~~ wer S6/eL Expt. No... Aim To determine pH of the given sample, pH isa way of expressing hydrogen ion concentration or the hydrogen ion activity. Tris important in every phase of environmental engg, practice. pH has an important role in cheraica) coagulation, disinfection, water softening and corosion control in water treatments and in the field of biological processes in waste ‘water treatments. Pure water dissociates to yield 8 concentration of hydrogen ions equal to 10°7molA H,0~— Ht + OH" ‘Simultaneously 10°7m0l /1 of hydroxyl ions are also produced By law of mass action equation DTH IOW = ke 20 For water it can be wiitteni a5” (H*] [OH] = k y For pure water at 25°C (H*] [OH] = 10-7 x 10-7 = 10°14 10°14 js known as ionisation constant of water. When an acid is added to water it ionises in water and hydrogen ion concentration increases and ds a ‘result hydroxyl ion concentration must decrease in conformity with ionisation constant. or OH" can never be reduced to zero. At neutrijity the pH of pure water at 25°C is However H* 70 [H*] [OH"] = 10-7 -log [H*] = pH = 7 That is, the negative logarithm of pH=-log fH") =log 1 oy) ff hydrogen ion concentration is taken as pH pH 0-7- acid range pH 7- 14 -alkaline range pH measurement using digital pH meter Apparatus 1. pH meter with electrode 2. Buffer solutions 3, Beakers Procedure 1, Connect the electrodes to pH meter 2. Prepare 7.0 pH and 4.0 pH buffer solution using buffer tablets (1 tablet in 100 ml distilled water) 3. Wash the electrode with distilled water and dry (just blot) it with tissue paper Scanned with CamScanner~~~ VV eCeueweuuwc $6/SL ___ 4MKCl or 4, Dip the electrodes in 7.0 pH buffer solution. Keep temperature knob at 25°C position. Set the function switch to pH position. The meter will give some reading near 7.0 pH. Use standardize control to make the reading exactly 7.0 Romove the 7.0 pH solution. Wash and dry the electrodes as instructed eater, 5. Dip the electrodes in the 4.0 pH buffer solution. See the digital display. It reads near 4.0 pH. Now use slope control (on back side of the instrument) to adjust the pH reading to 4.0 ‘The meter is now standardized 6. To measure the pH of an unknown solution, immerse the electrodes in that solution and directly read its pH value. Each time the electrodes must be washed and dried as instructed above, 7. During idle, Keep the function selector in check position. Handling: Electrode shal be rinsed between samples with distilled water. Never wipe or rub an electrode with tissue paper. Just blot the end, - : Storage: Always keep the pH electrode moist. It shall be stored in a solution of 1.0 pH buffer solution or store in tap water.. (i Results and discussions: Py oF Sample Lass Py oF Sample 22 VS AnFexente. . m hth, iS in Pe NAN p=. S0 Fee same Ta ew oe Samick 118 8% acide i AM sce ¥ lhe 5 a Saray 2 1s qs Uhith 15 ja Ye YaNge athe Se Tn Ph OF « adkaing in Medort > . 2 Scanned with CamScanners6/e6 EXP NO: CONDUCTIVITY DATE: Electrical Conductivity: ‘onductivity ( K): Is ameasure of ability of an aqueous solution carry an electric currents. ‘This ability depends on the presence of ions and on the temperatyre of measurement, Conductance (G_)is defined as the reciprocal of resistance. = R The conductance of a solution, G, is directly proportional to the clectrode surface ..-....-- - arca, A, cm?,and inversely proportional to the distance between the electrodes, L, cm. The constant of proportionality, k, such that: c=a(4) The units of & are Vohm-cm or mho per centimeter. G= Conductivity is customarily reported in micromhos per. centimeter (umho/cm). In the International System of Units (SI) the reciprocal of the ohm is the siemens (S) and conductivity is reported as millisiemens per meter (mS/mn): | mS/m = 10 pmhos/cm and | yS/cm = | yumho/em . Procedure: |. Calibrate the EC meter by standard solutions of electrical conductivity. 2. Immerse the electrodes into the sample of waier (whose conduetivity is to be determined)and wait up to one minute for steady reading. 3. The reading is observed after the indicated value becomes constant. Scanned with CamScannerObservations: pea? Beusien — i in water or wastewater. Solids may —— Wales will high duce an unfavorable a limit of 500 mg Solids refer to matter suspended or _ affect water of ‘AMAT qiality adversely in'a numnbet Of W dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability and may in physiological reaction in the transient consumer. For these reasons, dissolved solids/L is desirable for drinking waters. Toual solids: is the material residue left in the vessel afier evaporation of a sample and its subsequent drying in an oven at a defined temperature. Total solids = total suspendéd sdlids-+ total dissolved solids ‘Total suspended solids: the portion ‘of total solids retained by a filter of 2p im. Total dissolved solids: the portion that passes through the filter of 2y m or smaller. Factors affecting separation of suspended from dissolved solids: 1. The pore size. Porosity . Thickness of the filter A 1. Panicle size, ‘Amount of material deposited on the filter. yaen Total solids = Fixed solids + Volatile solids c es... A | Scanned with CamScannerjue of toral, suspended, or dissolved solids after heating to fied temperature. : t includes losses duc to decomposition ‘ Fixed solids: is the resid dryness for a specified time at @ speci Volatile solids: is the weight loss on ignition. I or volatilization of some mineral salts. “The theoretical ations between TDS and EC TDS ( mp/L)= 0.6 EC ( wS/em) Scanned with CamScanner6/9 pate.26{it/ 2.0 Eapt. No. Alm ‘To measure the turbidity of the given sample of water, “Toe term turbidity in water refers vo the presence of suspended matter that interferes with the passage of light through water. Turbidity may be caused by suspended matter such as clay, silt finaly divided organic and inorganic matter, plankton and other microscopic organisms ‘Apart from affecting the aesthetics of water, turbidity interferes with effective filtration and disinfection of water. Apparatus ‘Turbldimeter (Nephelometer) “The Blico Nephelometer operates on the Toe amount of scattering of the incident light by « dispersant of en i solution is a measure of the turbidity. principle of Tyndal effect. jon or element in a sample Nephelometer CL S2D consist ofa Tight souree wwhich is focused by a lens system and. strikes on the sie of the test tube containing a sample solution under test. The scattered light at 90% to the path of the incident light is detected by photodiode, processed by processing electronic and displayed onthe rad out in Nephelometer Turbidity Units (TU) 3) Incident Light 4) Sample Holder 5) Particulate 1) Light Source 2) Lens System ) Processing Electrons 9) Read Out Suspension 6) Scattered Light 7) Detector 8 a Scanned with CamScanners6/s9 with ditiiied water Tnurumsnt Banss Caliptsation 1, Opan the iid of the sapnple compartment, Insert « teat tube filled and close the lid. 2, Push button GET 0 49 get zero dlplayed on the Raed out 3. Opan thre lid, replace the text tube ‘Aled with distilled water with etest tube filled with (formazine) standard. Close the lid. . 4, Push button SET100 to get 100 displayed Of the Read out. Repeat the operation from 1 to-4 to get consistent values of 0 & 100 within 1-2% Procedure: 1. Transfer the sample to the test tube. 2, Open the lid of the sample compartment of the instrument calibrated as above and insert the test tube into the sample compartment. 3. Close the lid . , 4. Note te reslsig on Wie Read out as turbidity of simple tt NTU 43a NTU FFupbidily oF ages garmpe = ENT yafestest : wiry Thabo Vs Vent of Faby, oF Uae ig sla NTU TES ’ . \oeyond Yanik. So Shed As pet 191 0500 furhidily va 8 avert 5am be tntottd = le 38 gant: Scanned with CamScannerApparatus: 4 ‘ ____1__Evaporating dishes ‘of 100-mL capacities made of porcelain. SOLIDS (RESIDUE) Expt. No, co! To sine the total solids, filterable and non-ilterable solids , volatile and fixed solids. The ‘term solids mean solid matters suspended or dissolved in water or ter. ‘Waters with high residue are generally unacceptable. A limit bi 500'mg/L (dissolved solids) is fixed for drinking water. Total residue js the materjal left j ow of asample Bed ih oa mended nlp a ipahides non- ‘flterable residue (the part of tothl residue thet retained by filter): and, fiterablasrbeidus (the part areetal residue that passes through the filter paper) The temperatire of drying ly fixed as 103 to 105 degree Celsius for one hour, 8 pe eae : Fixed residue is the residue that left behind ater igniting the total Zesidue for one hour at a temperature of 350250 degree celsius ‘The difference between thie total solids and the fixed solids will give the volatile solids, 2. Steam bath. 3 Dryingoven. 4. Desiccators. 5. Muffle furnace 6. Analytical balance 7, Imboffcone. 8 Filter paper. 9. Filtering apparatus, 4. Tetalanlica Procedure clean ‘evaporating dish at 550250 degree celsius for one hour in muffle furnace 1 Ignite the ‘and cool in the desiccator. Note the cmpty weight of the dish as W, ‘eke 100 mL of sample (V) in the weighed porcelain dish and evaporate to dryness i bath and then in a hot air oven for one hour at 103-105°C. : 3 Cool the dish briefly in air, desiccate and weigh. The process of heating, cooling, desiccating and weighing is repeated unti) a const weight is obtained (W,) (0.5 mg. weight change permitted) * Calculations: Total residue inme/L = toaLresidue x 1000 mL of sample =(W-W,) x 1000 Wry atone voy W, = Weight of residue +dish (mg) W, = Weight of dish (mg) V =Volume of sample(mL) in steam fant Scanned with CamScannerWe tempi wi (ms) Wt ofe ‘dit + residue W208” Total slide (W/W) x 1000/7 mg/L Wi of di + rsdn ae plasog a mae : furnace and cooing W, 33 Wt of evaporating dish — W, (mg) Wi of evaporating dish + fiterable residue W, Filterable solids(dissolved solids) (WW) x 1000/0 mg/L Weight of filter paper W,(mg) | ‘Weight of filter paper + residue W,(mg) n 12 ; Settleable residue mL/L. Noo- Hilterable residue (Suspended solids) (W,-W,) x 1000/V Scanned with CamScanner~~ ~~" 33S ee eee sores B, Total Flasd solide: Procedure Igsite the residve (in A) in the dish, in a muffle fimace ot « temperature of 550°C for) our. ‘Allow the dish to partially cool in air until most of the heat has dissipated, then ‘ransfer it to» desiccator for final cooling in dry atmosphere. 3 ‘Weight the dish as soon as itis cooled (W3) Find the increase in weight of the empty ignited dish for total fixed residue. (W,-W,) 4 Caleslations: ‘Tota fixed residue in mg/L= mg, fixed residue x 1000 = (W3-W1) x 1000 ‘aL of sample. vo Volatile residve in mg/L =Total residue -total fixed residue, G Filtersbis Solis: Preeders ~~ 7 Dy a fi per in a hot air oven for one hour at 103-105* C, cool desicesie and weight (W) 2 Filtra known volume of the well -mixed sample, transfer 100ml. of the filtrate to the evaporating dish already dried (ignited) and weighted (W,)" * 3 Place the dish with the contents over steam bath and evaporate to dryness. 4. Place the dry evaporated sample and dish ina hot air oven for one hour at 103-105C 5 Desiccate and weigh the evaporating dish contents to constant weight (W,) Report the increase in weight over the empty dish as filterable residue. Caleatations: Fiherable residue in mg/L = (W,-W,) x 1000 oa where, W, = Weight of dried empty dish Ws = Weight of dried filterable residue + weight of dish Scanned with CamScannervores D. Non: lterablereadve: (otal suspended matter) Prosedure paper used i i and dried in s hot air oven” 1 The filter: ‘used in the test for flterable solids is temoved far one hour at 103-105" C. Iti cooled, desiccated ‘and weighed (W,) Calculation: “Tota pon flteable residue in mp/L= (Wr-Ws) x 1000 W, = Weight of residue + filter paper W, © Weight of filter paper E, Settleable residue: Procedure Fill an imhoff cone to the litre mark with thoroughly mixed sample. 2 Allowit to settle for 45 minutes. 3 Géstly sir the Sided Of Wie Cone with & rod or by spiniing and allow it to seme for 15 minutes. : Record the volume of settleable matter in the cone as mL/L ‘Sindee Volume Index: (SV1) ‘SVI is ‘the volume in milliliters occupied by 1g of sludge after settling the aerated liquor for 30 minute. Procedsre : Collect 1 litre sample and settle for 30 minutes in a 1000 mL. graduated cylinder 1 Imhoff cone 2. Find the volume occupied by the sludge in mL. Thoroughly mix the sample, determine the suspended solids in % by Wt. or mg/L. Calculation: svI = mL/L of settled sludge x 1000 mg/L of suspended matter Scanned with CamScanner-~~ vue seegar ‘sesez Expt, Nowe Sennen ACIDITY Date..28/Uh2 Alasi: * jctermine the acidity ofthe given sample of water. “Acidity of water Is Its quantitative capacity to neutralize a strong base to 2 designated’pH. weak acids such as carbonic and acetic acid and hydrolyzing salts such as ‘mineral seid, ae sulphate contribute to the measured: acidity. Acidity contributes or aluminum {fettons cas to water and influences certain chemical and biological processes. Principle: Acidity can be measured by titrating the samples with standard solutions of alkaline reagents, Mineral acids are neutralized by titration to a pH of about 4 to 5 by using methyl as.the indicator. Most of the weak acids are neutralized By titration to pH 8.3 and phenolphthalein is used as the indicator. Results are te reported ints of methyl orange or ity expressed as CaCQy......_ Apparats: 1, Burete. 2, Pipettes 3. Erlenmeyer flasks Reagents: 1. 0,02N standard NaOH solution. 2 ‘Methyl orange indicator. in indicator. & oN sodium thiosulphate. Procedure: Pipette 50 mL of the sample into an crlenmeyer flask. 2. wAdd I drop of 0.1N sodium thiosulphate solution, if residual chlorine is present. 7. 4. s 2 7. ‘Add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator. Titrate the sample against 0.02N NaOH solution. Note volume of titrant at the end point when the colour changes from orange red to yellow (V1) 46 ‘Add 3 drops (0.15mL:) of phenolphthalein indicator to the above and continue the titration to the appearance of faint pink colour-characteristic of pH 8.3. Note the volume of titrant used (V2). At Scanned with CamScannersesez Scanned with CamScannersessz 150 Klooe ee ee ee = cope 2 WG trortsoxloee = 3aIm4/C. , Total acidity in mg/L as CaCO3 = Y,xNx.50x 1000 2 v = tae mgt mL of NaOH titrant upto methyl orange end point. mL of NaOH titrant upto phenolphthalein end point. Normality of NaOH Vol. of sample in ml. = Halal ong ab keds on aloy. = 1570. axgeixiooe So me But Ma/y —, Scanned with CamScanner~~~ VV FCCC CS Swe se/er SMA satay an C200," ViXN 50% 1000 me/T Methyl orange alkalinity or total alkalinity as CaCO, where, V-- Volume of sample used in mL ¥,- Volume of standard sid used upto phenolphthal N- Normality of acid used 1. = yjxnxsox1000 mg/L O° Vv jein end point Vj Volume of standard acid sed up to methyl orange ed point alkalinity may be obtained from the table given below Species of i Results Hydroxide Carbonate Bicarbonate st of alkalinity as eae moe Soe pe “aizatloa— “T CaCO, ‘aC, , T P=0 0 0 a 2 P<’T 0 2P TP 3 P=%T 0 2, 0 4 P>AT 2?-T 27 -P) 0 5 P=T T 0 0 -_L. — Results and discussions: “Toll Mbeki of tra gen Sarnple = 76 Fart ann sample Aladinily . Soh ofl of this Sompk a Ae eee 15 slardad tu dastieb, Viol of 5 Posenissible lait ig Goma, for te qian Seenete toh engl heh 5 nd with in duimabhe lik « 4 a Yh phad ph hain cthadinly ie leaUhen 08 Hera My tohal oe 83 pikalieds in dviiaking Cooke's room £ ‘af Aikeinsly Odden '6 Scanned with GamScannerExpt No. ‘sie ; ' i ' To determine the chloride content present lirthd given water samples. + tfiny ides in the form of CI ions is one of the ma} in wale ota Chlorides ¢ major in waier, In potable waters the salty tate produced by chlorides. ‘Waters having 250) g/L chloride, may. have a salty taste if Ge ct fon is soium. On the eter band, the typical salty taste tay: be absent even in water containing as mvc! mg/L, chioride, if the cations are Ca and Mg. Chloride pain is hghet in wastewater than raw water} becouse is excreta. High ¢hloride coptents are harmful to ipes'and agricultural } 4 slightly. alkaline solution, potassium chromate can indicate the end point of silver nitrate titration of chloride. Silver chlotide is’ precipitated quantitatively, before red colour silver chromate is formed. ‘Apparatus: " marhurette. 2. Pipettes 3. Erlenmeyer flask. At Chloride free distilled water. 2. Potassium chromate indicator Solution. 3. Standard silver nitrate solutic JN) 4. Aluminium hydroxide suspension. 5. HO, (Hydrogen peroxide). 6. H,SO,/NaOH. Procedu of sample (V) oF #'suitable portion diluted to 100 mL. 1, Take 100 mL suspension, mix, allow to 2eeIf the sample Fe coloured, add thfee mL of aluminum hydroxide s settle, filter, wash and collect the filtrate. Slt sulphide, slphite or thiosulphateis present, add one mL. of H,0, and stir for one minute, 4g. Bring this sample to a pH range of 710 10 by adding 11,$O, or NaOH as required. 5.-Add 1 mL of potassium chromate indicatar solution 6, Tittate this against standard silver nitrate titrant to a pinkish yellow, end point Note down ‘the volume (Ve \ 1. Repeat the procedure for blank (ised water) and note down the volume (Vy. fhumecrversr ae wet part ‘ 415 Scanned with CamScannerQheervation: Sample x 0,0)41N silver nitrate Ve Supe | qt | of a lo} Sample ou eh ches [erg fe) 2 (Wi-¥a] 236s W5XIO00 0 v C804) X3EOGS Kldao X02 eA \we = 33:5 9umg te lrttenee ‘ Ae per 19.600 sao 4 Atseable Wert oF Ghia and gerenissible lint} chen is ’ 2m old and two malt. “apectiwly «Thy A Wtand valu is 33-554 sohth Win thy port aeible lind» Scanned with CamScanner > o » » » v » » Dy » . ’ %’ % 3 ’ ° » 2 , 3 9 9 9 9 2 2 3 9 9 > » o > 6/te“1, Burette 2. Pipettes 3. Erlenmeyer flask (1 L). vailabk a Date. 24 ]29.21 "To deine the ato! of ol residual chlorine i the given sample by such odie Chlorination is done to destroy pathogens and to reduce the effects of iron, manganese, Chlorination produces characteristic taste when traces of pheool sulphide and orgie wee present and when algae are preseat pungent odour is juced. To promote the purpose of nd wh A Pe ay TRS rel hlone mst Fe ie ina routine analysis. CCotine Will Tiberate free iodine from potassium iodide solutions at pH Bor les. The hiberated iodine is titrated against standard sodium thiosulphate with starch as indicator. The ‘reaction is carried ont at pH 3-4. The minimum detectable concentration must be 40_ g/L of CI, if0.01N sodium thiosulphate is used with 500 mL. sample. Ypissaue 14, blading ponder in 1 reo! : Flask 7 anette, Fla 1. Acetic acid concentrated. Agiled tanker 4 Noha 2. Potassiym iodide it enaking 8 3. Standard sodium thiosulphate 0.01N. ani um tee dort eae 4, Starch indicator solution. . i py epee eae OF beading Pond . talon, mrorten FAS Procedure: 1, Take 5 mL of acetic acid in IL erlenmeyer flask. 2. Add about 1.0gm of Ko this (estimated one spatula) - ery 3, Pour 500 mL sample into the flask and mig well with a stirring rod. sete seer 5g, 4. Titrate this mixture against O.O}N sodium thiosulphate in a burette until the yellow colour to of the liberated ‘odine is ‘discharged 1o"palé yellow /straw colour. (Sample remains colourless if no residual cl is present). (. ¢ . At this stage add ml. starch solution, and then the colour becomes blue. till the blue colour just disappears. Note the volume (V,) r Continue titration Scanned with CamScanner5 ‘Sample | Buretie reading | Volume | Mean | Volume + | Sample | Tirant | Trial] Vol. of Vol. | of titrant | .. No | V(mL) . Titrant_ | (mL) | for blank | ¥ Initial | Final VomL | 3 : 03 | 0 3 0-3 my ae na = Me ainyasye! a2. ty YS Mm ot eaching “prada. Salaion baker O09) ites 54 25 Sle Hei in a ting Mody = i ah oF BP > £0035 xiv00x196 I . "oq 35yerie 9s b-ona5mg = 0356, Scanned with CamScanner Besovee ‘Blank Titration: a ain oct tion pepe Soo ised waters fo sme aon and a Im starch ohsion wit 0.0% ; 2. Urphe oxkor develops, trae wit GOIN sodium thomupate tl be colour dsapreas Record this vohume of mnt ws regative Vr (41) os cul tn cals conra dha wis OCQEZN (L545) lone whalon url be cola erreme BASSY, > ths wi QOTN Sedum tome ocd he een poive Ve (83) yaol 3 © oye Mans 18.000 f dest! mi 4 Vv = Vohmncofsampleinml. = ¢ & mLofitatixsmpe 37 3 wo ‘iL of tithe for blank (which may-be positive or negative). Z = Nompalty of thiosulphate(Na,S,0,) ff v vi vz N ~ Now + Reagent impurities such as; “-" ‘)_ Preeipdine in KI the iberates extra odine, » some of the iodine Hberated, may be present and hence blank “Tyces of reducing agerts, that may reduce ‘ation will eliminate such discrepancies. ‘Resa and discussions: Avaleple cl in bleaching pout = 035% eae params? rag ca fal > ve maa g bleating yoodt 50 _lefewntt ee. fo of cl Praent ta te bleaching powder we gt 0-38, as get 15 le500, rocking pod 1S 30-35% - Se Vn blac, ge availoble Chiesa n bi Voy. Vert for disin fection PUpose powdtt con't be wid 17 Scanned with CamScannersores DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM COAGULANT.DOSAGE ‘Dal 322 Expt. NO vender To, determine the optimum coagulant dosage Tequired for tbe given sample of turbid water by performing Jar test 2 : The Process of aggregation of very suall particles in the water which will not setle under gravity, into large, more readily settleable aggrrgath is temied coagulation, This process two steps: 1) destabilisation of the particles fo permit attachment; 2) particle transport to interparticle contact, The dostbilishtion is achiéwed by sitding coagulanta. « 5 ferent doses of added vol aoe ate ot er ea soil warlaly to ween ts be open domes 1 Jartest apparatus 2. Beskers 3. Pipettes. Etc. Ts to be determined. Add lime if required to maintain a pH of 6 to 8 Take 500 mL. sample each in 6 beakers, ‘Add alum dosages of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and SQung, /L_ 0 the samples. Stir the water af (00.rpm for 1 minute followed by stirring at 20-30 rom for 207 wen minutes. Stop the machine, lif out the paddles and allow the samples to settle for 30 minutes Medsure the pH and residual turbidity of the ‘supernatant in cach beaker. Plot a graph of residual turbidity Vs coagulant dosage, Find the optimum dosage from the graph. q eae Results and Discussions: va danard Grom, qe = ole oekrrm Coaguig hon dose 4 gatD Seen OB a Maar we is yo Optimam foaq' ar "le tuaton doses 4 gen Set 1é Scanned with CamScanner| 43 senha nto Scanned with CamScannerPen) 4 Scanned with CamScannerfas, ( Tusbility ) Smal tong |e Img in toorn) temgle rey tn loom] sony I aoray som fo toom) = te mg ft —» Soon amg 20g 9 loom) J "8 Shongh omy amg i toon) v dbog fo asmyk 85g tn loom AWM = ApV> Ao mgt emg th (00 rol 8 10d > GOR~ Ve = Gorse tomy > th > sony 1 3082s 904 Take 60 mf of aomghe Ad Som] Of clistiledl water > 20mg b Teke 25m) of soma |e add AS m) of déhlleol wolkes > omg fe. Take a5 mol OF ko meh aatd 695 ©! oP phy 5 mg he of Dw) > Somphe Fake 34-7 ml of avng he add 6a-5 ml of ofy ~si5myle Inka dsm) of dome. add 345 mi oF af > armel Fake 845 wi) of ho magh. add BS ml of Phe asm fh Fobe 45 ml oF doy] add asm Scanned with CamScanner ,3279 > D*