U-TUBE MANOMETER

 It consists of a tube of glass bent into a U shape filled with

a Manometric fluid.
 Water & Mercury are used as manometric fluid.

 If one port is left open to the atmosphere and the other

port is connected to the pressure to be measured, the
device acts as a gauge pressure meter.
 For equilibrium at the datum point at

the bottom of the tube the total

pressure in each limb must be equal.
 If the measurand fluid is air then the pressure due to it
can be ignored as the term will be very small compared
to the other terms.

If p2 is atmospheric pressure then the result for p1 is an

absolute pressure measurement
The desirable characteristics of a manometer fluid
are:
1. It should be non-corrosive and not having any
chemical reaction with the fluid whose pressure
is being measured.
2. It should have low viscosity

3. It should have negligible surface tension.

 WELL TYPE MANOMETER
 In well-type manometer, one leg is replaced by a large diameter well.
Since the cross sectional area of well is much larger than the other leg,
when pressure is applied to the well, the manometer liquid in the well
lowers only slightly compared to liquid rise in the other leg.
 As a result this, pressure difference can be
indicated only by the height of the liquid
column
INCLINED TUBE MANOMETER
 Manometer limb is inclined at an angle to the horizontal.
 The effect of inclining the limb is to make the manometer more
sensitive than the well type, allowing the more accurate measurement
of a lower range of pressures
FORCE SUMMING DEVICES & Electric Transducers:

 The force summing devices are those which converts the

applied pressure into displacements by primary
transducers (Force Summing Devices) while generated
displacements may be measured by secondary
transducers( Electric Transducers).
 The commonly used force summing devices are-
1- DIAPHRAGM
2 BELLOWS
3 BOURDON TUBE
The commonly used Electric Transducers are-
1. LVDT 3. Potentiometer
2. Inductive 4. Capacitive
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT WITH BOURDON TUBE AND LVDT
 The tube is manufactured by flattening a circular cross-section tube and
bending it into a C shape. One end is fixed and connected to the pressure to
be measured. The other end is closed and left free.
 As pressure is applied the tube straightens and return to its original form
when it is released.
 Made from materials such as stainless steel or phosphor bronze.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT WITH BELLOWS AND LVDT

 The bellows expand or contract axially depending on the incoming pressure.

 The pressure to be measured can be applied to the outside or inside of the
bellows however, in practice, most bellows measuring devices have the
pressure applied to the outside of the bellows.
 Like Bourdon-tube the elastic elements in the bellow gauges are made up of
stainless steel, phosphor bronze, brass.
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSSURE WITH DIAPHRAGM AND INDUCTIVE
TRANSDUCER

o Figure shows an arrangement which uses two coils: an upper & lower coil
which forms two arms of an ac bridge.
o The coils have equal no. of turns.
o When P1=P2 the reluctances of the paths of magnetic flux for both the coils
are equal and hence inductances of the coils are equal. Under this condition
the bridge is balanced and output e0 of the bridge is zero.
 Initial self-inductance, L= N2/R0,
where N=Number of turns,
R0 = Initial reluctance of the flux path
 Suppose P2 is greater than P1, and therefore differential pressure
P=P2-P1, deflects the diaphragm upwards through a distance d.
 Now the reluctance of the flux path of the upper coil is
R 1 = R 0 + K (D − d )
and that of the lower coil is
R 2 = R 0 + K (D + d )
where K is a constant, D is the initial distance of the diaphragm from the coils
and d is the displacement of the diaphragms due to force.
o Hence inductance of the upper coil is
L1= N2/R1= N2/[R0 +K(D-d)]
and that of lower coil is
L2= N2/R2= N2/[R0 +K(D+d)]
The bridge becomes unbalanced.
 Since R0, K, D and ei are constant, the output voltage is directly
proportional to d, which is directly proportional to differential pressure
P=P1-P2
MEASUREMENT OF PRESSSURE WITH BELLOWS AND
POTENTIOMETER