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File: C:\DVS\Merkblätter und Richtlinien\2202-1-E\2202-1_EN-2007.fm

Created on: 11.02.2005
Last changed on: 06.11.2007

January 2008

DVS – DEUTSCHER VERBAND Imperfections in thermoplastic welded

FÜR SCHWEISSEN UND joints Technical Code
VERWANDTE VERFAHREN E.V. Features, description, evaluation DVS 2202-1

Translation of the German version from July 2006

Contents joints with the objective of enabling a generally valid evaluation

that takes due consideration of a system of multiple quality re-
1 Scope quirement levels. The description of the imperfections is based
1.1 Welding processes on the terminology defined in DIN 32502. However, the order of
1.2 Materials the descriptions has been altered in the present document.
2 Acceptance levels This guideline is intended primarily for weld evaluation by visual
2.1 Classification inspection but does not exclude further tests.
2.2 Criteria for establishing acceptance levels
3 Requirements on welded joints New plastics or plastics developed in future may have different
3.1 Quality features of welded joint execution characteristics (e. g. bead and flash shapes). If different materi-
Reprinting and copying, even in the form of excerpts, is only allowed subject to the publishers’ permission

3.2 Additional requirements on weld quality als are to be welded together (e. g. PE 80 / PE 100 or fittings with
3.3 Requirements on finishing processes an MFR considerably higher than the tubing to which they are
4 Symbolic representation and dimensions of welds welded) then this difference must also be taken into considera-
5 Inspection, testing and evaluation tion in the evaluation.
5.1 General If specific imperfections are to be excluded or kept within certain
5.2 Comparison with requirements limits when welded joints are made, this can be emphasized by
5.2.1 Requirements classification into one of the acceptance levels.
5.2.2 Combinations and frequent occurrence of imperfections
5.3 Evaluation Application of the guideline and the measures necessary for con-
5.3.1 Non-permissible imperfections forming with it may be governed by statutory regulations, by
5.3.2 Localized imperfections generally recognized rules of technology, or may be based on
5.3.3 Imperfections which are permissible subject to certain delivery agreements.
conditions Weld evaluation in accordance with this guideline may only be
5.3.4 Adaptation of tolerance limits carried out by a qualified expert who has the required
6 Reworking of welds found to have imperfections experience1).
7 Annex
7.1 Explanatory notes 1.1 Welding processes
7.2 Other applicable standards and guidelines
This guideline deals with imperfections which may occur in the
7.3 Table 1:
following welding processes:
Description of the acceptance levels for welds made by
heated tool butt welding (HS)
Welding process Abbreviation Table Page
7.4 Table 2:
Description of the acceptance levels for welds made by Heated tool butt HS 1 5
heated tool socket welding (HD)
7.5 Table 3: Heated tool socket HD 2 8
Description of the acceptance levels for welds made by
Electrofusion HM 3 11
electrofusion welding (HM)
7.6 Table 4: Hot gas round nozzle WF
Description of the acceptance levels for welds made by hot
hot gas high-speed 4 16
gas high-speed nozzle welding and hot gas round nozzle WZ
welding (WZ, WF) nozzle
7.7 Table 5:
Hot gas extrusion WE 5 20
Description of the acceptance levels for welds made by hot
gas extrusion welding (WE) Non-contact
7.8 Table 6: (IR) 6 25
heated tool
Description of the acceptance levels for welds made by
contactless heating tool butt welding (IR)
1) For example, specialist for plastics welding in accordance with DVS
2213 or having equivalent qualifications.
1 Scope
1.2 Materials
This guideline categorizes and describes, for the methods cov-
ered by the document, imperfections in thermoplastic welded This guideline applies to welded joints of components and as-

This publication has been compiled by a group of experienced professionals working as a team in an honorary capacity and is recommended as an important source
of knowledge which is to be taken into consideration. All users must consider whether and to what extent the information contained is applicable to their particular
purposes and check whether the edition at hand is still valid. DVS and all parties involved in the compiling of the document accept no liability of any kind whatsoever.

DVS, Ausschuss für Technik, Arbeitsgruppe „Fügen von Kunststoffen“

(DVS, Technical Committee, Working Group "Joining of Plastics")

Obtainable from: Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, Postfach 10 19 65, 40010 Düsseldorf, Telephone +49 (0)2 11 1591- 0,
Telefax +49 (0)2 11 1591-150

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Page 2 of DVS 2202-1

semblies, for example fabrications and pipelines made from the tions. These shading variations are not actually visible in the
plastic materials listed below: material.
The welded joint can then be evaluated according to standard-
Abbreviation Material designation ized criteria (e. g. during acceptance inspections) on the basis of
the respective features, i. e. on the type and extent of permissible
PE 63
deviations.
PE 80 Polyethylene
3.2 Additional requirements on weld quality
PE 100
Materials-engineering requirements such as those listed below
PE-X Cross-linked polyethylene are not the subject of this guideline:
PP-H Polypropylene homopolymer (type 1) – resistance to shape changes (e. g. weld strength reduction
factor) in accordance with DVS 2203-2 and -4,
PP-B Polypropylene block copolymer (type 2) – tolerance to shape changes (e. g. bend angle or displacement
PP-R Polypropylene random copolymer (type 3) when crack appears) in accordance with DVS 2203-5,
– resistance to attack by chemicals (e. g. resistance factor) in
PVC-C Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride accordance with DVS 2205-1.
PVC-U Polyvinyl chloride
3.3 Requirements on finishing processes
PVDF Polvinylidene fluoride In certain cases, it may be necessary to dress the completed
welds.
The application of this guideline for welding other thermoplastics
shall be agreed individually between the contracting parties. This may be necessary, for instance:
– to resist dynamic loads (e. g. by ensuring notch-free junctions)
– to smooth weld surfaces (e. g. of linings)
2 Acceptance levels – to improve fluid dynamic characteristics (e. g. removing
internal beads in pipelines)
2.1 Classification – for technical inspection reasons.
The contracting company shall specify the quality by selecting an It is advisable to test and/or evaluate the weld both before and af-
acceptance level. The requirements thereby defined shall be met ter mechanical dressing.
when the welding work is executed.

Acceptance level Requirement level 4 Weld designation

I Strict requirements concerning safety
and load-bearing capability
II Medium requirements concerning safety
and load-bearing capability
III Low requirements concerning safety and
load-bearing capability
2.2 Criteria for establishing acceptance levels
The requirements on the respective welded joints shall be de-
fined in the fabrication instruction documents (e. g. assembly
drawing, welding diagram), with reference to the DVS guideline.
Normally, it is sufficient to identify a weld by means of a three-
part designation code (DIN EN 22553) as follows:
The first part is the (German) abbreviation for the welding proc-
ess (DIN 1910-3), followed by a hyphen, the second code is the
abbreviation of the weld shape followed by another hyphen and
the third code designates the acceptance level.

When establishing the acceptance levels, the following factors,
among others, shall be taken into account.
– production (e. g. workshop, construction site, welding in
confined spaces)
– potential hazards (e. g. gas, liquids potentially dangerous to
ground water)
– statutory requirements (e. g. water-protection laws, Pressure
Equipment Directive)
– material behaviour (e. g. tough, brittle)
– operating conditions (e. g. static, changing)
– types of loads and stresses applied (e. g. static, dynamic)
3 Requirements for welded joints
3.1 Quality features of the welded joints
The quality requirements of a welded joint are classified accord-
ing to the acceptance levels. It may be necessary for the welding
contractor to make sample welds before beginning production
welding. This would serve to determine whether the requirements
can be achieved by the respective welders and equipment.
The specific features to be achieved and the descriptions used
for the findings of an inspection of external and/or internal fea-
tures of the weld shall be checked in accordance with the
definitions in tables 1 to 6. The shade variations in the schematic
drawings in these tables indicate the location of the imperfec-
Example: WZ-V-II
If all the welded joints of a particular assembly are to be made to
the same acceptance level, then this can be specified in a field
provided for this purpose on the drawing.
E. g.: all welds to be evaluated in accordance with
acceptance level
II-DVS 2202-1
Additional requirements on the welding operation or for weld
characteristics, as well as for mechanical dressing of the joints
should also be noted in the fabrication documents.
5 Inspection, testing and evaluation
5.1 General
Visual inspection, measurements and, where necessary, suitable
non-destructive or destructive testing procedures are to be used
to verify conformity with the requirements for the individual ac-
ceptance levels.
Tests shall be carried out on the welded joints of the assembly.
Specific characteristics can also be verified on test specimens
that are manufactured under comparable conditions.
The nature and extent of the tests as well as the times at which
they are to be conducted shall be agreed between the
contracting parties. The test results should be documented in a
suitable manner.

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5.2 Comparison with requirements
5.2.1 Requirements
The test and inspection records can be compared with the con-
tents of tables 1 to 6 in order to determine where the results do
not conform with the requirements. When the part, assembly or
an individual weld does not achieve the required acceptance lev-
el – see subclause 2.1 – re-working is permitted.
5.2.2 Combinations and multiple occurrence of
imperfections
If an assembly or a weld contains two or more types of imperfec-
tions (even if they are of different acceptance levels), this may
amplify their effect. It must then be checked whether the assem-
bly or the welded joint still meets the specified requirements or
whether restrictions have to be imposed regarding safety and
load-bearing capability due to the accumulation of faults.
5.3 Evaluation
Weld evaluation in accordance with this guideline may only be
carried out by a qualified expert who has the necessary experi-
ence 1). The welds shall be evaluated on the basis of the
imperfections shown in tables 1 to 6 (process defects, irregulari-
ties, imperfections etc.) in which the respective evaluation
instructions and acceptance tolerance limits, where applicable,
are listed in columns I to III. The individual imperfection evalua-
tions are explained below in order to assist the inspecting expert.
5.3.1 Non-permissible imperfections
If the imperfections detected are evaluated according to columns
I to III as being imperfections that are not permitted, the
inspecting expert is obliged to request mandatory repairs or pro-
duction of a new weld. Furthermore, the inspecting expert shall
check whether a systematic fault that will impair the suitability of
the entire assembly (e. g. container, pipeline) has occurred. The
results of this investigation shall be documented and submitted to
the user/operator. Where necessary, recommendations for re-
pairs shall be attached.
If any imperfection is detected which is not classified as being not
permitted in all acceptance levels in columns I to III, the inspect-
ing expert may adjust the acceptance level accordingly, taking
into account the expected load on the welded joint and the poten-
tial hazard in case of failure, and with the permission of the user/
operator or other entity responsible for the item in question. The
decision of the inspecting expert shall be justified by calculations
or tests where necessary.
5.3.2 Localized imperfections
Imperfections that have only occurred in a localized section of a
welded joint may be permitted if they have no or very little effect
on the useability of the item when compared to the magnitude
and intensity of the expected loads and stresses. General experi-
ence has shown that this is ensured if the findings are within the
tolerance limits given in columns I to III. In all other cases, the
measures described in subclause 5.3.4 shall be taken.
5.3.3 Imperfections which are permissible subject to certain
conditions
The expression ‘permissible subject to certain conditions’ is
essentially understood to mean deviations from generally accept-
ed rules which do not affect the actual welded joint. Imperfections
permissible under certain conditions include cases where short
piping sections have to be welded together due to faulty prepara-
tion (measurement errors).
5.3.4 Adaptation of tolerance limits
When applying the tolerance limits given in this guideline to eval-
uate welds, the inspecting expert shall decide whether the
respective findings will affect the operating characteristics of the
inspected weld or any other requirements. If this decision cannot
Page 3 of DVS 2202-1
be made because the inspection was primarily carried out visual-
ly and by measurements, further inspections and tests shall be
conducted.
If suitable tests subsequently prove that a tolerance limit given in
columns I to III does not have any significant effect on the operat-
ing characteristics of the welded joint or on other requirements in
the intended application, then the inspecting expert may accept a
wider tolerance, provided that the user/operator or other entity re-
sponsible for the item in question is in agreement. The reasons
for deviating from the specified tolerance limits as well as for the
acceptability of the changes shall be documented.
6 Repair of welds found to have imperfections
In as far as possible, and if approved by the inspecting expert,
welds found to have non-permissible imperfections may be re-
paired by suitably qualified staff working according to generally
accepted procedures. The objective of such reworking is to
achieve a weld quality conforming with the requirements. Where
necessary, the results shall be verified by extended inspections
and tests.
If reworking is not possible, the respective part or assembly does
not conform with the requirements of the present guideline.
7 Annex
7.1 Explanatory notes
With reference to the edition of 12/98, the following
important changes have been made:
– Adaptation of the information in the acceptance levels to
current experience, particularly with respect to the extremely
different bead and flash shapes and their significance, as well
as to the angle errors as imperfect shapes of joints made by
electrofusion welding (HM).
– Extension by the additional table 6: “Description of the
acceptance levels for welds made by non-contact heated tool
butt welding (IR)”.
– All figures have been completely revised. The same applies to
the tables, which have been extended, to which new
imperfections have been included and/or from which
imperfections found to be no longer relevant have been
removed, and to which new materials and material
modifications have been added (e. g. PE 100, PE-X).
– Evaluations of welded joints in accordance with the present
guideline may only be made by qualified experts who can
provide proof of suitable experience.
– The large number of available materials and material variants
is making it increasingly necessary to make test welds in order
to be able to evaluate the respective features.
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7.2 Other applicable standards and technical codes

DIN 1910-3 Welding; welding of plastics, processes
DIN 32502 Imperfections in plastic welded joints, classifica-
tion, terms, explanations
DIN EN 22553 Welded, brazed and soldered joints – symbolic
representation on drawings (ISO 2553:1992)
DVS 2201-1 Testing of semifinished products of thermoplas-
tics; Bases – indications
DVS 2203-1 Testing of welded joints of thermoplastics plates
and tubes; test methods – requirements
DVS 2203-2 Testing of welded joints of thermoplastic materials
– tensile test
DVS 2203-4 Testing of welded joints of thermoplastics plates
and tubes – tensile creep test
DVS 2203-5 Testing of welded joints of thermoplastics plates
and tubes; technological bend test
DVS 2206 Prüfung von Bauteilen und Konstruktionen aus
thermoplastischen Kunststoffen (Testing of build-
ing components and structures made of
thermoplastics)
DVS 2207-1 Schweißen von thermoplastischen Kunststoffen;
Heizelementschweißen von Rohren, Rohrlei-
tungsteilen und Tafeln aus PE-HD (Welding of
thermoplastics - Electrofusion welding of pipes
and pipeline components made of PE-HD)
DVS 2207-3 Schweißen von thermoplastischen Kunststoffen;
Warmgaszieh- und Warmgasfächelschweißen
von Rohren, Rohrleitungsteilen und Tafeln; Ver-
fahren, Anforderungen (Welding of thermoplastics
– hot gas high-speed nozzle welding and hot gas
round nozzle welding of pipes, pipeline compo-
nents and sheets – methods, requirements)
DVS 2207-4 Schweißen von thermoplastischen Kunststoffen;
Extrusionsschweißen von Rohren, Rohrleitungs-
teilen und Tafeln; Verfahren, Anforderungen
(Welding of thermoplastics - extrusion welding of
pipes, pipeline components and sheets – meth-
ods, requirements)
DVS 2207-5 Welding of thermoplastics - welding of PE casing
pipes - tubes and tubular components
DVS 2207-6 Welding of thermoplastics - Non-contact heated
tool butt welding of pipes, pipeline components
and sheets – methods, equipment, parameters
DVS 2207-11 Welding of thermoplastics - Heated tool welding
of pipes, pipeline, components and sheets out of
PP
DVS 2207-15 Schweißen von thermoplastischen Kunststoffen;
Heizelementschweißen von Rohren, Rohrlei-
tungsteilen und Tafeln aus PVDF (Welding of
thermoplastics - Heated tool welding of pipes,
pipeline components and sheets made of PVDF)
DVS 2208-1 Schweißen von thermoplastischen Kunststoffen;
Maschinen und Geräte für das Heizelement-
stumpfschweißen von Rohren, Rohrleitungsteilen
und Tafeln (Welding of thermoplastics - machin-
ery and equipment for heated tool butt welding of
pipes, pipeline components and sheets)

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 7.3 Table 1. Description of the acceptance levels for welds made by heated tool butt welding (HS)

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of joint
1 Cracks Cracks oriented lengthwise to or across the weld not permitted not permitted not permitted
These may be located:
– in the weld
– in the parent material
– in the zone exposed to heating

2 Welding flash notches
Welding flash notches with k < 0, e. g. due to not permitted, k < 0 not permitted, k < 0 not permitted, k < 0
– insufficient joint pressure
– heating-up time too short
– cooling time too short
– surfaces not parallel
– change of clamped workpiece position during welding
– mismatch

3 Notches and score marks Notches in the edge of the parent material, lengthwise or cross- locally permissible if locally permissible if locally permissible if
wise to weld, e. g. due to: the ends get gradu- ending flat and the ending flat and the
– clamping tools ally shallower and bottom of the notch bottom of the notch
the bottom of the or groove is not or groove is not
– incorrect transportation
notch or groove is acute acute
– edge preparation faults not acute ∆s ≤ 0.1 s ∆s ≤ 0.15 s
∆s ≤ 0.1 s but not greater than but not greater than
but not greater than 1 mm 2 mm
0.5 mm
4 Mismatch of joint faces The joint faces are not aligned or the thicknesses have not been permissible if permissible if permissible if
matched correctly, e ≤ 0.1 s e ≤ 0.15 s e ≤ 0.2 s
– depending on the material and the material thickness, this may
impair the joint quality.
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40
Table 1. continued.

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of joint
Page 6 of DVS 2202-1

5 Angular mismatch of joint faces E. g. due to: permissible for pipes permissible for pipes permissible for pipes
– machine tool fault (straight lengths) (straight lengths) (straight lengths)
and sheets if and sheets if and sheets if
– tool set-up fault
– non-permissible pressure applied during cooling e ≤ 1 mm e ≤ 2 mm e ≤ 4 mm
– deformation
– pipes removed from clamp too soon

6 Weld flash shape Due to the large variety of materials, material types and the result- The fabrication and The fabrication and The fabrication and
ing different flash formations which may evolve, it is not possible testing of sample testing of sample testing of sample
to define a standardized evaluation scheme here. welds as a reference welds as a reference welds as a reference
It is not possible to predict the long-term behaviour of the welded is recommended. is recommended. is recommended.
joint by inspecting the shape of the flash.
7a Upset volume is noticeably too small or too Due to wrong welding parameter values not permitted not permitted not permitted
large – make a comparison weld to verify welding parameter settings
7b Irregular weld bead width Weld beads of different width, either along a part or the entire joint permissible if permissible if permissible if
length or circumference: b1 ≥ 0.7 b2 b1 ≥ 0.6 b2 b1 ≥ 0.5 b2
– heated tool at an angle
– joint face not orthogonal to axis
– MFRs of the materials joined differ (flashes are of a different
size all along the joint)

8 Flash containing bubbles or lumps Thermal damage: not permitted not permitted not permitted
– heated tool too hot
– mating and/or heating-up time too long
– damp or wet surfaces
When PVC-U and/or PVC-C is welded, the small bubbles forming
on the flash surfaces owing to the material properties have no ef-
fect on the quality of the welded joint.
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 Table 1. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
Internal condition of joint
9 Lack of fusion No fusion at all or incomplete fusion of the joint faces, either of not permitted not permitted not permitted
sections or distributed throughout the cross-section of the weld,
with or without bubbles or lumps, e. g. due to:
– damp or wet surfaces
– contaminated joint faces
– oxidized joint faces
– changeover time too long
– wrong heated tool temperature
– joint compression force too low
10 Pores and foreign matter inclusions Numerous isolated pores and/or inclusions distributed throughout small isolated pores pores and rows of pores and rows of
weld or occurring in local concentrations, e. g. due to: are permitted if pores are permitted pores are permitted
– evaporation during welding (water, solvents, ∆s ≤ 0.05 s if if
cleansing agents …) ∆s ≤ 0.10 s ∆s ≤ 0.15 s
– dirty heated tool

11 Shrinkage cavities / pores Cavities in the joint plane, e. g. due to: small isolated pores pores and rows of pores and rows of
– joint compression force too low are permitted if pores are permitted pores are permitted
∆s ≤ 0.05 s if if
– cooling time too short
Note: In high-crystallinity materials such as PP or PVDF, shrink- ∆s ≤ 0.10 s ∆s ≤ 0.15 s
age cavities may occur for physical reasons, depending on the
material type and thickness.
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42
7.4 Table 2. Description of the acceptance levels for welds made by heated tool socket welding (HD)

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of joint
Page 8 of DVS 2202-1

1.1 Faulty weld flash formation 1)
a b
1)normally occurs in conjunction with inter-
nal imperfections – fixation time too short. circumferential flash formation at the edge of the sleeve or socket.
1.2
Varying flash shapes (b) or flash missing on one or both sides (a)
(either in parts or around the entire circumference) due to
– tool temperature too high (b)
– heat applied for too long (b)
– unacceptable tolerances (a and b)
– heated tool not hot enough (a)
– heating-up time too short (a)
– clamping force of prismatic clamping devices was too high
Under normal conditions, heated tool socket welding leads to a
This flash is an initial indicator for a correctly made weld.
not permitted not permitted not permitted
One-sided flash formation due to:
– heating-up time too short
– heated tool not hot enough
– unacceptable tolerances
– only one of the items being joined was heated

1.3 Large upset volumes e. g. due to:

– heated tool too hot
– incorrect movement parts being joined, e. g. due to inadequate
fixation
– unacceptable tolerances

2 Angular misalignment (imperfect shape) Pipe welded into one or both sides of the socket at an angle´, with permissible if permissible if permissible if
or without slight stress applied, e. g. due to e ≤ 1 mm e ≤ 2 mm e ≤ 4 mm
– machine tool fault
– tool set-up fault

3.1 Lack of fusion due to deformation Deformation or oval shape of pipe end or socket due to localized permitted difference permitted difference permitted difference
pipe
welding pressure or inadequate welding pressure, e. g. due to: from the average ex- from the average ex- from the average ex-
Rohr
– radii of collar curvature are too low ternal diameter of ternal diameter of ternal diameter of
the pipe the pipe the pipe
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Muffe – incorrect storage of the pipe/tube and/or fitting

socket 1.5% 2% 3%
but not greater than but not greater than but not greater than
1.5 mm 2 mm 2 mm
 Table 2. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of joint
3.2 Lack of fusion due to incomplete insertion E. g. due to: permitted if the weld permitted up to permitted up to
of pipe – heating-up time too short is only slightly short- x ≤ 0.1 d x ≤ 0.1 d
er than the specified
– pipe ends not cut off square and and
weld length and has
– heated tool not hot enough an uninterrupted, x ≤ 0.15 ∙ socket x ≤ 0.2 ∙ socket
– axial movement while joint was cooling notch-free flash of depth depth
– resetting time too long up to
– irregular insertion speed x ≤ 0.05 d
and
x ≤ 0.1 ∙ socket
depth
Internal condition of joint
3.3 Lack of fusion due to poor fit Localized, extensive axial or circular channel formation, e. g. due not permitted not permitted not permitted
to:
– notches in the pipe surfaces
– pipe or socket dimensions out of tolerance
– wrong mechanical preparation
– pipe not correctly aligned with socket

3.4 Lack of fusion due to poor material bonding Localized or extensive incomplete welding with separation in the not permitted not permitted not permitted
joint plane, e. g. due to:
– pipe inserted too far
– thermal damage
– contaminated joint faces
– incorrect matching of materials
– residues on the heated tool
4 Constricted pipe cross-section Pipe inserted too far during heating or joining, due to not permitted not permitted not permitted
– welding of pipes with too-thin walls into sockets*
– heating-up time too long
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– axial movement while joint was cooling

– heated tool too hot

*Note: such imperfections can be permitted under certain

conditions in thin-walled pipes made of PVDF.

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44
Table 2. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
Internal condition of joint
5 Pores caused by foreign matter inclusions Numerous isolated pores and/or inclusions distributed throughout small isolated pores pores and rows of pores and rows of
Page 10 of DVS 2202-1

weld or occurring in local concentrations, e.g. due to: are permitted if pores are permitted pores are permitted
– evaporation during welding (water, solvents) ∆x ≤ 0.05 x if if
– dirty heated tool ∆x ≤ 0.10 x ∆x ≤ 0.15 x
– foreign matter
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 7.5 Table 3. Description of the acceptance levels for welds made by electrofusion welding (HM)

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of welds of straight pipe sections, branches or tapping tees and fittings
1.1 Molten material exuding between sleeve Localized exuding of melted material, frequently observed at the not permitted not permitted not permitted
and pipe fitting sockets or the circumference of one or both ends of the fit-
ting sleeve, usually with a shiny or porous surface, e. g. caused
by:
– too high welding energy applied
– excessive welding time
– welding process repeated immediately without interim cooling
– equipment fault
– warping
1.2 Angular misalignment (imperfect shape)* Pipe which has been welded into a fitting at an angle on one or permitted, for pipes permitted, for pipes permitted, for pipes
both sides, e. g. due to: (straight lengths): (straight lengths): (straight lengths):
– tool set-up fault e ≤ 2 mm / 0.4° e ≤ 3 mm / 0.6° e ≤ 6 mm / 1.2°
– movement of parts during welding for PE-X: for PE-X: for PE-X:
permitted if permitted if permitted if
e ≤ 1 mm e ≤ 2 mm e ≤ 4 mm

* An angular misalignment is an externally

visible imperfection which may cause an
internal imperfection.
Internal condition of welds of straight pipe sections, branches or tapping tees and fittings
2.1 Warping Angular misalignment with displacement of filament and molten not permitted not permitted not permitted
masses due to uneven welding pressures, with or without separa-
tion in the joint plane, e. g. due to:
– pipe ends not aligned correctly
– radii of coiled bundles too small
– bending moments applied to socket/sleeve.
2.2 Deformation Deformation or oval shape of pipe end or fitting with inadequate permitted deviation permitted deviation permitted deviation
pipe welding pressure in places, e. g. due to: from the average ex- from the average ex- from the average ex-
Rohr
– pipes not pressed to correct circular shape, particularly with ternal pipe diameter ternal pipe diameter ternal pipe diameter
coiled bundles = 1.5 %, but not = 1.5 %, but not = 1.5 %, but not
Muffe
socket more than 3 mm more than 3 mm more than 3 mm
– pipes and sleeves or fittings that were stored incorrectly
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Manufacturer’s Manufacturer’s Manufacturer’s

specifications are to specifications are to specifications are to
be observed be observed be observed

45
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46
Table 3. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
Internal condition of welds of straight pipe sections, branches or tapping tees and fittings
2.3 Lack of fusion due to weld preparation Pipe joint surface: not permitted not permitted not permitted
Page 12 of DVS 2202-1

faults – not prepared mechanically

pipe
Rohr – too much material removed by preparation process, leading to
insufficient form-fit between socket and pipe
Muffe – too much material removed in parts by preparation process,
socket
with flattened areas
– unsuitable clamping device (e. g. prismatic clamping
equipment)

2.4 Lack of fusion due to incomplete insertion Pipe ends displaced from centre of sleeve or not pushed against permitted if the inserted length is slightly, permitted if the in-
of pipe one another or against stop on one or both sides, e. g. due to i. e. up to 10 %, less than the specified in- serted length is
a) – pipes not inserted far enough at both ends (a) sertion distance slightly, i. e. up to
15 %, less than the
– unequal lengths of pipe inserted (b)
specified insertion
– pipe ends not cut off square distance

b)

c)
lizensiert für: SLV Nord gGmbH
 Table 3. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
Internal condition of welds of straight pipe sections, branches or tapping tees and fittings
2.5 Lack of fusion due to poor form fit Localized, extensive axial or circular channel formation, e. g. due not permitted not permitted not permitted
to:
– notches in the pipe surfaces
– pipe or socket dimensions out of tolerance
– wrong mechanical preparation
– pipe ends have shrunk too much
2.6 Lack of fusion due to poor material bonding Localized or extensive incomplete welding, depending on materi- not permitted not permitted not permitted
al, with or without separation in the joint plane, e. g. due to:
– welding energy too low
– heating conductors damaged
– damp or wet surfaces
– contaminated surface
– material pairs which do not conform with processing
instructions
3.1 Radial heating filament winding Heating filament windings in a wavy, bunched or displaced ar- not permitted slightly wavy fila- slightly wavy fila-
displacement rangement relative to welding surface, e. g. due to: ment winding ment winding
– overheating of weld region arrangement is arrangement is
permitted permitted
– contaminated joint surfaces
– warping

3.2 Axial heating filament winding Windings more closely grouped in an axial direction at certain not permitted not permitted not permitted
displacement points, e. g. due to:
– parts to be joined are out of tolerance
– pipe pushed in at an angle
– pipe end not cut off square
– pipe ends shrunk

4 Inclusions of foreign matter Localized, extensive axial or circular channel formation, joint sep- not permitted not permitted not permitted
aration or heating filament separation e. g. due to: (isolated individual (isolated individual (isolated individual
– contaminated surfaces pores can be pores can be pores can be
permitted) permitted) permitted)
– steam or gas formation during welding
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47
Page 13 of DVS 2202-1
48
Table 3. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
Internal condition of welds of straight pipe sections, branches or tapping tees and fittings
5.1 Lack of fusion due to poor form fit of the – due to poor axial fit of the saddle clamped onto pipe not permitted not permitted not permitted
Page 14 of DVS 2202-1

welding surface

– due to poor radial fit

5.2 Lack of fusion at the tapping point due to – due to localized or extensive channel or cavity formation not permitted not permitted not permitted
poor form fit of the weld surface
lizensiert für: SLV Nord gGmbH
 Table 3. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
Internal condition of welds of straight pipe sections, branches or tapping tees and fittings
6 Lack of fusion due to bent pipe Localized or extensive incomplete welding, with or without sepa- not permitted not permitted not permitted
ration in the joint surface, e. g. due to:
– uneven pressure application
– clamping device used on one side only
– poor external geometry of fitting
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49
Page 15 of DVS 2202-1
50
7.6 Table 4. Description of the acceptance levels for welds made by hot gas high-speed nozzle welding and hot gas round nozzle welding (WZ, WF)

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of the surfaces of single-V welds and double-V welds
Page 16 of DVS 2202-1

1 Cracks Cracks aligned with weld or oriented across to weld, e. g.: not permitted not permitted not permitted
– in the weld
– in the parent material
– in the zone exposed to heating

2 Welding bead notches Clearly visible and palpable depressions along or between the in- permissible if permissible if permissible if
dividual weld runs, e. g. due to: 0 < k ≤ 0.3 ∙ d 0 < k ≤ 0.4 ∙ d 0 < k ≤ 0.5 ∙ d
– fault in the hot gas nozzle
– poor welding rod guidance
– incorrect bead layer structure

d = welding rod diameter

3 Edge notches / continuous undercut Notches (undercuts) in the parent material along the weld, e. g. not permitted permitted for local- permitted for continu-
due to: ized occurrences ous lengths providing
– edges of nozzle tip penetrating parent material providing the notch the notch sides are
sides are not steep not steep
– incorrect joint preparation
∆s ≤ 0.1 s ∆s ≤ 0.1 s
– insufficient welding of the edge zones but not greater than but not greater than
1 mm 1 mm

4 Incomplete root penetration
5 Incompletely welded cross-section
Notch in the root because filler material has not penetrated to the not permitted not permitted not permitted
root, e. g. because:
– bevel angle of prepared edge is too small
– root gap is too small
– filler material rod or wire used for root run was too thick
– welding pressure was too low
– joint was not preheated enough
e. g. due to: not permitted not permitted not permitted
– poor edge preparation
– insufficient welding pressure
– joint not preheated enough
lizensiert für: SLV Nord gGmbH
 Table 4. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of the surfaces of single-V welds and double-V welds
6 Excessive penetration / root protrusion e. g. due to: permitted localized permissible if permissible if
– root gap too wide occurrence if ∆s ≤ 0.2 s ∆s ≤ 0.25 s
∆s ≤ 0.15 s but not greater than but not greater than
– root run made with too high pressure
but not greater than 3 mm 4 mm
2 mm

7 Bead too high / excess filler e. g. due to: permitted over con- permitted over con- permitted over con-
– too many runs applied tinuous lengths if tinuous lengths if tinuous lengths if
– incorrect edge preparation 0.1 s ≤ ∆s ≤ 0.4 s 0.05 s ≤ ∆s ≤ 0.5 s 0.05 s ≤ ∆s ≤ 0.6 s

8 Incompletely filled groove – missing final run not permitted not permitted not permitted
– insufficient filler material fed into weld

9 Mismatch of joint faces e. g. due to: permissible if permissible if permissible if

– differences in wall thickness were not compensated e1 ≤ 0.1 s e1 ≤ 0.15 s e1 ≤ 0.2 s
e2 ≤ 0.1 s e2 ≤ 0.15 s e2 ≤ 0.2 s
– materials of equal wall thickness not aligned
– depending on material and thickness:
such imperfections can impair the weld quality, e. g. in PP and
PVDF

10 Angular misalignment If it is not possible to conform with the required, i. e. permissible permissible if permissible if permissible if
angular misalignment limits due to factors relating to the materi- e ≤ 3 mm e ≤ 5 mm e ≤ 8 mm
als, crystallinity, joining of different materials and sheet
thicknesses, then experimental proof shall be provided that the
angular misalignment is due only to the properties named above.
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Page 17 of DVS 2202-1
52
Table 4. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of the surfaces of single-V welds and double-V welds
11a Weld intersections not permitted not permitted not permitted
Page 18 of DVS 2202-1

11b Staggered weld junctions permitted if a ≥ 3 x final run width and at least 30 mm

12 Rough weld surface, thermal damage Discoloration, small open bubbles, streaks or lumps and similar not permitted only isolated occur- permissible in limited
flaws e. g. due to: rences permissible areas
– contaminated hot gas nozzle
– gas too hot
13 Start fault Incompletely filled weld cross-section at one or both ends of the not permitted small cross-section reductions permissible if
weld. there are no sharp transitions
External condition of the surface of fillet welds
14 Excessive weld thickness The fillet weld thickness exceeds the standard permissible if permissible if permissible if
nominal dimension a = 0.7 s1, s2 > s1 b ≤ 0.4 a b ≤ 0.5 a b ≤ 0.6 a
lizensiert für: SLV Nord gGmbH

1
 Table 4. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of the surface of fillet welds
15 Insufficient weld thickness The fillet weld thickness is less than the standard not permitted permissible if throat – permitted if
nominal dimension a = 0.7 s1, s2 > s1 is only slightly thin- nominal
– missing final run ner than nominal dimension a is not
dimension a at indi- achieved at
vidual positions individual
b ≤ 0.15 a positions
b ≤ 0.3 a
– permitted for
welds which are
not subjected to
loads
1

16 Excessive fillet asymmetry a = 0.7 s1, s2 > s1 not permitted permissible if permissible if
z ≤ 0.15 a z ≤ 0.3 a

Internal condition of V welds and fillet welds

17 Lack of fusion Lack of fusion along the weld or at angle to weld between runs or not permitted not permitted not permitted
between filler and parent material edges; isolated pores and/or in-
clusions or local concentrations of pores and/or inclusions, e. g.
due to:
– welding temperatures too low
– contaminated joint faces
– inclusions of foreign matter
– individual runs not reworked
– steam or gas formation during welding
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Page 19 of DVS 2202-1
54
7.7 Table 5. Description of the acceptance levels for welds made by hot gas extrusion welding (WE)

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of the surfaces of single-V welds and double-V welds
Page 20 of DVS 2202-1

1 Cracks Isolated cracks or groups of cracks with and without branching, not permitted not permitted not permitted
oriented parallel to or across weld.
These may be located:
– in the weld
– in the parent material
– in the zone exposed to heating
2 Dents in final run bead Continuous or localized flat deformation aligned with weld direc- permitted if occur- permitted if occur- permitted if occur-
tion, e. g. due to: rence is localized rence is localized rence is localized
– welding shoe fault and and and
k>0 k>0 k>0
– incorrect welding tool guidance
– faulty weld starts

3 Edge notches / continuous undercut Notches (undercuts) in the parent material along the weld, e. g. permitted if occur- permitted providing permitted providing
due to: rence is localized the notch sides are the notch sides are
– incorrect welding tool guidance and providing the not steep and not steep and
notch sides are not ∆s ≤ 0.1 s ∆s ≤ 0.2 s
– incorrect preparation of edges
steep and but not greater than but not greater than
– welding shoe fault ∆s ≤ 0.1 s 2 mm 3 mm
but not greater than
1 mm
4 Insufficient welding of the edge zones Insufficient overlapping of the edges of the weld, either on one or permissible if transi- permissible if transi- permissible if transi-
on both sides, e. g. due to tion is smooth, tion is smooth, tion is smooth,
– welding shoe fault notch-free and notch-free and notch-free and
∆b ≥ 0.2 s ∆b ≥ 0.1 s ∆b ≥ 0.05 s
– wrong welding shoe size
but at least = 3 mm but at least = 2 mm but at least = 1 mm
– welding tool speed too high

5 Root notch / incomplete root penetration Notch in the root because filler material has not penetrated to the not permitted not permitted permissible if
root, e. g. due to: ∆s ≤ 0.1 s
– joint faces bent and not welded but not greater than
1 mm
– joint compression force too low
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– root retraction due to shrinkage

 Table 5. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of the surfaces of single-V welds and double-V welds
6 Incompletely welded cross-section E. g. due to: not permitted not permitted permitted if occur-
– wrong joint edge preparation rence is localized
and
– joint compression force too low
∆s ≤ 0.1 s
– insufficient preheating

7 Excess penetration / root protrusion E. g. due to: permissible for PE permissible for PE permissible for PE
– root gap too wide and PP if and PP if and PP if
0.1 s ≤ ∆s ≤ 0.25 s 0.05 s ≤ ∆s ≤ 0.3 s 0 ≤ ∆s ≤ 0.4 s
– wrong welding parameter settings (speed, temperature,
and weld has been and weld has been and weld has been
pressure)
made without root made without root made without root
notches or grooves. notches or grooves. notches or grooves.
Other materials shall be investigated individually.
8 Bead too high / excess filler Unacceptable deviation from the nominal bead height, e. g. due permissible if permissible if permissible if
to: 0.1 s ≤ ∆s ≤ 0.3 s 0.05 s ≤ ∆s ≤ 0.4 s 0 ≤ ∆s ≤ 0.5 s
– welding shoe fault but not greater than but not greater than but not greater than
6 mm 8 mm 10 mm
– joining force too low (normally in conjunction with imperfection
number 6)

9 Filler material overflow (unfused overlap) Filler material overlaps parent material on one or both sides of not permitted permitted if occur- permissible if
weld, usually without adequate fusion with parent material, e. g. rence is localized ∆b ≤ 10 mm
due to: and
– welding shoe fault ∆b ≤ 5 mm
– incorrect welding tool guidance
– not executed in accordance with DVS 2207-4

10 Sagging Weld has not been given the specified cross-section, e. g. due to: not permitted not permitted not permitted
– filler material shrinkage
– welding tool speed too high
– faulty welding shoe or wrong welding shoe size
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Page 21 of DVS 2202-1
56
Table 5. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of the surfaces of single-V welds and double-V welds
11 Mismatch of joint faces E. g. due to: permissible if permissible if permissible if
Page 22 of DVS 2202-1

– differences in wall thicknesses were not compensated e1 ≤ 0.1 s e1 ≤ 0.2 s e1 ≤ 0.3 s

e2 ≤ 0.1 s e2 ≤ 0.2 s e2 ≤ 0.3 s
– linear misalignment

12a Weld intersections not permitted not permitted not permitted

12b Staggered weld junctions permitted if a ≥ 3 x final run width and at least 50 mm

13 Asymmetrical overlap Welding shoe was not centred on joint not permitted permissible if only lo- permissible if there
calized and there are are no other
no other imperfections
imperfections
lizensiert für: SLV Nord gGmbH

14 Wavy bead surface E. g. due to: permitted if only permitted permitted

– uneven application of welding pressure occurs in isolated
sections
– welding tool speed was not constant
 Table 5. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of the surfaces of single-V welds and double-V welds
15 Rough weld surface Small open bubbles, streaks or lumps and similar flaws e. g. due not permitted not permitted not permitted
to:
– damp filler material
– wrong filler compound temperature
– wrong welding shoe temperature
– unsuitable filler compounds
– unsuitable preparation and execution
16 Thermal damage Discoloration, small lumps, shiny weld bead surfaces and similar not permitted not permitted not permitted
flaws
External condition of the surface of fillet welds
17 Bead too high / excess filler Unacceptable deviations from the specified weld geometry permissible if permissible if permissible if
nominal dimension a = 0.7 s1, s2 > s1 b ≤ 0.2 a b ≤ 0.4 a b ≤ 0.6 a
e. g. due to: but not greater than but not greater than but not greater than
4 mm 6 mm 8 mm
– welding shoe fault
– joint compression force too low

18 Throat thickness deviations Deviation from specified, nominal dimension a due to insufficient permissible if permissible if permissible if
or excessive throat thickness b≥a b ≥ 0.9 a b ≥ 0.8 a
nominal dimension a = 0.7 s1, s2 > s1 b1 ≤ 1.2 a b1 ≤ 1.4 a b1 ≤ 1.6 a
e. g. due to:
– wrong design specifications
– filler material shrinkage
– wrong welding shoe
– welding shoe fault
– insufficient joint pressure
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Page 23 of DVS 2202-1
58
Table 5. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
Internal condition of V welds, double-V welds and fillet welds
19 Pores and cavities Numerous isolated pores and/or inclusions distributed throughout small isolated pores pores and rows of pores and rows of
Page 24 of DVS 2202-1

weld or occurring in local concentrations, e. g. due to: are permitted if pores are permitted pores are permitted
– evaporation during welding (water, solvents) ∆s ≤ 0.1 s if if
∆s ≤ 0.15 s ∆s ≤ 0.2 s
– too rapid and/or uneven cooling (shrinkage cavity formation)

20 Lack of fusion No fusion with, or incomplete fusion with, other runs, tacking not permitted not permitted not permitted
points and weld edge surfaces, e g. due to:
– contaminated joint faces
– welding pressure too low
– insufficient heating
lizensiert für: SLV Nord gGmbH
 7.8 Table 6. Description of the acceptance levels for welds made by contactless heating tool butt welding (IR)

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of joint
1 Cracks Cracks oriented parallel to or across the weld not permitted not permitted not permitted
These may be located:
– in the weld
– in the parent material
– in the zone exposed to heating

2 Welding flash notches
Welding flash notches with k < 0 e. g. due to not permitted k < 0 not permitted k < 0 not permitted k < 0
– insufficient joint pressure
– heating-up time too short
– cooling time too short
– lack of parallelism of surfaces
– change of clamped workpiece position during welding

3 Notches and flutes Notches in the edge of the parent material, parallel to or across permissible if only lo- permissible if only lo- permissible if only lo-
the weld, e. g. due to: calized and the calized and the calized and the
– clamping tools groove ends get groove ends get groove ends get
gradually shallower gradually shallower gradually shallower
– incorrect transportation
and the bottom of and and
– edge preparation faults the notch or groove ∆s ≤ 0.1 s ∆s ≤ 0.15 s
is not acute but not greater than but not greater than
∆s ≤ 0.1 s 1 mm 2 mm
but not greater than
0.5 mm
4 Mismatch of joint faces The joint faces are not aligned or the thicknesses have not been permissible if permissible if permissible if
matched correctly. e ≤ 0.1 s e ≤ 0.15 s e ≤ 0.2 s
– depending on the materials and thicknesses, such but not greater than but not greater than but not greater than
misalignment can impair the weld quality, e. g. of PVDF. 2 mm 4 mm 5 mm
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Page 25 of DVS 2202-1
60
Table 6. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
External condition of joint
5 Angular mismatch of joint faces E. g. due to: permissible for pipes permissible for pipes permissible for pipes
Page 26 of DVS 2202-1

– machine tool fault (straight lengths) if (straight lengths) if (straight lengths) if

e ≤ 1 mm e ≤ 2 mm e ≤ 4 mm
– tool set-up fault
– impermissible force applied during cooling permissible for permissible for permissible for
sheets if sheets if sheets if
e ≤ 2 mm e ≤ 3 mm e ≤ 6 mm

6 Weld flash shape Due to the wide variety of materials, material types and the result- The fabrication and The fabrication and The fabrication and
ing different bead and flash formations which may evolve, it is not testing of sample testing of sample testing of sample
possible to define a standardized evaluation scheme here. welds as a reference welds as a reference welds as a reference
is recommended. is recommended. is recommended.
7a Upset or bead volume is noticeably too Due to wrong welding parameter values not permitted not permitted not permitted
small or too large – make a comparison weld to verify welding parameter settings
7b Irregular weld bead/flash shape Weld beads of different width, either along a part or the entire joint permissible if permissible if permitted if
length or circumference: b1 ≥ 0.7 b2 b1 ≥ 0.6 b2 b1 ≥ 0.5 b2
– heated tool at an angle
– joint face not orthogonal to axis

Note: Where different materials are joined by welding, these shall

be considered as special welding cases.

8 Upset with bubbles or lumps Thermal damage: not permitted not permitted not permitted
– heated tool too hot
– mating and/or heating-up time too long
– damp or wet surfaces
Internal condition of joint
9 Lack of fusion No fusion at all or incomplete fusion of the joint faces, either of not permitted not permitted not permitted
sections or distributed throughout the cross section of the weld,
with or without bubbles or lumps, e. g. due to:
– damp or wet surfaces
lizensiert für: SLV Nord gGmbH

– contaminated joint faces

– oxidized joint faces
– resetting time too long
– wrong heated tool temperature
– joint compression force too low
 Table 6. continued

Acceptance level
No. Feature Description
I II III
Internal condition of joint
10 Pores or foreign matter inclusions Numerous isolated pores and/or inclusions distributed throughout small isolated pores pores and rows of pores and rows of
weld or occurring in local concentrations, e. g. due to: are permitted if pores are permitted pores are permitted
– evaporation during welding (water, solvents, ∆s ≤ 0.05 s if if
cleansing agents …) ∆s ≤ 0.10 s ∆s ≤ 0.15 s
– dirty heated tool

11 Shrinkage cavities Cavities in the joint plane, e.g. due to: small isolated pores pores and rows of pores and rows of
– joint compression force too low are permitted if pores are permitted pores are permitted
∆s ≤ 0.05 s if if
– cooling time too short
∆s ≤ 0.10 s ∆s ≤ 0.15 s
Note: In high-crystallinity materials such as PP or PVDF, shrink-
age cavities may occur due to physical reasons, depending on the
material type and thickness.
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61
Page 27 of DVS 2202-1
 File: D:\Eigene Dateien\Kunden\DVS\Ri+Me\2203neu\e2203-1.fm
Erstellt am:
Zuletzt geändert am: lizensiert für: SLV Nord gGmbH
06.01.2003
28.01.2003

January 2003

DVS – DEUTSCHER VERBAND Testing of welded joints

FÜR SCHWEISSEN UND of thermoplastic sheets and pipes Directive
VERWANDTE VERFAHREN E.V. Test methods – Requirements DVS 2203-1

Contents: Table 1. Materials and letter symbols.

1 Scope Letter symbol Description of material1)

2 Materials and characteristics PE-HD High density polyethylene
3 Tests
3.1 Non-destructive tests PE 63 (Subdivision of PE into strength classes)
3.2 Destructive tests
PE 80 (Subdivision of PE into strength classes)
4 Requirements
4.1 Non-destructive tests PE 100 (Subdivision of PE into strength classes)
4.2 Destructive tests
5 Relevant Standards and Directives PE Xa Peroxide-crosslinked polyethylene
PP Polypropylene
1 Scope PP-H Polypropylene homopolymer (type 1)
Reprinting and copying, even in the form of excerpts, only with the consent of the publisher

PP-B Polypropylene block copolymer (type 2)

This directive provides the processor of semifinished products of
thermoplastics and the user of the products with instructions for PP-R Polypropylene random copolymer (type 3)
testing welded joints. The requirements of the tests which are
treated in detail in part 2 – 5 of this directive are mentioned in the PVC-U Polyvinyl chloride unplasticized
corresponding supplements of part 1. PVC-NI Polyvinyl chloride normal impact
The useful test procedure has to be chosen according to the
PVC-RI Polyvinyl chloride raised impact
corresponding execution and application. Here it has to be
considered that the test results depend on the manufacturing PVC-HI Polyvinyl chloride high impact
conditions for the test specimens and on the test conditions. For
this reason they are only transferable to the behaviour of a PVC-C Polyvinyl chloride chlorinated
product or to the design calculation if the arising practical PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride
requirements correspond to manufacturing and test conditions or
if the influence of form and stress is considered. Footnote 1):
– PE-HD is subdivided into strength classes with the names PE 63
2 Materials and characteristics (MRS ≥ 6,3 N/mm2), PE 80 (MRS ≥ 8,3 N/mm2), PE 100 (MRS ≥ 10,0
N/mm2).
This directive covers the plastics listed in table 1 which are – PVC-U: Name for PVC unplasticized, until now also used for normal
mainly used in the apparatus and piping engineering: impact PVC. New name: PVC-NI (normal impact).
These plastics have specific characteristics regarding processing – PVC-HI: Name for all impact-resistant modified PVC types. New name:
and application technology due to their molecular structure. PVC-RI (raised impact); PVC-HI (high impact).
These material properties have to be considered for applications
of thermoplastic semifinished products, mainly for load-bearing
components, especially when they are at the same time 3 Tests
subjected to mechanical, thermal and chemical stress.
The characteristics of the semifinished products – pipes, sheets, Different kinds of tests can be used for testing welded joints with
profiles, fittings – with the relevant tests are described in DVS regard to the set requirements or the desired results and the
2201-1. The characteristic values of the semifinished products given possibilities.
can be taken from the pertinent DIN standards or the
specifications according to EN. The welding fillers are treated in Besides the measures described in DVS 2201-2 welding trials
DVS 2211 or DIN EN 12943. The characteristic values of the subjected to testings conforming to the practice are necessary for
most common thermoplastics for design calculation can be testing the weldability of a given combination of basic material
found in DVS 2205-1 or DIN EN 1778. and filler material.

This publication has been drawn up by a group of experienced specialists working in an honorary capacity and its consideration as an important source of information
is recommended. The user should always check to what extent the contents are applicable to his particular case and whether the version on hand is still valid. No
liability can be accepted by the Deutscher Verband für Schweißtechnik e.V., and those participating in the drawing up of the document.

DVS, Technical Committee, Working Group “Joining of Plastics”

Orders to: DVS-Verlag GmbH, P. O. Box 10 19 65, 40010 Düsseldorf, Germany, Phone: + 49(0)211/1591- 0, Telefax: + 49(0)211/1591-150

62