic jump will oceur, and if 0, find its height and loss of energy per kg of water. Also determine the horse power lost in the hydrautie jump. [Ans. Yes, 1816 m, 1.293 m,413.76h.p.) Find the rate of change of depth of water in a rectangular channel of 12 m wide and 2m deep, when the ‘water is flowing with a velocity of 1.5 mi. The flow of water through the channel of bed slope 1 in 300, is regulated in such a way that energy line is having a slope of 1 in 8000. [Ans,0,000235] Find the slope of the free water surface in a rectangular channel of width 15 m, having depth of flow 4 m. ‘The discharge through the channel is 40 mvs, The bed of the channel is having a slope of 1 in 4000, Take the value of Chezy’s constant, C = 50. Ans. 0.000184] Determine the length of the back water curve caused by an afflux of 1.5 m in a rectangular channel of ‘width 50 m and depth 2.0 m, The slope of the bed is given as 1 in 2000. Take Manning's, N= 0.03 [Ans. 4566 m] ‘A trapezoidal channel with bottom slope 0.000169, bottom width 10 m and side slopes 1: 1 caries 20 m'/s when Manning's constant = 0.015. Determine the normal depth. (Hint. (= 0.000169, 6 = 10 m,n = 1,V=0.015,Q=20m's Use = Lm? xi! x A, where A = (b + nd) xd= (104d) d ma ot dd (0+2/2 17.1 INTRODUCTION ‘The liquid comes out in the form of a jet from the outlet of a nozzle, which is fitted to a pipe through which the liquid is flowing under pressure. If some plate, which may be fixed or moving, is, placed in the path of the jet, a force is exerted by the jet on the plate. This force is obtained from Newton's second law of motion or from impulse-momentum equation. Thus impact of jet means the force exerted by the jet on a plate which may be stationary or moving. In this chapter, the following cases of the impact of jet ie., the force exerted by the jet on a plate, will be considered : 1, Force exerted by the jet on a stationary plate when (a) Plate is vertical to the jet, (b) Plate is inclined to the jet, and (c) Plate is curved. 2. Force exerted by the jet on a moving plate, when (a) Plate is vertical to the jet, (b) Plate is inclined to the jet, and (c) Plate is curved. > 17.2. FORCE EXERTED BY THE JET ON A STATIONARY VERTICAL PLATE Consider jet of water coming out from the moze strikes a lt vertical pat shown in Fig, 17.1 Vs velocity ofthe Jet, a= dlameter ofthe Jt, a= area of eross-section ofthe et = PPE Fig 17.1 Force exerted by jet on vertical plate 803(804 Fluid Mechanics ] ‘The jet after striking the plate, will move along the plate. But the plate is at right angles tothe jet. Hence the jet after striking, will et deflected through 90°. Hence the component of the velocity of jet, in the direction of jet, after striking will be zero. ‘The force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction of jet, F, = Rate of change of momentum in the direction of force Initial momentum — Time inal momentum, (Mass x Initial velocity ~ Mass x Final velocity) Time Mass = MES (initial velocity - Final velocit Time“ a a (Mass/sec) x (velocity of jet before striking ~ velocity of jet after striking) paviv - 0] (Ce massisee = p x a V) = pa? a7.) For deriving above equation, we have taken initial velocity minus final velocity and not final vetocity ‘minus initial velocity. If the force exerted on the jet isto be calculated then final minus initial velocity is taken. But if the force exerted by the jet on the plate is to be calculated, then initial velocity minus final velocity is taken. Note. In equation (17.1), ifthe value of density (p) is taken in $1. units (ie. kg/m’), the force (F,) will be in Newton (N). The value of p for water in SI. units is equal to 1000 kes’. 17.2.1 Force Exerted by a Jet on Stationary Inclined Flat Plate. Let a jet of water, coming out from the nozzle, strikes an inclined flat plate as shown in Fig. 17.2. Let V = Velocity of jet in the direction of x, @= Angle between the jet and plate, a= Area of cross-section of the jet. Then mass of water per see striking the plate = p x aV. Fig. 17.2 Jetstriking stationary inclined plate.[ Impact of Jets and Jet Propulsion 805) Ifthe plate is smooth and if tis. assumed tat there Is no loss of energy due to impact of the Jet, then jet will move over the plate after striking with a velocity equal to initial velocity iw with @ velocity V. Let us find the foree exerted by the jet on te plate in the direction normal to the plate. Let this fore is represented by F, Then mass of jet striking per second [Intl velocity of jt before striking inthe direction of n Final velocity of et after striking inthe direction fn] = pav IV sin 0] = pai” sin 0 (17.2) This force can be resolved into two components, One in the ditection of the jet and other perpendicular to the direction of flow. Then we have, F,= component of F, inthe direction of flow c0s (90° 8) = Fy sin = pA V sin x sin 8 (cs Fy = paV” sin ) pAV? sin? @ (17.3) component of Fy. perpendicular to flow F, sin (90° ~ 8) = F, cos @ = pAV? sin 8 cos 8. (17.4) 17.2.2 Force Exerted by a Jet on Stationary Curved Plate (A) det strikes the curved plate at the centre. Leta jet of water strikes a fixed curved plate at the conte as shown in Fig. 17.3. The jet afer striking the plate, comes out with the same velocity if the plat is smooth and there is no loss of energy due to impact of the jet, nthe tangential direction of the curved plate. The velocity at outlet of the plate ean be resolved into two components, one in the direction of jet and other perpendicular to the direction of the jet. Component of velocity inthe direction of ie And, FIXED. CURVED PLATE Fig. 17.3. Jet striking a fixed curved plate at centre. (ve sign is taken as the velocity at outlet is in the opposite direction of the jet of water coming out from nozzle). Component of velocity perpendicular to the jet Force exerted by the jet in the direction of jet, F, = Mass per see x [Vj, Vad Initial velocity in the direction of jet = V inal velocity in the direction of jet = — Vcos @ Vsin @ where Vi, Vox[806 Fluid Mechanics ] F,= paVlV ~ ( V cos 8)] = paV{V + V cos 8} paV"[1 + cos 8] 75) Similarly, F,= Mass per see x [Vjy ~ Vay] where Vj, = Initial velocity in the direction of Vo, = Final velocity inthe direction of y= V sin © F, = paV10 ~ V sin 0] = ~ pa” sin 0 (17.6) ve sign means that force is acting in the downward direction. In this case the angle of deflection of the jet = (180° - 6) 117.6 (A)] (B) Jet strikes the curved plate at one end tangen- tially when the plate is symmetrical. Let the jet strikes the curved fixed plate at one end tangentially as shows in Fig. 17.4. Let the curved plate is symmetrical about x-asis. Then the angle made by the tangents atthe two ends of the plate will be same, Let V= Velocity of jet of water, 6 = Angle made by jet with x-axis at inlet tip of the curved plate If the plate is smooth and loss of energy due to impact is zero, then the velocity of water at the outlet tip of the curved plate will be equal to V. The forces exerted by the jet of water in the directions of x and y are F,,= (massisec) * [Vy ~ Vad] paVIV cos @ - (— V cos 0)] = paVIV cos @ + V cos 8] 2paV? cos @ (17.7) F,= paViVi, ~ Vas Fig. 17.4 jet striking curved fixed plate at one end. paV[ V sin @- Vsin @}=0 (C) Jet strikes the curved plate at one end tangentially when the plate is unsymmetrical. When the curved plate is unsymmetrical about x-axis, then angle made by the tangents drawn at the inlet and outlet tips of the plate with x-axis will be different. Let = angle made by tangent at inlet tip with x-axis, ‘= angle made by tangent at outlet tip with x-axis. ‘The two components of the velocity at inlet are Vj.= Vos @ and V,, = V sin @ The two components of the velocity at outlet are Vac = = Vc0s 6 and V;, = V sin 6 “The forces exerted by the jet of water in the directions of x and y are F, = paViVi, ~ Vax) = paVIV cos 8 - (-V cos 6)] pavlV cos 0 + Vcos 61 = pa? [cos 8 + cos g] (17.8) F,= paVIViy~ Vay] = paV[V sin @ - V sin 6] = paV? [sin 8 - sin 6]. (17,9)[ Impact of Jets and Jet Propulsion 807) Problem 17.1 Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 75 mm on a stationary flat plate, when the jet strikes the plate normally with velocity of 20 m/s. Solution. Given : Diameter of jet, d= 75 mm = 0.075 m Area, a= &= © (075) = 004417 m* 44 Velocity of jet, V= 20 ms. ‘The force exerted by the jet of water on a stationary vertical plate is given by equation (17.1) as F = paV? where p = 1000 kg/m? 5 F = 1000 x .004417 x 20° N = 1766.8 N. Ans. Problem 17.2 Water is flowing through a pipe atthe end of which a nozzle is fitted. The diameter of the nozele is 100 mm and the head of water at the centre nozzle is 100 m. Find the force exerted by the jet of water on a fixed vertical plate. The co-efficient of velocity is given as 0.95. Solution. Given : Diameter of nozzle, d= 100 mm = 0.1 m Head of water, H= 100m Co-efficient of velocity, C,= 0.95 007854 m? Ray Area of nozzle, a= Zr Fy’ ‘Theoretical velocity of jet of water is given as Vy = V2@H = J2X9B1X100 = 44.294 mis Actual velocity ‘Theoretical velocity Actual velocity of jet of water, V= C, x Va = 0.95 x 44.294 = 42.08 mis. Force on a fixed vertical plate is given by equation (17.1) as F = paV? = 1000 x .007854 x 42.08 (+> In $.1. units p for water = 1000 ke/m?) 3907.2 N = 13.9 kN. Ans. Problem 17.3 A jet of water of diameter 75 mm moving with a velocity of 25 mis strikes a fixed plate in such a way that the angle between the jet and plate is 60°. Find the force exerted by the jet on the plate (i) in the direction normal to the plate and (ii) in the direction of the jet. Solution. Given : But Diameter of jt, d= 75 mm = 0.075 m Area, az Fb =F (075) = 0.008417 m* Velocity of jet, V= 25 mis Angle between jet and plate @= 60° (The force exerted by the jet of water in the direction normal to the plate is given by equation (17.2) as F, = paV? sin @ 1000 x .004417 x 25[808 Fluid Mechanics ] (ii) The force in the direction of the jet is given by equation (17.3), F,= pa" sin? @ =1000 x .004417 x 25? x sin? 60° = 2070.4 N. Ans. Problem 17.4 A jet of water of diameter 50 mm strikes a fixed plate in such a way that the angle between the plate and the jet is 30°. The force exerted in the direction ofthe jet is 1471.5 N. Determine the rate of flow of water. Solution. Given : Diameter of jt, Area, Angle, Force in the direction of jet, Fy = 1471.5 N Force inthe direction of jet is given by equation (17.3) a8 F, = paV? sin? @ [As the force is given in Newton, the value ofp should be taken qual 1000 kg/m* 1471.5 = 1000 x .001963 x V? x sin? 30° = .05 V? 2_ 150 v= 12 - 3000.0 05 V= 54.77 mis Discharge, Q= Area x Velocity = .001963 x 54.77 = 0.1075 m*Js = 107.5 liters/s. Ans. Problem 17.5 A jet of water of diameter 50 mm moving with a velocity of 40 m/s, strikes a curved {fixed symmetrical plate at the centre. Find the force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of the set if the jet is deflected through an angle of 120° atthe outlet ofthe curved plate Solution. Given : Diameter ofthe jet, d= 50 mm = 0.05 m ANGLE OF DEFLECTION Area, a= © (05)? = 0.001963 m? Velocity of jet V=40 ms ‘Angle of deflection = 120° From equation [17.6 (A)], the angle of deflection = 180° ~ @ ‘ 180° - @ = 120° or @ = 180° ~ 120° = 60° Force exerted by the jet on the curved plate in the direction ofthe jet is given by equation (17.5) as F,= pa¥? [I + 00s 8] = 1000 x .001963 x 40? x [1 + c0s 60°] = 4711.15 N. Ans. Problem 17.6 A jer of water of diameter 75 mm moving with a velocity of 30 m/s, strikes a curved fixed plate tangentially at one end at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The jet leaves the plate at an angle of 20° t0 the horizontal. Find the force exerted by the jet on the plate in the horizontal and vertical direction. 5[ Impact of Jets and Jet Propulsion 809) Solution. Given : Diameter of the jet, d= 75 mm = 0.075 m os Area, a= 5 (075)? = 004817 m? Velocity of jet, V=30 ms Angle made by the jet at inlet tip with horizontal, @ = 30° Angle made by the jet at outlet tip with horizontal, @ = 20° The force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of x is given by equation (17.8) and in the direction of y by equation (17.9), F,= paV* [cos 8 + cos 6] 1000 x .004417 [cos 30° + cos 20°] x 30? = 7178.2 N. Ans. and F, = paV? [sin 6 ~ sin 6] = 1000 x .004417 [sin 30° - sin 20°] x 30? = 628.13 N. Ans. > 17.3 FORCE EXERTED BY A JET ON A HINGED PLATE Consider a jet of water striking a vertical plate at the centre which is hinged at 0. Due to the force ‘exerted by the jet on the plate, the plate will swing through some angle about the hinge as shown in Fig. 17.6 Fig.17.6 Force on a hinged plate. Let x= distance of the centre of jet from hinge 0, 0 = angle of swing about hinge, W= weight of plate acting at C.G. of the plate. ‘The dotted lines show the position of the plate, before the jet strikes the plate. ‘The point A on the plate will be at 4’ after the jet strikes the plate. The distance OA = OA’ =x. Let the weight ofthe plate is acting at 4’. When the plate is in equilibrium after the jet strikes the plate, the moment ofall the forces about the hinge must be zero. Two forces are acting on the plate, They are :[810 Fluid Mechanics ] 1. Force due to jet of water, normal to the plate, F, = paV" sin 0° where 6" = Angle between jet and plate = (90° - 6) 2. Weight of the plate, W Moment of force F, about hinge = F, x OB = paV” sin (90° - 0) x OB = paV cos @ x OB 0s 6x CA. = pay? x OA = paV? x x cos @ = pal Wx OA’ sin @= Wxxxsin xxxsin 0 ‘Moment of weight W about hinge For equilibrium of the plate, paV* x x sing = 2a¥) 17.10) From equation (17.10), the angle of swing of the plate about hinge can be calculated. Problem 17.7 A jet of water of 2.5 cm diameter, moving with a velocity of 10 mis, strikes a hinged square plate of weight 98.1 N at the centre of the plate. The plate is of uniform thickness. Find the angle through which the plate will swing. Solution. Given : Diameter of jet, d= 25 cm = 0.025 m Velocity of jet, V=10 ms Weight of plate, W=98.1N Area of jet, x (.025)" = 00089 m* The angle through which the plate will swing is given by equation (17.10) as sing = 24V" ~ 1000 x (p= 1000) = 499 s 0 = 29.96". Ans. Problem 17.8 A jet of water of 30 mm diameter strikes a hinged square plate at its centre with a velocity of 20 m/s. The plate is deflected through an angle of 20°. Find the weight of the plate. Ifthe plate is not allowed, to swing, what will be the force required at the lower edge of the plate 10 keep the plate in vertical position Solution. Given : Diameter of the jet, d= 30 mm =3em=0.03m Area, a= ¢ = ™ 03) = 0007 ° 4 = 7003)? = 0007068 m Velocity of jet, v= 20 ms Angle of swing, o= 20° Using equation (17.10) for angle of swing,[ Impact of Jets and Jet Propulsion 811) o_ HINGE sing = Pa? Ww oe sin 20° = 1000 » 000706820" __ 282.72 Ww Ww 282.72 = 8266 N v » sin 20° Ifthe plate is not allowed to swing, a force P will be applied at the lower edge of the plate as shown in Fig. 17.7. The weight of tpt acing nay wnat gh he CO he Es . Tih Fs Rowe xed yj war 1 Hoahotpine “stn oP fm he bn Tjek athe cen ofthe pla and ec isan ft cee fe am ige= h ‘Taking moments* about the hinge, O, P xh = F x 2 Fxh_F _ pa? 2 2 Pxh Pepa" Den 272 (+ Frew’) 190 20M «54,36. Problem 17.9 A rectangular plate, weighing 58.86 N is suspended vertically by a hinge on the top of horizontal edge. The centre of gravity of the plate is 10 cm from the hinge. A horizontal jet of water 2.cm diameter, whose axis is 15 em below the hinge impinges normally on the plate with a velocity of Sm/s. Find the horigontal force applied atthe centre of the gravity to maintain the plate in its vertical position. Find the corresponding velocity of the jet, ifthe plate is deflected through 30° and the same {force continues to act at the centre of gravity of the plate. Solution. Given Weight of plate, W= 58.86 N Distance of W from hinge, x= 10cm = 0.1 m Diameter of jet, d=2em=0.02m Area, a= 2 = x02? = 000314 m* ag Distance of the axis of the jet of water from hinge = 15 em = 0.15 m Velocity of jet, V=Smis (0 Let the force applied at the centre of gravity of the plate to keep the plate in vertical position = P as shown in Fig. 17.8 (a), = The weight of the plate is passing through the hinge O. Hence moment of W about hinge is zero,(812. Fluid Mechanics ] P=t775N cs ____J, — @ © Fig. 17.8 The force exerted by a jet of water on the vertical plate, F = paV® = 1000 x.000314 x 52 = 7.85 N “This force F is acting at a distance of 15 em or 0.15 m from the hinge. Taking moments about hinge, we get Fx 0.15 = Px 0.10 FxO1S _ 785x.15 01010 (ii) The plate is deflected through an angle of 30° as shown in Fig. 17.86). Angle of swing 30° The force at the CG. = P=ILTISN Let the velocity ofthe jet inthis position = V mis For the deflected position of the plate as shown in Fig. 17.8 (b, the plate isin equilibrium under the action of three forces, which are: (i, Weight ofthe plate, W acting at G ata distance 10 em from 0. (ii) Horizontal force, P acting at G. (iii) Normal force F,’ on the plate due to jet of water. “The angle between the jet and the plate, © = 90° ~ 30° = 60° Hence, Fis given by equation (17.2) as F,'= paV? sin 8 = paV sin 60° 1000 x .000814 x V2 x sin 60° = 0.2717 VE Taking moments ofall frees about hinge O, we get Fx OC = PX OA+ WAG i) whore OB = OC os 30° 11.775 N. Ans. 32. em = 0.1732 m[ Impact of Jets and Jet Propulsion 813) OA = OG cos 30° = 10 x .866 = 8.66 cm = 0.0866 m AG = 0G sin 30° Sem = 05m Substituting these values in equation (i), we get 0.2717 V? x .1732 = 11.775 x 0866 + 58.86 x 0.05 = 3.962 3.962 Problem 17.10 A jet of water of diameter 25 mm strikes a 20 cm X20 cm square plate of uniform thickness with a velocity of 10 m/s at the centre of the plate which is suspended vertically by a hinge (on its top horizontal edge. The weight of the plate is 98.1 N. The jet strikes normal to the plate. What force must be applied at the lower edge of the plate so that plate is kept vertical ? If the plate is allowed to deflect freely, what will be the inclination of the plate with vertical due to the force exerted by jet of water? Solution. Given : v 9.175 mis. Diameter of the jet, d= 25 mm = 25x 10° m= 025 m Area, a= § (025)? = 00049 m* Size of the plate, 20 em x 20 em ml Weight of the plate, W=98.1N Velocity of jet, V= 10 ms (O Let the force applied atthe lower edge to keep the plate in vertical position is = P . See Fig.17.9 (a). Force exerted by the jet of water at the centre of the vertical f plate, @ ° F=pav ig. 17.9 (@) =1000 x .00049 x 10? = 49 N This fore s acting ta distance of 2 = 10 cm from the hinge. The force P is acting aa distance ‘of 20 em from the hinge. Taking moments about hinge, Fx 10=Px20 49 x 10= P x20 49x10 20 (ii) When the plate is allowed to deflect freely about hinge. Let the inclination of the plate with vertical = 0 In this position, the angle between the plate and jet will be = (90° - 6) Force exerted by water normal to the plate is given by equation (17.2) as F,,= paV? sin (90° - 0) = paV* cos fi P= = 245N. Ans.[814 Fluid Mechanics ‘The distance OB= oan uo} eos8 ~ cos The weight W of the plate is acting at a distance 10 em from hinge. Distance DG = 0G sin @ =10 x sin @ Taking moments about hinge, we get F, x OB=WxGD or. pa? cos @ x 10 = Wx10% sin @ av? = Wx-sin 8 Sa, sin @ = PAV” = 1999 x OOOH 10" _ gs Ww 981 0 = 30°, Ans. Problem 17.10 (A) A square plate of uniform thickness and length of side 300 mm hangs vertically from hinge at its top edge. When a horizontal water jet strikes the plate at its centre, the plate is deflected and comes to rest at angle of 30° to the vertical. The jet is 25 mm in diameter and hhas a velocity of 6 m/s. Determine the weight of the plate. Solution. Given : Leng of plat, 1300 mm = 03 m ‘Angle of swing, or angle made by deflected plate with the vertical, 6 =30° Dia. of the jet, d= 25 mm = 0.025 m Area of jt a= e-Zoms) m? a9 Velo of jt v=6ms Let W= Weight of plate Using equation (17.1, we get sin = 22447" w ronx(S 002s) eo prxanyi TG 23533. Ans. sn Sn > 17.4 FORCE EXERTED BY A JET ON MOVING PLATES ‘The following cases of the moving plates will be considered : 1. Flat vertical plate moving in the direction of the jet and away from the jet, 2. Inclined plate moving in the direction of the jet, and 3. Curved plate moving in the direction of the jet or in the horizontal direction. © IF p= 1000 kg/m’, then weight W will be in Newton,[ Impact of Jets and Jet Propulsion 815) 17.4.1 Force on Flat Vertical Plate Moving in the Direction of Jet. Fig. 17.10 shows a jet of water striking a flat vertical plate moving with a uniform velocity away from the jt. Let Velocity of the jet (absolute ), v-u) a= Area of cross-section of the jet, Velocity of the flat plate. In this case, the jet does not strike the plate with a velocity V, but it strikes with a relative velocity, which is equal to the absolute velocity of jet of water minus the Vv velocity of the plate. - Hence relative velocity of the jet with respect to plate V-W) Mass of water striking the plate per sec p x Area of jet x Velocity with which jet strikes the plate = pax[V-u] wy 17.10. Jet striking a flat vertical ‘moving plate. Force exerted by the jet on the moving plate in the direction of the jet, F, = Mass of water striking per sec > {Initial velocity with which water strikes ~ Final velocity] paV =u) [(V=u)=0] (2 Final velocity in the direction of jet is zer0) pa(V = uy? UTD) In this case, the work will be done by the jet on the plate, as plate is moving. For the stationary plates, the work done is zero. Work done per second by the jet on the plate = Force x Pistanes in the direction of Force. Time = Fx u=pa(V~u) xu (17.12) In equation (17.12), if the value of p for water is taken in S.I. units (Ze, 1000 kg/m), the work done will be in N mis. The term —N!™ is equal to W (watt, 17.4.2 Force on the Inclined Plate Moving in the Direction of the Jet. Let a jet of water strikes an inclined plate, which is moving with a uniform velocity in the direction of the jet as shown in Fig. 17.11. Let V = Absolute velocity of jet of water, = Velocity of the plate in the direction of jet, a= Cross-sectional area of jet, and. v 0 = Angle between jet and plate. Relative velocity of jet of water = (V ~ u) ‘The velocity with which jet strikes Mass of water striking per second spxax(V—s) Fig. 17.11 Jet striking an inclined ‘moving plate. V—u)[816 Fluid Mechanics ] If the plate is smooth and loss of energy due to impact of the jet is assumed zero, the jet of water will leave the inclined plate with a velocity equal to (V- u). ‘The force exerted by the jet of water on the plate in the direction normal to the plate is given as F,, = Mass striking per second x [Initial velocity in the normal direction with which jet strikes — nal velocity] = pa(V— 1) [(V—w) sin 0-0] = pa (Vu? sin @ 07.13) ‘This normal force F,, is resolved into two components namely F, and F, in the direction of the jet and perpendicular to the direction of the jet respectively. ‘ F,= F, sin 0= pa (V—w? sin? ® 7.14) F, =F, 008 0 = pa (V — sin @ cos @ a7.1sy Work done per second by the jet on the plate F, x Distance per second in the direction of x = F,x w= pa(V ~ u)? sin? 0 x w= pa (Vu)? sin? @N m/s. ...(17.16) Problem 17.11 A jet of water of diameter 10 cm strikes a flat plate normally with a velocity of 15 més, The plate is moving with a velocity of 6 m/s in the direction of the jet and away from the jet. Find: (i) the force exerted by the jet on the plate (ii) work done by the jet on the plate per second. Solution. Given : Diameter ofthe jet, d= 1em= 0.1m ‘Area, azige 4 Velocity of jet, V=15 ms Velocity of the plate, «= 6 mb. (i The force exerted by the jet on a moving flat vertical plate is given by equation (17.11), F.=pa(V~u)? = 1000 x 007854 x (15 ~ 6)? N = 636.17 N. Ans. (i) Work done per second by the jet = F, Xu = 636.17 x 6 = 3817.02 Nmv/s. Ans. Problem 17.12 For Problem 17.11, find the power and efficiency of the jet. Solution. The given data from Problem 17.11 is ‘a= 007854 m?, V = 15 mis, «= 6 mis ‘Also work done per second by the jet = 3817.02 Nis _ Work done persecond _ 3817.02 ~ 1000 1000 (0 Power of the jet in kW 3.817 kW. Ans. __ Output of the jet per second ii) Efficiency of the jet © eee Input of the jet per second A) where output of jet/sec = Work done by jet per second = 3817.02 NmisImpact of Jets and Jet Propulsion 817) ‘And input per second = Kinetic energy of the jevsee 1 (mass) jo _ 1 ae = (mss) vel pav) x v= 1a x( sec )™ 3 (V) Pe 5 ; x 1000 x .007854 x 15° Nm/s = 13253.6 Nm/s 3817.02 132536 Problem 17.12 (A) A nozele of 50mm diameter delivers a stream of water at 20 m/s perpendicular 10 a plate that moves away from the jet at 5 m/s. Find : (i) the force on the plate, (ii) the work done, and Hof the jet = = 0.288 = 28.8%. Ans. (iii) the effciency of jet. (LN-T.U., Hyderabad § 2002) Solution. Given : Dia. of jet = 50:mm = 0.05 m os Area, a= F (0.08 = 0.019635 m* Velocity of jet, V=20 m/s, Velocity of plate, u = 5 m/s (i) The force on the plate is given by equation (17.11) as, F,=pa(v-uy = 1000 x 0.0019635 x (20 - 5)" = 441.78 N. Ans. (ii) The work done by the jet =F, Xu = 441.78 x5 = 2208.9 Ns. Ans. i Output of jet ii) The efficiency ofthe jet, = QMPULOf Jet cS us JN put of jet _ Work done/s__F. Xu * KEor jes" 1, xu (pav) x . 22089 22089 (1000 «0.0019635 x 20) x20? 6540 = 0.3377 = 33.77%. Ans. Problem 17.13 A 7.5 cm diameter jet having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a flat plate, the normal of which is inclined at 45° to the axis of the jet. Find the normal pressure on the plate : (i) when the plate is stationary , and (ii) when the plate is moving with a velocity of 15 m/s and away from the jet. Also determine the power and efficiency of the jet when the plate is moving.[818 Fluid Mechanics ] Solution. Given : Diameter of the jet, d=75¢em 1075 m Area, a= 5 (075)? = 004817 m? ‘Angle between the jet and plate @ = 90° - 45° = 45° Velocity of jet, V = 30 mis (i When the plate is stationary, the normal force on the plate is given by equation (17.2) as F,, = paV” sin @ = 1000 x..004417 x 30° sin 45° = 2810.96 N. Ans. (i) When the plate is moving with a velocity 15 m/s and away from the jet, the normal force on the plate is given by equation (17.13) as F,= pa (V— uy sin ® 4 Where w= 15 mis. = 1000 x .004417 x (30 -15)? x sin 45° = 702.74 N. Ans. (iii) The power and efficiency of the jet when plate is moving is obtained as ‘Work done per second by the jet Force in the direction of jet x Distance moved by the plate in the direction of jevsee F, xu, where F, = F,, sin @ = 702.74 x sin 45° = 496.9 N Work done/see = 496.9 x 15 = 7453.5 Nis Work done persecond _ 74535 1000 1000 Output _ Work done per second Input Kinetic energy of the jet Power in kW = 7.483 kW. Ans. Efficieney of the jet 74535 _ 7453 74535 Flav) xv? 7% 1000004417 30° = 0.1249 = 0.125 = 12.5%. Ans. 17.4.3 Force on the Curved Plate when the Plate is Moving in the Direction of Jet. Let a jet of water strikes a curved plate at the centre of the plate which is moving with a uniform velocity in the direction of the jet as shown in Fig. 17.12. Let V= Absolute velocity of jet, Wu V-usine a= Area of jet, 1 Velocity of the plate in the direction ofthe jet. Relative velocity of the jet of water or the velocity with which jet strikes the curved plate = (V — 1). If plate is smooth and the loss of energy due to impact of jet is zero, then the velocity with which the jet will be leaving the curved vane = (V — W. v This velocity can be resolved into two components, one in the direction of the jet and other perpendicular to the jeyOe ware direction of the jet. Component of the velocity in the ditection of jet =-(V-w) cos 0 (Cre sign is taken as at the outlet, the component is in MOVING CURVED the opposite direction of the jet). ce ‘Component of the velocity in the direction perpendicular Fig. 17.12 Jet striking a curved moving to the direction of the jet = (V- u) sin ® . plate.[ Impact of Jets and Jet Propulsion 819) ‘Mass of the water striking the plate = p x a x Velocity with which jet strikes the plate a(V ~ uw) Force exerted by the jet of water on the curved plate in the direction of the jet, F,, = Mass striking per sec x [Initial velocity with which jet strikes the plate in the direction of jet ~ Final velocity] = pa(V — w) (V1) ~~ (Vw) c08 8 )} = pa(V — u) {(V— 1) + (V—w) cos 8] = pa(W—w)? [1 + 08 6] ary Work done by the jet on the plate per second = F, x Distance travelled per second in the direction of x Fx w= pa(V~ u)? [1 + cos 8] xu = pa(V~u)?x u [1+ cos 6) (17.18) Problem 17.14 A jet of water of diameter 7.5 cm strikes a curved plate at its centre with a velocity of 20 m/s. The curved plate is moving with a velocity of 8 m/s in the direction of the jet. The Jet is deflected through an angle of 165°. Assuming the plate smooth find : (i) Force exerted on the plate in the direction of jet, ii) Power of the jet, and (iti) Efficiency of the jet Solution. Given : Diameter ofthe jet, d= 75 em = 0075 m Area, a= 5 (075) = 0.004417 Velocity of the jet. V=20 ms Velocity of the plate, w= 8 mis Angle of deflection of the jet, = 165° ‘Angle made by the relative velocity atthe outlet ofthe plate, = 180° ~ 165° = 15°. ( Force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direetion of the jet is given by equation (17.17) as = F,= patV — u)? (1 + cos 8) += 1000 x .004417 x (20 - 8)? [1 + cos 15°] = 1250.38 N. Ans. (i) Work done by the jet on the plate per second = F, x w= 1250.38 x 8 = 1003.04 N mis Power of the jet = NONEOF = 10 kW. Ans. (ii) Efficiency of the jet = Ouiput _ _Work done by jet/see_ Input ~ Kinetic energy of jet/see 1250388 125038%8 F(pav)xv* $1000% 004417 v8 pz5038 x6) = 0.564 = 56.4%. Ans ow oss 720[820 Fluid Mechanics ] Problem 17.15 A jet of water from a nozzle is deflected through 60° from its original direction by 4a curved plate which it enters tangentially without shock with a velocity of 30 m/s and leaves with a ‘mean velocity of 25 més. If the discharge from the nozzle is 0.8 kg/s, calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the vane, if the vane is stationary. Solution. Given : Velocity at inlet, Vy = 30 mis Velocity at outlet, V,= 25 mis Mass per second = 0.8 kpls Force in the direction of jet, F, = Mass per second x (Vj, — —— where V,,= Initial velocity in the direction of x xginal direction = 30 ms ofjet Va, = Final velocity in the direction of x Fig. 17415 (@) = 25 c08 60? = 25 x 5 = 125 mis : F, = 0.8130 ~ 12. Similarly, force normal to the jet, F, = Mass per second x (Vj, ~ V3,) .8 [0 — 25 sin 60°] = ~ 17.32 N ve sign means the force, F,, is acting in the vertically downward direction. +. Resultant force on the vane = /F2 + F2 = 14? +(-1732)" ‘The angle made by the resultant with x-axis a = 0.8 x 17.5 = 140N 2.27 N. Ans. =1732 F740 tan @ 237 ve sign means the angle @ is in the clockwise direction with x- axis as shown in Fig. 17.13 (a) o = tan! 1,237 = 51° 2.86", Ans. Problem 17.16 (a) A stationary vane having an inlet angle of zero degree and an outlet angle of 25° as shown in Fig. 17.13(b), receives water at a velocity of 50 m/s. Determine the components of {force acting on it in the direction of the jet velocity and normal to it. Also find the resultant force in ‘magnitude and direction per unit weight of the flow. (b) Ifthe vane stated above is moving with a velocity of 20 m/s in the direction of the jet, calculate the force components in the direction of the vane velocity and across it, also the resultant force in ‘magnitude and direction. Calculate the work done and power developed per unit weight of the flow. Solution. Given : (a) Velocity of jet, V= 50 mis Angle at outlet, = 25°[ Impact of Jets and Jet Propulsion 821) For the stationary vane, the force in the direction of jet is given as a F,= Mass per see x [Vj,~ where V,,= 50 mis Va, = ~ 50 00s 25° = ~ 45.315 + Force in the ditection of jet per unit weight of water _ Mass/see[50 -(-45.315)] © Weight of water/see (Mass/see) [50+ 45.315] eee (Mass/sec) xg Fig. 17.13 (b) = 1 [50 + 45.315) NIN = 95315 < 9.716 NIN 8 981 Force exerted by jet in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the jet per unit weight of the flow. (Mass per see)| ‘gx Mass per sec [0-50 sin 25°] C V, ty = 0, Vay = 50 sin 25°) _ -S0sin 25° “981 ve sign means the force F, is acting in the downward direction, Resultant force per unit weight of water +h or Fy (9.716" + (2.154)* = 9.982 N. Ans. ‘The angle made by the resultant with the x-axis, 2.184, Ans. = tan"! (b) Velocity of the van When the vane is moving in the direction of the jet, the force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction of jet, = [Mass of water striking/sec] x [Vj, ~ Vay] nitial velocity of the striking water V — u) = 50-20 = 30 mis Final velocity in the direction of x (W = w) cos 25° = 30 x cos 25° = - 27.189 m/s. F, = Mass per sec [30 + 27.189] Force in the direction of jet per unit weight, Fig. 17.14 where V, Vo(822. Fluid Mechanics ] Mass per sec [30 + 27.189} Mass per see xg _ (30427189) ~ 981 Force exerted by the jet in the direction perpendicular to direction of jet, per unit weight, 829 N. Fy=4 (yy Va) z where Viy=0 5 Vay = (V— 1) sin 25° = (50 - 20) sin 25° = 30 sin 25° 1 [0 — 30 sin 25°] = ~ 1.292 N ~ 931 Resultant force = f(5.829)' +(1.292)" = 5.917 N 1292 “The angle made by the resultant with x-axis, tan @ = 422% = 0.2217 fy y the resul an = @= tan! 2217 = 12.30° Work done per second per unit weight of flow = FY xu = 5.829 x 20 = 116.58 N mis +. Power developed = Work done per second _ M658 _ 9.146 KW. Ans. 1000 1000 Problem 17.17 A jet of water of diameter 50 mm moving with a velocity of 25 m/s impinges on a fixed curved plate tangentially at one end at an angle of 30° 0 the horizontal. Calculate the resultant {force of the jet on the plate ifthe jet is deflected through an angle of 50°. Take g = 10 m/s? Solution. Given : van a0" Dia. of jet, d= 50 mm = 0.05 m* © 0.95)°m? Area of jet,a= = (0.05)°m’ Jeta= 7 (0.05) Velocity of jet, V = 25 mis V 008 80" The angle made by the jet at inlet with Fr : horizontal, @ = 30° rf | ANGLE OF Angle of deflection = 50° ‘Angle made by the jet at outlet with horizontal is given by, @ + Angle of deflection = 30+ 50°= 80° Value of g 10 mis? The force exerted by the jet of water in the direetion of x is given by, F,= paV (Vy, ~ Var) “ fneeeeon 50" ef Vin 30° V cos 30° Fig. 17.14 (a)[ Impact of Jets and Jet Propulsion 823) where p= 1000 (gis given as 10 m/s) © (0.05); V = 25 miss z (0.05): is V cos 30° = 25 cos 30°, V cos 80° = 25 cos 80°. Substituting these values in equation (i), we get F,= 1000 x ; (0.05)? x 25 [25 cos 30° ~ 25 cos 80°] = 849.7 N ‘The force in the direction of y is given by, Fy= paViViy ~ Voy) =1000 x F (0.05)? x 25125 sin 30° ~ 25 sin 80°] = - 5949 N ‘The —ve sign shows that force F, is acting in the downward direction. ‘The resultant force is given by, F, Fe= hth = 849.7? + 594.97 = 1037.N. Ans. Fe i ‘And the angle made by the resultant with the horizontal is given by. i F,_ 594 i tee = tan! 0.7 = 35°. Ans. Fig. 17.14 (b) 4 Force Exerted by a Jet of Water on an Unsymmetrical Moving Curved Plate when Jet Strikes Tangentially at one of the Tips. Fig. 17.15 shows a jet of water striking a moving curved plate (also called vane) tangentially, at one of its tips. As the jet strikes tangentially, the loss of energy due to impact ofthe jet will be zero. In this case as plate is moving, the velocity with which jet of water strikes is equal to the relative velocity of the jet with respect to the plate. Also as the plate is moving in different direction of the jet, the relative velocity at inlet will be equal to the vector difference of the velocity of jet and velocity of the plate at inlet. A7AS Jetstriking a moving curved vane at one ofthe tips.[824 Fluid Mechanics ] Let —_-V, = Velocity of the jet at inlet. au, = Velocity of the plate (vane) at inlet. /, = Relative velocity of jet and plate at inet. = Angle between the direction of the jet and direction of motion of the plate, also called guide blade angle. = Angle made by the relative velocity (Y,,) with the direction of motion at inlet also called vane angle at inlet. V,, and V;, = The components ofthe velocity of the jet Vj. in the direction of motion and perpen- dicular to the direction of motion of the vane respectively. V,, = Itis also known as velocity of whirl at inlet. V;, = It is also known as velocity of flow at inlet. V, = Velocity ofthe jet, leaving the vane or velocity of jet at outlet of the vane. 1, = Velocity of the vane at outlet. V,, = Relative velocity of the jet with respect to the vane at outlet. B= Angle made by the velocity V3 with the direction of motion of the vane at outlet = Angle made by the relative velocity V,, with the direction of motion of the vane at ‘outlet and also called vane angle at outlet. V,, and V;, = Components of the velocity V;, in the direction of motion of vane and perpendicular to the direction of motion of vane at outlet. V,, = Itis also called the velocity of whirl at outlet. V,, = Velocity of flow at outlet. ‘The tiangles ABD and EGH are called the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet. These velocity triangles are drawn as given below : 1. Velocity Triangle at Inlet. Take any point A and draw a line AB = V, in magnitude and. direction which means line AB makes an angle o. with the horizontal line AD. Next draw a line AC= u, in magnitude. Join C to B. Then CB represents the relative velocity of the jet at inlet. If the loss of energy at inlet due to impact is zero, then CB must be in the tangential direction to the vane at inlet. From B draw a vertical line BD in the downward direction to meet the horizontal line AC produced at D. ‘Then BD = Represents the velocity of flow at inlei AD = Represents the velocity of whirl at inlet = V,, ZBCD = Vane angle at inlet = 8. 2. Velocity Triangle at Outlet. If the vane surface is assumed to be very smooth, the loss of cnergy due to friction will be zero, The water will be gliding over the surface of the vane with a relative velocity equal (0 V,, and will come out of the vane with a relative relocity V,.. This means that V, . And also the relative velocity at outlet should be in tangential the relative velocity at outlet direction to the vane at outlet, Draw £G in the tangential direction of the vane at outlet and cut EG = V,,. From G, draw a line GF in the direction of vane at outlet and equal to 1, the velocity of the vane at outlet. Join EF. Then EF represents the absolute velocity of the jet at outlet in magnitude and direction. From £ draw a vertical line EH to meet the line GF produced at H. ThenImpact of ets and Jet Propulsion 825] EH = Velocity of flow at outlet = V, FH = Velocity of whitl at outlet = V, = Angle of vane at outlet. B= Angle made by V; with the direction of motion of vane at outlet. If the vane is smooth and is having velocity in the direction of motion at inlet and outlet equal then we have 1, #14 = 1 = Velocity of van inthe direction of motion and Y= Me Now mass of water striking vane pet sec = paV, Ai) where a= Area of jet of water, V, = Relative velocity at inlet Force exerted by the jet in the direction of motion F, = Mass of water striking per sec x [Initial velocity with which jet strikes in the direction of motion — Final velocity of jet in the direction of motion] ii) But initial velocity with which jet strikes the vane = V,, ‘The component of this velocity in the direction of motion, =V, cos 8=(V,, =u) (See Fig. 17.15) ‘Similarly, the component of the relative velocity at outlet in the direction of motion = ~ V,, cos @ == [y+ Vy) ve sign is taken as the component of V,, inthe direction of motion is inthe opposite direction. Substituting the equation (i) and all above values of the velocities in equation (i), we get F.= pa, (Vy, = 14) ~ { =Cuy + Vey) = pay (Ve, —y # Ha Veg] = pa, [V,, + V1 (Co my = ty) .Gii) Equation (iii) is true only when angle B shown in Fig. 17.15 is an acute angle. If B = 90°, the Vi, = 0, then equation (iif) becomes as, F,= pa, (V1 If Bis an obtuse angle, the expression for F, will become F,= pav, (Vu ~ Veg) Thus in general, F, is written as F, = paV, [V,, + Vo,] (7.19) Work done per second on the vane by the jet ‘= Force x Distance per second in the direction of force =F, xu paV, [V,, V1" (17.20) Work done per second per unit weight of fluid striking per second av, |v, +V,, }xw av, [V,, +V,, Jw pa, [Ma#¥n |x Nis _PaVA(Vas # Mes) ‘Weight of uid striking/s N/s ‘ex paV, = 4 (vy, £ Vy] ‘Angle made by V; at outlet with direction of motion of vane = B*. ANGLE OF DEFLECTION[830 Fluid Mechanics ] For this problem, y= uy =u=S mis V,, = V, (@s vane is smooth) Applying the sine rule to ACB, AB __ac sin (180-6) sin GO) 3 Sin 30° ~ Sin G00) M or Fi 30° a= 9.596" or cx = 30° - 9.596" = 20.404" or 20° 24’. Ans. Also from sine rule to AACB, we have — 4B __ ch Sin(180'— 307) 4 Vy, = From velocity AEG at outlet, V,, €08 6= up + Vy, or 10.46 cos 30° = 5.0 + Vy, V,, = 10.46 c0s 30° — 5.0 = 4.06 mis Also, we have V,, sin @= Vj, or Vj, = 10.46 sin 30° = 5.23 m/s In AHEG, Vp = WE +Ve, = 523" +406" = 27353 + 16483 = 6.62 m/s. Ans. y, tan B= 2 288 = tan 52.17” V, B= 52.17" or 52° 10.2" ‘Angle made by absolute velocity at outlet withthe direction of motion B* = 180° — B = 180° ~ (52° 10.2') = 127° 49.8" . BY = 127° 49.8. Ans. ‘Work done* per unit weight of the water striking => Vy, + Vy, }ou Nm (2 + ve sign taken as Bis an acute angle) 1 = gyy (Mi c08 + 4.06) x5 5 [15 cos 20.404° + 4.06] = 981 * Work done per unit weight of water striking isthe same as work done per second per unit weight of water striking per second refer to equation (17.21).[ Impact of ets and Jet Propulsion 831 | Problem 17.22 A jet of water moving at 12 m/s impinges on vane shaped to deflect the jet through 120° when stationary. If the vane is moving at 5 nls, find the angle ofthe jet so that there is tno shock at inlet. What is the absolute velocity of the et at exit in magnitude and direction and the work done per second per unit weight of water sirking per second? Assume that the vane is smooth. Solution. Given : Velocity of jet V, = 12 mis Velocity of vane, = uy = uy =5 mls Angle of deflection of jet 120° 6+ 6 = 180° ~ 120° = 60°. Its not given thatthe vane is symmetrical and without this condition problem cannot be solved. Assuming vane to be symmetrical, we have ® = Then 8=6=30" (i Angle of jet at inlet with the direction of motion of vane = a. In AABC, applying sine rule, we have 4 2 5 @ sin(30™—a) ™ sin 30°~ sin G0°-@) sin (30° - 0) 2083 = sin 12.02° 30° — c= 12.02° oro = 30° ~ 12.02° = 17.98° or 17° 59’. Ans. ‘Again applying sine rule to AABC, we have y v, 12 Sin (180-8) ~ sina“ Sin@ ~ sin 1798° In ABD, v,, = “0 "ANGLE OF DEFLECTION so 120% i B3 <[832 Fluid Mechanics ] (ii) The absolute velocity of jet at outlet = V, The angle made by V, at outlet with the direction of the motion of vane = 180° B Now as vane is given smooth, V,, = V, = 7.41 mis At outlet, from AEFH, we have V,, cos @= 1; + V,, or 7.41 cos 30° = 5+ V, , V,, = 7.41 cos 30° — 5.0 = 1.417 m/s Also V,, = V, sin 30° = 7.41 sin 30° = 3.705 m/s V,, _ 3.705 ‘s 5 ‘And tan B= 2% = 3705 9.614 = tan 69. 6 v.. > 1an7 = 791 oor B = 69.07° or 69° 4.2" Angle made by Vat outlet with the direction of motion of vane = 180° — B = 180° - (69° 4.2’) = 110° 55.8’. Ans. = Wi + Ve, = 13-705)" + (1417) = 13727 42.007, =3.96 mis. Ans. (iii) Work done per second per unit weight of water stiking per second Also V, adv vi ju= Lh pial + L417) x5 = 6.537 NmN, Ans. g Wnt d= oar Problem 17.28 A jet of water having a velocity of 15 mis strikes a curved vane which is moving with a velocity of mds in the same direction as that of the jet at inlet. The vane is o shaped tha the jets deflected through 135°. The diameter of et is 100 mm. Assuming the vane to be smooth , find: (i) Force exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of motion, (ii) Power exerted om the vane, and (ii) Efficiency of the vane. Solution. Given : Velocity of et Diameter of jet, 100 mm = 0.1. m Area, a= F(a? = 007854 m? Angle of deflection of the jet = 135° Cs 0=0") $= 180° -Impact of ets and Jet Propulsion 833] ‘As vane is given smooth hence V, = V,, From the inlet velocity triangle, which is @ straight line in this case, we have V, = Vj— m= 15 - $= 10.mis Vy, = V, = 15 mis From the outlet velocity triangle DEG, we have V,, = V,= 10 mis 5 mis or 10 cos.45°=5 + V,, = 10 00s 45° - 5 = 7.07 - 5 = 2.07 mis, (0 Force exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of motion is given by equation (17.19) as F,= paV,[V,, + Vac (4¥e sign is taken as B is an acute angle) 1000'x.007854 x 10[15 + 2.07] = 1340.6 N. Ans. Ve, (id Power of the vane is given as = F, x WN mls = 1340.6 x 5 = 6703 W = 6.703 kW. Ans. ‘Work done per Second on vane Kinetic energy supplied by jet per second (iid) Efficiency of the vane = . Fxu Fxu ~ FPoe(mass per second) xV? ~ ¥(pav)x Ve 1340.6%5.0 a OO = 0.505 = 50.5%. Ans. ‘Y (1000 x.007854 x15) x15" 17.4.5 Force Exerted by a Jet of Water on a Series of Vanes. ‘The force exerted by a jet, of water on a single moving plate (which may be flat or curved) is not practically feasible. This case is only a theoretical one. In actual practice, a large number of plates are mounted on the circumfer- ence of a wheel at a fixed distance apart as shown in Fig. 17.22, The jet strikes a plate and due to the force exerted by the jet on the plate, the wheel starts moving and the 2nd plate mounted on the wheel appears before the jet, which again exerts the force on the 2nd plate. Thus each plate appears successively before the jet and the jet exerts force on each plate. The wheel starts moving at a constant speed. PLATES JET OF WATER Fig. 17.22. Jet striking a series of vanes.[834 Fluid Mechanics ] Let V = Velocity of jet, d= Diameter of jet, a= Cross-sectional area of jet, =te 4 w= Velocity of vane. In this case the mass of water coming out from the nozzle per second is always in contact with the plates, when all the plates are considered. Hence mass of water per second striking the series of Plates = pa¥. ‘Also the jet strikes the plate with a velocity = (V~ u). Ate striking, the jet moves tangential (othe plate and hence the velocity component in the direction ‘of motion of plate is equal t0 zero. The force exerted by the jet in the direction of motion of plate, F, = Mass per second [Initial velocity ~ Final velocity] paVi(V ~ u) ~ 0] = paVIV~ ul (17.22) ‘Work done by the jet on the series of plates per second Force x Distance per second in the direction of force = Fx u= paVlV— ul xu Kinetic energy of the jet per second 1 Some 1 (avy x v= pav® 2 Work done per second tie energy per second pav[V—u]xu _ 2ufV So Efficiency, 17.23) Toys x pav 2? Condition for Maximum Efficiency. Equation (17.23) gives the value of the efficiency of the wheel. For a given jet velocity V, the efficiency will be maximum when Meo or AMOR) og gp fate) 9 or Ve a 2u or w= %. 017.24) 2 2 or or 2V-4u= Maximum Efficiency. Substituting the value of V = 2u in equation (17.23), we get the maximum efficiency as oor = MEUM). 2H. 1 05 or S08. (17.25) (uy Qux2u ~ 2 17.4.6 Force Exerted on a Series of Radial Curved Vanes. For a radial curved vane, the radius of the vane at inlet and outlet is different and hence the tangential velocities ofthe radial vane at Inlet and outlet will not be equal. Consider a series of radial curved vanes mounted on a wheel as shown in Fig. 17.23. The jet of water strikes the vanes and the wheel starts rotating at a constant angular speed.Impact of ets and Jet Propulsion 835] Fig. 17.23 Series ofradial curved vanes mounted on a wheel. Radius of wheel at inlet of the vane, Radius of the wheel at the outlet of the vane, © = Angular speed of the wheel. Then y= OR, and 1,= OR, The velocity triangles at inlet and outlet are drawn as shown in Fig. 17.23. The mass of water striking per second for a series of vanes = Mass of water coming out from nozzle per second = paV, where a = Area of jet and V; = Velocity of jet. Momentum of water striking the vanes in the tangential direction per sec at inlet = Mass of water per second x Component of V; in the tangential direction = pa, x V,, (2 Component of V; in tangential diction = V, cos & = ¥,, ) Similarly, momentum of water at outlet per see = paV,, x Component of V3 in the tangential direction = pa, x ( V3 08 B) = ~ paV, x V,, ve sign is taken as the velocity V at outlet is in opposite direction. Now, angular momentum per second at inlet = Momentum at inlet x Radius at inlet = pa, x ¥,, x Ry ‘Angular momentum per second at outlet = Momentum of outlct x Radius at outlet == paV, x Ve, Ry V, cos B= V,,)[836 Fluid Mechanics ] Torque exerted by the water on the wheel T= Rate of change of angular momentum [Initial angular momentum per second ~ Final angular momentum per second] = pa, x Vy, XR, ~ pa, x V,,x Ry) = pa, [V,, x Ry + Vy, Rol Work done per second on the wheel = Torque x Angular velocity = 7” x eo = paV, Ve, X Ry + Ve, Rol X@= paV, [VX Ry xO + Vy Rp XO] pa, [V,, uy + Ve, X ta 1 (eu) = OR, and u; = OR,) If the angle B in Fig. 17.23 is an obtuse angle then work done per second will be given as a¥4 1V,, a, ~ Ve ta) The general expression forthe work done per second on the wheel = pa, [Vy # Vq, Ug] 17.26) If the discharge is radial at outlet, then B = 90° and work done becomes as = paViL,, 44] G 0) 17.27) Efficiency of the Radial Curved Vane ‘The work done per second on the wheel is the output of the system whereas the intial kinetic nergy per second of the et i the input. Hence, efficiency of the system is expressed as Work done persecond _ 94¥;[Ma, mi Me, Ha] Kinetic energy per second — Efficiency, T ‘mass /sec) x Vj 2 y pawl mM] 2[K,m 2%, 4] 5 (17.28) 1 2 L(pav,) x ¥ j 3 (Pav) x If there is no loss of energy when water is flowing over the vanes, the work done on the wheel pet second is also equal to the change in kinetic energy of the jet per second. Hence, the work done per second on the whee! is also given as ‘Work done per second on the wheel = Change of K.E. per second of the jet = (Initial K.E. per second ~ Final K.E. per second) of the jet (¢ mye 4 mv2) 2m (++ mass/second = pa¥;) Hence efficiency, 1)[ Impact of ets and Jet Propulsion 837] - ( -4) (17.28) From the above equation, it is clear that for a given initial velocity of the jet (Ke, V,) the efficiency will be maximum, when V> is minimum. But V; cannot be zero as in that case the incoming jet will not move out ofthe vane. Equation (17.28) also gives the efficiency of the system. From this equation, it is clear that efficiency will be maximum when V,, is added to ¥,, . This is only posible if Bis an acute angle. Also for maximum efficiency V,, should also be maximum, This is only possible if B = 0. In that case V,, = V> and angle 6 will be zero. But in actual practice 6 cannot be zero. Hence for ‘maximum efficiency, the angle 6 should be minimum. Problem 17.24 If in Problem 17.23, the jet of water instead of striking a single plate, strikes a series of curved vanes, find for the data given Problem 17.23, (i) Force exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of motion, (ii) Power exerted on the vane, and (iii) Efficiency of the vane Solution. Given : From Problem 17.23, uy = uy = Sms 007854 m* = 15 m/s and V,,= 2.07 ms. For the series of vanes, mass of water striking per second ‘= Mass of water coming out from nozzle = paV; = 1000 x .007854 x 15 = 117.72 (@ Force exerted by the jet on the Vane in the direction of motion F = paVy [V,,+ Vq,] = 117.72 [15 + 2.07] = 2009.5 N. Ans. (i Power of the vane in kW Work done per second _ F, Xu, _ 2009.5%5 1000 1000 1000 = 10.05 kW. Ans. (iii) Efficiency, y= Work done per second F (mass of water pe se) x ¥ = 2UPSXS0_ «97586 or 78.86%. Ans iH x1S? Problem 17.25 A jet of water having a velocity of 35 m/s impinges on a series of vanes moving with 4a velocity of 20 m/s. The jet makes an angle of 30° to the direction of motion of vanes when entering and leaves at an angle of 120°. Draw the triangles of velocities at inlet and outlet and find (a) the angles of vanes tips 50 that water enters and leaves without shock, (b) the work done per unit weight of water entering the vanes, and (c) the efficiency. Solution. Given : Velocity of jet, V, = 35 mis Velocity of vane, 1; =u = 20 mis Angle of jet at inlet, = 30° * The work done is equal to torgue multiplied by c(angular velocity). Torque is the rate of change of angular ‘momentum. Due to change of angular momentum (ce. inal angular momentum ~ final angular momentum), V, should be in opposite direction so that it can be added to V,,..This is possible if B 2 90°.[838 Fluid Mechanics ] ‘Angle made by the jt at outlet withthe direction of motion of vanes = 120° Angle B= 180° - 120° = 60° vat ny (@) Angle of vanes tips. & wv, angle From inlet velocity triangle an Vy, = Vj c08 01 = 35 cos 30° = 30.31 mis motion of Vj, = Vj sin ot = 35 sin 30° = 17.50 mis Motion of y, tn g= 4 = 1750 _ 1 697 ana) my 3031-20 1,697 = 60°. Ans. uy 1750 ea By sine rule, a gy Inet velocity yeinenus sin 90° Sn 1 Sin 60° tangle Fig. 17.23(a) p, = 1750 = 29.25 mis. 1 * 366 Now, V,, = Vy = 20.25 mis From outlet velocity triangle, by sine rule X, uy or 2025, __20 Sin 120° ~ sin (60°= 6) "0886 ~ sin (60° 9) 20 x 0.866 sin (60° ~ 9) = 20%0856 _ 9.355 = sin (58.75° (60° - = S35 58.75") 60° ~ 9 = 58.75° $= 60° ~ 58.75" = 1.25. Ans. (6) Work done per unit weight of water entering = ~(V,,+ Ve.) X ty Ai) 8 V,, = 3031 m/s and u, = 30 mis The value of V,., is obtained from outlet velocity triangle V,., = Vz, €08 6 ~ ty = 20.25 cos 1.25° ~ 20.0 = 0.24 mis Won som wake = 51 R031 +028) 20= 6.8 Nm An ___Work done per kg ~ Energy supplied per ke = 228 _ 6228x2981 YE 7 asxas 2g (©) Efficiency 99.74% Ans.[ Impact of ets and Jet Propulsion 839 Problem 17.26 A jet of water having a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a series of radial curved vanes ‘mounted on a wheel which is rotating at 200 r.p.m. The jet makes an angle of 20° with the tangent 10 the wheel at inlet and leaves the wheel with a velocity of 5 m/s at an angle of 130° t0 the tangent 10 the wheel at outlet. Water is flowing from outward in a radial direction. The outer and inner radii of the wheel are 0.5 m and 0.25 m respectively. Determine = (i) Vane angles at inlet and outlet, (ii) Work done per unit weight of water, and (iii) Efficiency of the wheel. Solution. Given : Velocity of jet, V, = 30 mis Speed of wheel, N= 200 rpm. 2nx 200 Angular speed, 20.94 rads Angle of jet at inlet, Velocity of jet at outlet, Angle made by the jet at outlet with the tangent to wheel = 130° Angle, 180° ~ 130° = 50° Outer radius, Inner radius, Velocity And TOWHEEL ATE \tancenr ro Whee ATS Fig. 17.24[840 Fluid Mechanics ] Vane angles at inlet and outlet means the angle made by the relative velocities V,, and Vj. ie, angle @ and 6. From AABD, 1, = V, 608 & = 30 x c0s 20° = 28.19 mis Vj, = Vj sin ot = 30 x sin 20° = 10.26 mis y, In aco, n= 22 = 1026 _ 10.26 ___ 9.579 = tan 30.07 CD” AD=AC © V,, =u, 2819-1047 @= 30.07° or 30° 4.2’. Ans. From outlet velocity A, V, cos B = 5 x cos 50° = 3.214 mis V,, = Vz sin B= 5 sin 50° = 3.83 mis 383 In AEFH, tang >= 523543214 493 = tan 24.385° a = 24.385" or 24° 23.1". Ans. (ii) Work done per second by water is given by equation (17.26) = pav, [V1 #¥%, (+ ve sign is taken as B is acute angle in Fig.17.24) Work done* per second per unit weight of water striking per second pat fv, m+ Ve, Ha] _ av ~ Weight of wa = 1 = 4 [¥,, 4, +p, ua] NWN = [28:19 x 10.47 + 3.214 5.235] a 581 Is paV, Xe 1 17.5 JET PROPULSION Jet propulsion means the propulsion or movement of the bodies such as ships, aircrafts, rocket ctc., with the help of jet. The reaction of the jet coming out from the orifice provided in the bodies is used {0 move the bodies. This is explained as given below. Work done per second per unit weight striking per second is same as work done per unit weight of water.[ Impact of ets and Jet Propulsion 841 A jet of fluid coming out from an orifice or nozzle, when strikes a plate, exerts a force on the plate. The magnitude of the force exerted on the plate can be determined depending upon whether plate is flat, inclined, curved, stationary or moving. This force exerted by the jet on the plate is called as “action of the jet. But according to Newtons third law of motion, every action is accompanied by an equal and opposite reaction. Hence the jet while coming out of the orifice or nozzle, exerts a force on the orifice or nozzle in the opposite direction in which jet is coming out. The magnitude of the force exerted is equal to the ‘action of the jet’. This force which is acting on the orifice or nozzle in the ‘opposite direction is called the “reaction of the jet’. Ifthe body in which orifice or nozzle is fitted, is free to move, the body will start moving in the direction opposite to the jet. The following cases are important where this principle is used : (a) Jet propulsion of a tank to which orifice is fitted, and (8) Jet propulsion of ships. 17.5.1 Jet Propulsion of a Tank with an Orifice. Consider a large tank fitted with an “orifice in one of its sides as shown in Fig. 17.25. Let ‘H= Constant head of water in tank from the centre of orifice, a= Area of orifice, V = Velocity of the jet of water, C,= Co-eficient of the velocity of orifice. Then V=C, \2gH And mass of water coming out from the orifice per second 1p x Volume per second = p x (Area x Velocity) =pxaxV Force acting on the water is equal to the rate of change of momentum, or F = Mass per second x [Change of velocity] ‘= Mass per second x [Final velocity ~ Initial velocity). Note, Here change of velocity isto be taken as final minus initial as we are finding force on water and not force exerted by water, Initial velocity of water in the tank is zero and final velocity of water when it comes out in the form of jet is equal to V. F = paV [V0] = pa? (17.29) ‘Thus, F is the force exerted on the jet of water. This jet ‘of water will exert a force on the tank which is equal t0 F = bat opposite in directions shown in Fig. 1725, The Fm force will be acting at A, the point on the tank in the t horizontal line of the centre of the orifice. If the tank is, free to move or the tank is fitted with frictionless wheel, it | JET OF WATER will start moving with some velocity say, ‘u’ in the [fF oy Shy direction opposite to the direction of the jet. When the | Fe tank starts moving, the velocity of the jet with which it a comtes out ofthe orifice will not be equal to V but it will be ©, Ones equal to the relative velocity ofthe jet with respect to tank. Hence if Absolute velocity of jet, Fig. 1.25 Jet propulsion of a tank = Velocity of unk, ‘with an orifice. V, = Velocity of jet with respect to tank(842. Fluid Mechanics ] Then V, = Vectorial difference of absolute velocity (V) and velocity of tank (x) V— © was u is in opposite direction to V hence velocity of tank is taken as ~u) Veu Hence when the tank is moving, the velocity with which jet comes out from the orifice is (V+ u). Mass of water coming out from the orifice per sec = p x ax Velocity with which water comes out =pxax(V,)=pa(V+u) Force exerted on the tank is given as F, = Mass of water coming out from orifice per second x [Change of velocity]* = pa(V + u) x (V+ uw) ~ul= pa [V+ ul [VI =palV + ux V 17.30) Thus, the force given by equation (17.30) is used for propelling the tank. ‘Work done on the moving tank by jet per second =F. x us pa +) xV Xu Efficiency of propulsion is given as, Work done per second, Kinetic energy of the issuing jet per second n= pa(V +u)xV xu a (Mass of water issuing per second) x (Velocity of issuing jet) palV +u) xV xu vu Flav ewjxcvent +) Condition for Maximum Efficiency and Expression for Maximum 1. For a given value of V, 7.31) the efficiency will be maximum wher Af oo 4 fpvuxiveu? ko or au |v euy | o % ae PME) or 2Vu x (2) (Vt u) 2+ (V4 uy? x2V=0 or Wu, Vy or aus VIVE W=0 (Vtuy (V+uy Dividing by 2V, -2u+(V+u)=0 of -w+V=0 or w= (17.32) Equation (17.32) is the condition for maximum efficiency. Substituting equation (17.32) in ‘equation (17.31), the value of maximum efficiency is obtained as = 2XHXH Sw = 0.5 oF 50%. (17.324) Mt © Change of velocity isthe final velocity minus initial velocity of jet of water coming out from the orifice. The final velocity of the jet with respect to tank is (V + u), This velocity is obtained by applying a velocity w to the whole system (Le, tank, water inthe tank and jt of water) ina direction opposite tothe motion of tank. Then final velocity of jet becomes as (V + u) and initial velocity of water as u. Hence change of velocity is Weu-u[ Impact of ets and Jet Propulsion 843 | Problem 17.27 The head of water from the centre of the orifice which is fitted to one side of the tank is maintained at 2 m of water. The tank is not allowed t0 move and the diameter of orifice is 100 mm. Find the force exerted by the jet of water on the tank. Take C, = 0.97 cm. Solution. Given = Head of water, H=2m Diameter of orifice, d= 100 mm = 0.1 m Area, a= Eg = © (1 = 007854 m? 4° Value of c,=097 Velocity of jet, V=C,x J2gH = 0.97 x J2x9BIX20 = 6.07 mis Force exerted on the tank is given by equation (17.29) as, F = paV? = 1000 x .007854 x 6.072 = 289.3 N. Ans. Problem 17.28 fin the above problem, the tank is fitted with frictionless wheels and allowed to move, determine (i) Propelling force on tank, (ii) Work done by the propelling force per second, and (iti) Efficiency of propulsion. The tank is moving with a velocity of 2 m/s. Solution. Given : H=2m,d= 100 mm,a and velocity of jet, V= 6.07 mis Velocity of tank, u=2mbs. (0 Propelling force is given by equation (17.30) as Fy=paV +) xV = 1000 x .007854 x (6.07 + 2.0) x 6.07 = 384.65 N. Ans. (i) Work done by the propelling force per second = F, x w= 384.65 x 2.0 = 769.3 N mis. Ans. (iii) Efficiency of propulsion is given by equation (17.31) as 2Vu__ 2x607%20 (V+uy — (6.07420)" 11.5.2 Jet Propulsion of Ships. By the application of the jet propulsion principle, a ship is driven through water. A jet of water which is discharged at the back (also called stern) of the ship, ‘exerts a propulsive force on the ship. The ship carries centrifugal pumps which draw water from the surrounding sea, This water is discharged through the orifice provided at the back of the ship in the form of a jet. The reaction of the jet coming out atthe back of the ship propels the ship in the opposite direction of the jet. The water from the surrounding sea by the centrifugal pump is taken by the following two ways : = 0.3728 or 37.28%. Ans. 1. Through inlet orifices which are at right angles to the direction of the motion of the ship, and 2. Through the inlet orifices, which are facing the direction of motion of the ship.(844 Fluid Mechanics ] Ist Case. Jet propulsion of the ship when the inlet orifices are at right angles to the direction of the motion of the ship. Fig. 17.26 shows a ship which is having the inlet orifices at right angles to its direction. INLET ORIFICE, ‘CENTRIFUGAL PUMP. STERNOR u BACK OF SHIP oa ey ts oF Nistor WATER SHIP INLET ORIFICE Fig. 17.26 Inlet orifices are at right angles. Let V = Absolute velocity of jet of water coming at the back of the ship, = Velocity of the ship, V, = Relative velocity of jet with respect to ship Wu, As the velocity V and u are in opposite direction and hence relative velocity will be equal to the sum of these two velocities. Mass of water issuing from the orifice at the back of the ship = paV, = pa(V + u), where a= Area of the jet of water Propulsive force exerted on the ship F = Mass of water issuing per sec x Change of velocity* pa(V + 1) [V,~u] = pa(V + u) [(V + w)~u) = paV + w) x V 17.33) Work done per second =F xu=pa(V+uyxVxu (17.34) ‘The efficiency of propulsion, the condition of maximum efficiency and expression for maximum efficiency are given by equations (17.31), (17.32) and (17.32 A) respectively. Note. (i) When the inlet orifices ate at right angles to the direction of motion of the ship, then this case is also known as water is drawn AMID SHIP which means the water is drawn at the middle of the ship, (di) The centrifugal pump draws the water from the surrounding sea and discharges through orifice. The kinetic energy of the issuing jet is + x mass x velocity ? ke. [pa(V + u)] x [V+ u]?= + pa(V + uy. This energy is provided by centrifugal pump ie., work is done by pump to provide this energy. Problem 17.29 Find the propelling force acting on a ship which takes water through inlet orifices which are at right angles to the direction of motion of ship, and discharges at the back through orifices having effective areas of 0.04 m’. The water is flowing at the rate of 1000 litres/s and ship is moving with a velocity of 8 m/s. Solution. Given : Effective areas of orifices, a= 0.04 m? Discharge of water, Q = 1000 litres/ 1 Velocity of jet relative to water = 2 = 4 * To find the change of velocity, apply a velocity u tothe whole system (ce., ship, jet of water and surrounding ‘water in the sea) in a direction opposite to the motion of ship. Then final velocity of jet of water becomes as (V+1), And velocity of water in sea becomes as x. Hence change of velocity becomes (V+) — w.[ Impact of ets and Jet Propulsion 845] Velocity of ship, u= 8mis Now, V,=u+V, where V= Absolute velocity of jet . 25=8+ Vor V=25-8=17 ms Propelling force is given by equation (17.33) as, F=pa(V+uxV = 1000 x .04 x (17 + 8) x 17 = 1699.94 N. Ans. Problem 17.30 The water ina jet propelled boat is drawn amid-ship and discharged at the back with an absolute velocity of 20 m/s. The cross-sectional area of the jet at the back is 0.02 m? and the boat is moving in sea water with a speed of 30 knvhour. Determine (i) Propelling force on the boat, (ii) Power required to drive the pump, and (iii) Efficiency of the jet propulsion. Solution. Given : “Water is drawn amid-ship’ means water is drawn atthe middle of the ship and inlet orifices are at right angles to the motion of ship. Absolute velocity of jet, V= 20 mis Area of the jet, a= 0.02 m* Speed of boat, 1 30 kame = 3071000 5.35 mys, x60 (i) Propelling force is given by equation (17.33) as F=paV+0xV = 1000 x .02(20 + 833) x 20 = 11332 N. Ans. (ii) Power required to drive the pump in kW _ Work done persee_ Fx = 1000 1000 (ii) Efficieney of the jet propulsion is given by (17.31) a8 2Vu__ 220x833 (20 +833) Problem 17.31 A small ship is fitted with jets of total area 0.65 m?. The velocity through the jet is 9 m/s and speed of the ship is 18 km p.h. in sea-water. The efficiencies of the engine and pump are 85% and 65% respectively. Ifthe water is taken amidships, determine the propelling force and the overall efficiency, assuming the pipe losses to be 10% of the kinetic energy of the jets. 94.395 kW. Ans. O15 oF 41.5%. Ans. Solution. Given : ‘Total area of jets, a= 0.65 m? Velocity through the jet relative o ship, V,= 9 m/s Speed of ship, w= 18 kmihour = “82100 ys = 5 mis 60% 60 Efficiency of the engine, p= 85% = 0.85[846 Fluid Mechanics ] Bificiency of the pump, p= 65% = 0.65 Pipe losses, 1h, = 10% of kinetic energy of the jet =10,.0 ~ 100" 2g ~ 20, Now, Veuey, where V= Absolute velocity of jet Q 9=5+Vorv=9- (0 Propelling force is given by equation (17.33) as F=pa(V+uyxV = 1000 x 0.65 x 4 + 5) x4 = 23400 N. Ans. (di) Work done by the jets per second = FX u= 23400 x5 Weight of water issuing from the jets per second. § X Mass of water per second = gx paV, = 9.81 x 1000 x 0.65 x 9 = 57388.5 Nis. ‘The pump should have the output which will give the jet a relative velocity (V,) and also overcome the pipe losses. Output of the pump per unit weight of water = Kinetic energy of jet + Pipe losses, =4 mls. 117000 Nmis aK Ma son- exis 2g * 20g” 2¢ 28 Input to the pump per unit weight of water = Ouputof pump __LLV? Efficiency of pump ~ 24X065 The input tothe pump is equal tothe output of the engine. Hence input to the engine per unit weight of water uv; 2g x 0.65 x Efficiency of engine live Lx 2gx 065x085 2x981x 065x085 Total input to the engine = Weight of water x Input per unit weight of water = 57388.5 x 8.22 = 4717335 Nm Work done by jets _ 117000 Total input to engine — 4717335 22 NmiN Overall efficiency, nh, 0.248 = 24.80%. Ans. Problem 17.32 A jet propelled boat, moving with a velocity of 5 m/s, draws water amid-ship. The water is discharged through two jets provided at the back of the ship. The diameter of each jet is 150 mm. The total resistance offered to the motion of the boat is 4905 N (500 x 9.81 N). Determine[ Impact of ets and Jet Propulsion 847] (i) Volume of water drawn by the pump per second, and (ii) Efficiency of the jet propulsion. Solution. Given Velocity of boat, u= 5 mis Diameter of cach jet, d= 150.mm = 0.15 m Aree ofeach jet = Fcasy = 001767 mt Total area of the jets, 2.x .01767 = .03534 m? Total resistance to motion 4905 N (500 x 9.81 N) ‘The propelling force must be equal to the resistance to the motion, 2+ Propelling force, F = 4905 N or (500 x 9.81 N) Propelling foree is given by equation (17.33) as F=pa(V+uV 500 x 9.81 = 1000 x 0.08934 x (V +5) x V 1000 or 500 = 1000 03534 x (V+ 5) x V oar * 03534 x (V+ 5) 6 V+ 18 3.6 (V + 5) V = 3.6V? + 3.6 x SV = or 3.6 V+ 18 500=0 “The above equation is quadratic and its solution is H18+ V8? +4 x36 x500 _ -18286.74 2x36 72 = Senos = 34.37 mis [Le value is not possible] ( Volume of water drawn by the pump per second is equal to the volume of water discharged through the orifices atthe back in the form of jets and this volume = aV,= a(V + w) (03934 (34.37 + 5.0) = 1.39 m/s. Ans. (Gi) Efficiency of the jet propulsion is given by equation (17.31) as 2Wu__2x3437x50 Wu? 4374507 2nd Case. Jet propulsion of ship when the inlet orifices face the direction of motion of the ship. Fig. 17.27 shows a ship which is having the inlet orifices facing the direction of the motion of the ship. In this case the expression for propelling force and work done per second will be same as in the ‘Ist case in which inlet orifices are at right angles tothe ship. But the energy supplied by the jet will be different, ne 2217 of 22.17%. Ans. Net ORIFICE NS wwier ORIFICE Fig. 17.27 Inlet orifices facing the direction of sip.[848 Fluid Mechanics ] as in this case the water enters with a velocity equal to the velocity of the ship, ‘e., with a velocity u. Hence the expression for the energy supplied by the jet. = as ot water supped perso) 1, . ; (pav,) x (VP —W] whos Y= (7+ 0 ine pos ose KE pied yt = Spay + (V4 ans Work done per sec by jet Efficiency of propulsion, n= OF propulsion. = “Energy supplied by jet palV +u)xV xu Spa + [iv +1)? -1"] From equation (17:34) work done = pa(V +) V xu} xu 2vu Vu 2u Seu aw VP eu + 2Vunu VP DV V Dw 17.36) Problem 17.33 The water in a jet propelled boat is drawn through inlet openings facing the direction of motion of the ship. The boat is moving in sea-water with a speed of 30 km/hour. The absolute velocity of the jet of the water discharged at the back is 20 m/s and the area of the jet of water is 0.03 m°, Find the propelling force and efficiency of propulsion. Solution. Given : 30x 1000 Speed of boat, w= 30 km/hr 60x60 33 mis Absolute velocity of jet, V = 20 m/s ‘Area of the jet, a= 03m, (i) Propelling force is given by equation (17.33) as F = pa (V+ u) x V = 1000 x03 x (20 + 8.33) x 20 = 1697.98 N. (i Efficiency of propulsion is given by equation (17.36) as 2u 2x833 V+2u 2042x833 = 0.4544 or 45.44%. Ans.Impact of ets and Jet Propulsion 849 6. Efficiency of a series of vanes is given as 9 HIGHLIGHTS 1. The force exerted by a jet of water on a stationary plate inthe direction ofthe jet is given by pav? fot a vertical plate sin? @ foram inclined pate yaV" (1 +608 8) ..for a curved plate and jet strikes at the centre = 2pa¥¥ cos @ “fora curved plate and jet strikes atone of the tps ofthe jt where V= Velocity of the jet, = Angle between the jet and the plate for inclined plate, ngle made by the jet with the direction of motion for curved plates. 2. When a jet of water strikes a vertical hinged plate, the angle of swing about the hinge is given by av? w where V= Velocity of the jet of water, W = Weight of the hinged plate. 43. The force exerted by a jet of water on a moving plate, in the direction of the motion of the plate, is aiven by Fy=pav-w? for a moving vertical plate, pa (V =u)? sin? @ an inclined moving plate, a (Vw)? (1 + cos 8) ..when jet strikes the curved plate at the centre 4. When a jet of water strikes @ curved moving plate at one of its tips and comes out at the other tip, the force exerted and work done are obtained from velocity triangles at inlet and outlet. The expression, for force and work done are Work dome per sevomd = pa, [Vos £¥e,] xe +ve sign is taken when B is an acute angle. If B is an obtuse angle then —ve sign is taken. If B is 90°, %, =0 Work done per second per kg of fuid = +[¥, £ Vy, ® 5. For a series of vanes, the force and work done are given as F, = pa, Me, #%] Work donelse = pa, [Yn + Work donee per kg = [vy 2¥, eu gli 2u(V—u) v= and condition of max. is 4 = Max. n=50%, 7 For acre radial vane, the work done per scond = pa¥ [Ym Yo] where, of whirl at inlet Absolute velocity of jet at inlet, Vy, = Vek 4, = Tangential velocity of vane at inlet, V,, = Velocity of whirl at outlet, 4; = Tangential velocity of vane at outlet.[850 Fluid Mechanics ‘8. For a curved radial vane the efficiency is given by senna] lt] Hav) ve 9. Jet propulsion means the propulsion of a vessel with the help of the je. The reaction of the jet is used for propelling the vessel. The propelling force exerted on a tank with a orifice is given by F,=pa(V+uxV where V = Absolute velocity of the jet of water, « = Velocity of the tank. 10, The efficiency of propulsion is given byn= and = V for maximum efficiency (V+u) 7 Maximum 1 =50%, 11. Ships are also propelled by jets, The intake water by the centrifugal pump is taken by two ways. In ‘one case, the water Is taken from orifices which are at right angles tothe direction of the motion of the ship and in the other ease the water is taken through orifices which are facing the direction of motion, of the ship. EXERCISE (A) THEORETICAL PROBLEMS 4. Define the terms : (a) Impact of jets, and (b) Jet propulsion. 2. Obtain an expression for the force exerted by a jet of water on a fixed vertical plate in the direction of the jet. 3. Show that the force exerted by a jet of water on an inclined fixed plate in the direction of the et is given by, F,= paV* sin’ ® where a = Area of the jet, V= Velocity of the jet and Inclination of the plate with the jet. 4. Prove thatthe force exerted by a jet of water on a fixed semi-circular plate in the direction of the jet when the jet strikes atthe centre of the semi-circular plate is wo times the force exerted by the jet on an fixed vertical plate pav? W where V= Velocity of the jet striking the plate, a = Area of the jet, and W= Weight of the plate. 6. Differentiate between : (i) the force exerted by a jet of water on a fixed vertical plate and moving vertical plate, and (i) the force exerted by a jet on a single curved moving plate and a series of curved moving plate. 7. Prove that the work done per second on a series of moving curved vanes by a jet of water stiking at ‘one of the tips of the vane is given by, Work donetee= pa, [Vy # %y,] '8. Find an expression for the efficiency of a series of moving curved vanes when a jet of water stikes the vanes at one of its tips. Prove that maximum efficiency is when w = Vand the value of maximum efficiency is 50%, 5. Show thatthe angle of swing of a vertical hinged plate is given by sin @Impact of ets and Jet Propulsion 851 %. 10. u 2 3. 4 Show tht for curved rail vane the work done per second is given by, pa[Vn + Vt] Find an expresin forthe propeling fore and the work done pe second on a tank which is provided ‘it an roe through which tof water is coming ot and nk I ree fo move Show thatthe effcleney of a free jt striking nonnally on sels of flat plates mounted on the periphery ofa whe! ean never exceed 50% Show tha the fre exerted by at of Water on moving inclined plat inthe direction of eis given by F,= pau)? sin’@ where V = velocity of jet (AN.TLU,, Hyderabad, $ 2002) (B) NUMERICAL PROBLEMS Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 100 mm on a stationary flat plate, when the jt strikes the plate normally with @ velocity of 30 mis. [Ans, 7068.6] A jet of water of diameter 50 mm moving with a velocity of 20 mvs strikes a fixed plate in such a way that the angle between the jet and the plate is 60°, Find the force exerted by the jet on the pate (i) in the rection normal to the plate, and (i) in the direction of the jet. [Ans. (7680.13 N, (i) 589 NJ A jet of water of diameter 100 mm moving with a velocity of 30 m/s strikes a curved fixed symmetrical plate at the centre. Find the force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of the jet, if the jet is deflected through an angle of 120° at the outlet of the curved plate. Ans, 10602.7N] A [et of water of the diameter 100 mm moving with a velocity of 20 mis strikes a curved fixed plate tangentially at one end at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The jet leaves the plate at an angle of 20° to the horizontal. Find the force exerted by the jet on the plate in the horizontal and vertical directions. [Ans.5672.34N, 496.3 N] A jet of water of 30 mm diameter, moving with a velocity of 15 mis, strikes a hinged square plate of weight 245.25 N at the centre of the plate, The plate is of uniform thickness, Find the angle through which the plate will swing [Ans. 6 = 40°25] A plate is acted upon at its centre by a jet of water of diameter 20 mm with a velocity of 20 mvs. The plate is hinged and is deflected through an angle of 15°, Find the weight ofthe plate. Ifthe plate is not allowed to swing, what will be the force required at the lower edge of the plate to Keep the plate in vertical position. [Ams. 485.5 N, 62.8] {A jet of water of diameter 150 mm strikes a flat plate normally with a velocity of 12 m/s. The plate is moving with a velocity of 6 m/s in the direction of the jet and away from the jet. Find : () the force exerted by the jet on the plate, (i) work done by the jet on the plate per second, (ii) power of the jet, and (iv) efficiency of the jet. Ans, (i) 636.3 N, (if) 3817.6 Nw, ii) 382 KW, (iv) 25%] If in the problem 7, the jet strikes the plate in such a way thatthe normal onthe plate makes an angle of 30° to the axis of the jet, ind: () The normal force exerted on the plat, (i) power, and (i) efficiency ofthe Jet. Ans. (3) 551 N, (7) 2.86 KW, (i) 18.74%] A jet of water of diameter 100 mm strikes @ curved plate at its centre with a velocity of 15 m/s, The curved plate is moving with a velocity of 7 m/s in the direction of the jet. The jet is deflected through ‘an angle of 150°. Assuming the plate smooth find : ()foree exerted on the plate in the direction of the Jet. (i) power of the jet, and (it) efficiency. [Ans (7 938 N (i) 6.56 KW, (i) 49.53%) A jet of water having a velocity of 30 mvs strikes a curved vane, which is moving with a velocity of 15 ts, The jet makes an angle of 30° with the direction of motion of vane at inlet and leaves at an angle of 120° to the direction of motion of vane at outlet. Calculate : (A) Vane angles, ifthe water enters and Teaves the vane without shock, (i) Work done per second per unit weight of water striking the vanes per second, [Ans, ( 53° 47.7%, 15°41’, (i) 44.15 Nev][852 ML 12. 13. M4 15. 16. 7 Fluid Mechanics ] A jet of water of diameter 50 mm, having a velocity of 30 nv strikes a curved vane which is moving with a velocity of 15 mm/s in the direction of the jet. The jet leaves the vane at an angle of 60° to the direction of motion of vanes at outlet. Determine : (A) the force exerted by the jet on the vane in the irection of motion, (i) work done per second by the jt. (Ams. (9 662.5 N, (i) 9937.5 News} ‘A jetof water having a velocity of 20 rvs strikes a curved vane which is moving with a velocity of 9 ris. The ‘vane is symmetrical and isso shaped thatthe jet is deflected through 120°. Find the angle ofthe jet at inlet of the vane so that there is no shock. What is the absolute velocity of the jet at outlet in magnitude and Girection and the work done per second per unit weight of water strkings ? Assume the vane to be smooth, [Ans 17°, 5.95 mis, B= 79° 6, 18.57 NmvN] A Jet of water, having a velocity of 15 mus, strikes a curved vane which is moving with a velocity of 6 mls in the same direction as that of the jet a inlet. The vane is so shaped that the jet is deflected through 135°, The diameter of the jt is 150 mm. Assuming the vane to be smooth, find : (the force exerted by the Jet on the vane in the direction of motion, (i) power of the vane, and (i) efficiency of the vane. [Ams () 2443.5 N, (i) 14.65 kW, (lf) 49.16%] If in the above problem, the jet of water instead of striking a single plate strikes a series of curved ‘vanes, find : (force exerted by the jet on the vanes in the direction the motion, (i) power ofthe vane, and (iif) efficiency of the vane. [Ans. () 4072.5 N, (ii) 24.43 kW, (if) 81.9%] AA jet of water having a velocity of 30 mls, strikes a series of radial curved vanes mounted on a wheel which is rotating at 300 rpm. The jet makes an angle of 30° with the tangent to wheel at inlet and Ieaves the wheel with velocity of 4 mvs at an angle of 120° to the tangent to the wheel at outlet. Water Js flowing from outward ina radial direction. The outer and inner radii of the wheel are 0.6 m and 0.3.m respectively. Determine = (i) vane angles at inlet and outlet, (if) work done per second per kg of water, and (ii) efficiency of the whee! [Ans. (42° 10.7", 27°17, (i) 52.92, (ii) 56.5%) ‘The head of water from the cente ofthe orifice fitted toa tank is maintained at 6 m of water. The diameter of the orifice is 150 mm, The tank is fitted with frictionless wheels atthe bottom and the tank is moving with a velocity of 4 m/s due tothe reaction of the jet coming out from the orifice. Determine: (i) propelling force on the tank, (ii) work done per second, and (i) efficiency of propulsion [Ams. (0 2847.3 N, (i) 11389 News, (tf) = 39.36%] ‘The water in a jet propelled boat is drawn mid-ship and is discharged at the back with an absolute velocity of 30 m/s, The cross-sectional area of the jet at the back is 0.04 m? and the boat is moving in sea-water with a speed of 30 km/hour, Determine : (i) propelling force of the boat, (i) power, and (iid efficiency of the jet propulsion. [Ans. (i) 45995.6 N, (i) 383.14 KW, (il) 34.02%] ‘The water in a jet propelled boat is drawn through inlet openings facing the direction of motion of the ship. The boat is moving in sea-water with a speed of 40 km/hr. The absolute velocity of the jet of the water discharged at the back is 40 m/s and the area of the jet of water is 0.04 m?. Find the propelling force and efficiency of propulsion. [Ans. 81775.3N, 9 =35.71%]