PRACTICAL FILE

ON
INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT-LAB

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Batch 2020 - 23

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

JATIN RAWAT Dr. RAKHI
ENROLNMENT NO: 07715501720 Ms. KOMAL
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

NEW DELHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

61A, TUGHLAKABAD, NEW DELHI-62

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the practical titled “Information System Management-Lab” submitted
by JATIN RAWAT to New Delhi Institute of Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
University in partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of the Bachelor of Business
Administration degree is an original piece of work carried out under my guidance and may be
submitted for evaluation.
The assistance rendered during the study has been duly acknowledged.
No part of this work has been submitted for any other degree.

Place: New Delhi Faculty Guide

Date: 01-04-2022 Dr. Rakhi & Ms. Komal

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people and this work is not different. Regardless of
the source, I wish to express my gratitude to those who may have contributed to this work, even
though anonymously.

I would like to pay my sincere thanks to my Information System Management-Lab faculty Dr.
Rakhi and Ms. Komal under whose guidance I was able to complete my Practical successfully. I have
been fortunate enough to get all the support, encouragement and guidance from him needed to
explore, think new and initiate.

My final thank goes out to my parents, family members, teachers and friends who encouraged me
countless times to persevere through this entire process.

JATIN RAWAT

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 INDEX Page
No.
1 Explain Information System Management.
a. DSS 4 TO 11
b. EIS
c. TPS
2 Introduction of Database Management System.
11
3 Introduction to the following Concepts.
a. DDL
b. DML
c. TCL 12 TO 15
d. Aggregate Function with example

4 Explain ER D with an Example.

15 TO 20

5 Create Employee Table with EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, EMP_DEPT,

EMP_ADDRESS, MOBILE_NUMBER, EMP_SALARY and then Use
Aggregate function by Queries 20 TO 22

6 Write the query for these command

• ALTER
• INSERT
• UPDATE 22 TO 25
• LIKE

1. Explain Information System Management.

Management Information System or 'MIS' is a planned system of collecting, storing, and disseminating data in
the form of information needed to carry out the functions of management.

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To the managers, Management Information System is an implementation of the organizational systems and
procedures. To a programmer it is nothing but file structures and file processing. However, it involves much more
complexity.

The three components of MIS provide a more complete and focused definition, where System suggests integration
and holistic view, Information stands for processed data, and Management is the ultimate user, the decision
makers.

Management information system can thus be analysed as follows –

Management

Management covers the planning, control, and administration of the operations of a concern. The top management
handles planning; the middle management concentrates on controlling; and the lower management is concerned with
actual administration.

Information

Information, in MIS, means the processed data that helps the management in planning, controlling and operations.
Data means all the facts arising out of the operations of the concern. Data is processed i.e., recorded, summarized,
compared and finally presented to the management in the form of MIS report.

System

Data is processed into information with the help of a system. A system is made up of inputs, processing, output and
feedback or control.

Thus, MIS means a system for processing data in order to give proper information to the management for performing
its functions.

A) DSS

Decision support systems (DSS) are interactive software-based systems intended to help managers in decision-
making by accessing large volumes of information generated from various related information systems
involved in organizational business processes, such as office automation system, transaction processing system, etc.

DSS uses the summary information, exceptions, patterns, and trends using the analytical models. A decision support
system helps in decision-making but does not necessarily give a decision itself. The decision makers compile useful

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information from raw data, documents, personal knowledge, and/or business models to identify and solve problems
and make decisions.

Programmed and Non-programmed Decisions

There are two types of decisions - programmed and non-programmed decisions.

Programmed decisions are basically automated processes, general routine work, where −

• These decisions have been taken several times.

• These decisions follow some guidelines or rules.

For example, selecting a reorder level for inventories, is a programmed decision.

Non-programmed decisions occur in unusual and non-addressed situations, so −

• It would be a new decision.

• There will not be any rules to follow.

• These decisions are made based on the available information.

• These decisions are based on the manger's discretion, instinct, perception and judgment.

For example, investing in a new technology is a non-programmed decision.

Decision support systems generally involve non-programmed decisions. Therefore, there will be no exact
report, content, or format for these systems. Reports are generated on the fly.

Attributes of a DSS

• Adaptability and flexibility

• High level of Interactivity

• Ease of use

• Efficiency and effectiveness

• Complete control by decision-makers

• Ease of development

• Extendibility

• Support for modelling and analysis

• Support for data access

• Standalone, integrated, and Web-based

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Characteristics of a DSS

• Support for decision-makers in semi-structured and unstructured problems.

• Support for managers at various managerial levels, ranging from top executive to line managers.

• Support for individuals and groups. Less structured problems often require the involvement of several
individuals from different departments and organization level.

• Support for interdependent or sequential decisions.

• Support for intelligence, design, choice, and implementation.

• Support for variety of decision processes and styles.

• DSSs are adaptive over time.

Benefits of DSS

• Improves efficiency and speed of decision-making activities.

• Increases the control, competitiveness and capability of futuristic decision-making of the organization.

• Facilitates interpersonal communication.

• Encourages learning or training.

• Since it is mostly used in non-programmed decisions, it reveals new approaches and sets up new evidences for
an unusual decision.

• Helps automate managerial processes.

Components of a DSS

Following are the components of the Decision Support System −

• Database Management System (DBMS) − To solve a problem the necessary data may come from internal or
external database. In an organization, internal data are generated by a system such as TPS and MIS. External
data come from a variety of sources such as newspapers, online data services, databases (financial, marketing,
human resources).

• Model Management System − It stores and accesses models that managers use to make decisions.
Such models are used for designing manufacturing facility, analysing the financial health of an
organization, forecasting demand of a product or service, etc.

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 Support Tools − Support tools like online help; pulls down menus, user interfaces, graphical analysis, error
correction mechanism, facilitates the user interactions with the system.

Classification of DSS

There are several ways to classify DSS. Hoi Apple and Whinstone classifies DSS as follows −

• Text Oriented DSS − It contains textually represented information that could have a bearing on decision. It
allows documents to be electronically created, revised and viewed as needed.

• Database Oriented DSS − Database plays a major role here; it contains organized and highly structured data.

• Spreadsheet Oriented DSS − It contains information in spread sheets that allows create, view,
modify procedural knowledge and also instructs the system to execute self-contained instructions. The most
popular tool is Excel and Lotus 1-2-3.

• Solver Oriented DSS − It is based on a solver, which is an algorithm or procedure written for performing
certain calculations and particular program type.

• Rules Oriented DSS − It follows certain procedures adopted as rules.

• Rules Oriented DSS − Procedures are adopted in rules oriented DSS. Export system is the example.

• Compound DSS − It is built by using two or more of the five structures explained above.

Types of DSS

Following are some typical DSSs −

• Status Inquiry System − It helps in taking operational, management level, or middle level
management
decisions, for example daily schedules of jobs to machines or machines to operators.

• Data Analysis System − It needs comparative analysis and makes use of formula or an algorithm, for example
cash flow analysis, inventory analysis etc.

• Information Analysis System − In this system data is analysed and the information report is generated. For
example, sales analysis, accounts receivable systems, market analysis etc.

• Accounting System − It keeps track of accounting and finance related information, for example, final account,
accounts receivables, accounts payables, etc. that keep track of the major aspects of the business.

• Model Based System − Simulation models or optimization models used for decision-making are used
infrequently and creates general guidelines for operation or management.

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B) EIS

An Executive Information System (EIS) is a kind of decision support system (DSS) used in organizations to help
executives in decision making. It does so by providing easy access to important data needed in an organization to
achieve strategic goals. An EIS usually has graphical displays on a user-friendly interface.
Executive information systems can be used for monitoring company performance in many different types of
organizations as well as for identifying opportunities and problems.

Executive support systems are intended to be used directly by senior managers to support unscheduled strategic
management decisions. Often such information is external, unstructured and even uncertain. Often, the exact scope
and context of such information are not known in advance.

This information is based on data,

• Business intelligence
• Financial intelligence
• Data with technology support to analyse

Executive Information System-Key Characteristics

The below mentioned figure describes about key characteristics of EIS: -

➢ Detailed data – EIS provides absolute data from its existing database.
➢ Integrate external and internal data – EIS integrates integrate external and internal data. The external data
collected from various sources.
➢ Presenting information – EIS represents available data in graphical form which helps to analyse it easily.
➢ Trend analysis – EIS helps executives of the organizations to data prediction based on trend data.

➢ Easy to use – It is a very simplest system to use.

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Advantages of EIS

• Trend Analysis
• Improvement of corporate performance in the marketplace
• Development of managerial leadership skills
• Improves decision-making
• Simple to use by senior executives
• Better reporting method
• Improved office efficiency

Disadvantage of EIS

• Due to technical functions, not to easy to use by everyone

• Executives may encounter overload of information
• Difficult to manage database due to the large size of data
• Excessive costs for small business organizations

C) TPS
A transaction is a simple process that takes place during business operations. The transaction processing
system (TPS) manages the business transactions of the client and therefore helps a company's operations. A TPS
registers, as well as all of its consequences, a non-inquiry transaction itself in the database and generates
transaction-related documents.
TPS manages and records transactions. It is the automation of the simple, repetitive processing used to support
business operations.
Many real-time advantages for every company are offered by transaction processing systems. TPS uses data and
creates reports as shown in the diagram below. To find out the key insights for decision-making, it offers
graphical or condensed textual data.

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TPS was previously referred to as the Management Information System. Data processing was conducted manually or
with simple machines before computers. TPS's domain is at the lowest level of an organization's management
hierarchy.

A transaction processing system is a form of computer processing that takes place in the presence of a computer
user and allows a user request or transaction to be answered immediately. Some examples of processing systems for
transactions include,

• ATM transactions
• Credit Card system
• Electronic Commerce
• Online Payments
• Online Trading Stocks
• Self-checking stations

TPS is needed to conduct business in nearly any organization today. TPSs bring data into the databases of the
organization; these systems are also a basis on which management-oriented information systems are based.

2) Introduction of Database Management System

Database: Database is a collection of inter-related data which helps in efficient retrieval, insertion and deletion of
data from database and organizes the data in the form of tables, views, schemas, reports etc. For Example, university
database organizes the data about students, faculty, and admin staff etc. which helps in efficient retrieval, insertion
and deletion of data from it.

Database Management System: The software which is used to manage database is called Database Management
System (DBMS). For Example, MySQL, Oracle etc. are popular commercial DBMS used in different applications.
DBMS allows users the following tasks:
Data Definition: It helps in creation, modification and removal of definitions that define the organization of data in
database.
Data Updation: It helps in insertion, modification and deletion of the actual data in the database.
Data Retrieval: It helps in retrieval of data from the database which can be used by applications for various
purposes.
User Administration: It helps in registering and monitoring users, enforcing data security, monitoring performance,
maintaining data integrity, dealing with concurrency control and recovering information corrupted by unexpected
failure.

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3) Introduction to the following Concepts.

A) DDL

DDL is short name of Data Definition Language, which deals with database schemas and descriptions, of how the
data should reside in the database.
CREATE: to create a database and its objects like (table, index, views, store procedure, function, and triggers)
ALTER: alters the structure of the existing database
DROP: delete objects from the database
TRUNCATE: remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are removed
COMMENT: add comments to the data dictionary

RENAME: rename an object

B) DML
DML is short name of Data Manipulation Language which deals with data manipulation and includes most
common SQL statements such SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, etc., and it is used to store, modify, retrieve,
delete and update data in a database.
SELECT: retrieve data from a database
INSERT: insert data into a table
UPDATE: updates existing data within a table
DELETE: Delete all records from a database table
MERGE: UPSERT operation (insert or update)
CALL: call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
EXPLAIN PLAN: interpretation of the data access path
LOCK TABLE: concurrency Control

C) TCL

Introduction to TCL

❖ TCL stands for Transaction Control Language.

❖ This command is used to manage the changes made by DML statements.
❖ TCL allows the statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.

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TCL commands are as follows:
1. COMMIT
2. SAVEPOINT
3. ROLLBACK
4. SET TRANSACTION

1. COMMIT COMMAND

• COMMIT command saves all the work done.

• It ends the current transaction and makes permanent changes during the transaction.
Syntax:
commit;

2. SAVEPOINT COMMAND

• SAVEPOINT command is used for saving all the current point in the processing of a transaction.
• It marks and saves the current point in the processing of a transaction.

Syntax:
SAVEPOINT <savepoint_name>

Example:
SAVEPOINT no_update;

• It is used to temporarily save a transaction, so that you can roll back to that point whenever necessary.

3. ROLLBACK COMMAND

• ROLLBACK command restores database to original since the last COMMIT.

• It is used to restores the database to last committed state.
Syntax:
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT <savepoint_name>;

Example:
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT no_update;

4. SET TRANSACTION

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 • SET TRANSACTION is used for placing a name on a transaction.

Syntax:
SET TRANSACTION [Read Write | Read Only];

• You can specify a transaction to be read only or read write.

• This command is used to initiate a database transaction.

D) Aggregate Function with example

In database management an aggregate function is a function where the values of multiple rows are grouped
together as input on certain criteria to form a single value of more significant meaning.
Various Aggregate Functions
1) Count()

2) Sum()

3) Avg()

4) Min()

5) Max()

Now let us understand each Aggregate function with an example:

Id Name Salary

-----------------------

1 A 80

2 B 40

3 C 60

4 D 70

5 E 60

6 F Null

Count():

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Count(*): Returns total number of records. i.e., 6.
Count(salary): Return number of Non-Null values over the column salary. i.e., 5.
Count(Distinct Salary): Return number of distinct Non Null values over the column salary. i.e., 4

Sum():

sum(salary): Sum all Non-Null values of Column salary i.e., 310

sum(Distinct salary): Sum of all distinct Non-Null values i.e., 250.

Avg():

Avg(salary) = Sum(salary) / count(salary) = 310/5

Avg(Distinct salary) = sum(Distinct salary) / Count(Distinct Salary) = 250/4

Min():

Min(salary): Minimum value in the salary column except NULL i.e., 40.
Max(salary): Maximum value in the salary i.e., 80.

4) Explain ER D with an Example.

An Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) is a visual representation of different entities within a system
and how they relate to each other. For example, the elements writer, novel, and a consumer may be
described using ER diagrams the following way:

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What is the use of ER Diagrams?

ER Models in Database Design

They are widely used to design relational databases. The entities in the ER schema become tables, attributes and
converted the database schema. Since they can be used to visualize database tables and their relationships it’s
commonly used for database troubleshooting as well.

Entity relationship diagrams in software engineering

Entity relationship diagrams are used in software engineering during the planning stages of the software project. They
help to identify different system elements and their relationships with each other. It is often used as the basis for data
flow diagrams or DFD’s as they are commonly known.

For example, an inventory software used in a retail shop will have a database that monitors elements such as
purchases, item, item type, item source and item price. Rendering this information through an ER diagram would be
something like this:
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In the diagram, the information inside the oval shapes are attributes of a particular entity.

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) Symbols and Notations

There are three basic elements in an ER Diagram: entity, attribute, relationship. There are more elements which are
based on the main elements. They are weak entity, multi valued attribute, derived attribute, weak relationship, and
recursive relationship. Cardinality and ordinality are two other notations used in ER diagrams to further
define relationships.

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Entity

An entity can be a person, place, event, or object that is relevant to a given system. For example, a school system may
include students, teachers, major courses, subjects, fees, and other items. Entities are represented in ER diagrams by a
rectangle and named using singular nouns.

Weak Entity

A weak entity is an entity that depends on the existence of another entity. In more technical terms it can be defined as
an entity that cannot be identified by its own attributes. It uses a foreign key combined with its attributed to form the
primary key. An entity like order item is a good example for this. The order item will be meaningless without an
order so it depends on the existence of the order.

Attribute

An attribute is a property, trait, or characteristic of an entity, relationship, or another attribute. For example, the
attribute Inventory Item Name is an attribute of the entity Inventory Item. An entity can have as many attributes as
necessary. Meanwhile, attributes can also have their own specific attributes. For example, the attribute “customer
address” can have the attributes number, street, city, and state. These are called composite attributes. Note that some
top level ER diagrams do not show attributes for the sake of simplicity. In those that do, however, attributes are
represented by oval shapes.

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Multivalued Attribute

If an attribute can have more than one value it is called a multi-valued attribute. It is important to note that this is
different from an attribute having its own attributes. For example, a teacher entity can have multiple subject values.

Example of a multivalued attribute

Derived Attribute

An attribute based on another attribute. This is found rarely in ER diagrams. For example, for a circle, the area can be
derived from the radius.

Derived Attribute in ER diagrams

Relationship

A relationship describes how entities interact. For example, the entity “Carpenter” may be related to the entity “table”
by the relationship “builds” or “makes”. Relationships are represented by diamond shapes and are labeled using
verbs.

Using Relationships in Entity Relationship Diagrams

Recursive Relationship

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If the same entity participates more than once in a relationship it is known as a recursive relationship. In the below
example an employee can be a supervisor and be supervised, so there is a recursive relationship.

Example of a recursive relationship in ER diagrams

Cardinality and Ordinality

These two further defines relationships between entities by placing the relationship in the context of numbers. In an
email system, for example, one account can have multiple contacts. The relationship, in this case, follows a “one to
many” model. There are a number of notations used to present cardinality in ER diagrams. Chen, UML, Crow’s foot,
Bachman are some of the popular notations. Creately supports Chen, UML and Crow’s foot notations. The following
example uses UML to show cardinality.

5) Create Employee Table with EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, EMP_DEPT, EMP_ADDRESS,

MOBILE_NUMBER, EMP_SALARY and then Use Aggregate function by Queries

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 OUTPUT:-

Aggregate functions:-

1) MIN:-

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2) MAX:-

3) AVERAGE:-

4) SUM:-

5) COUNT:-

6) Write the query for these command

➢ ALTER:-

OUTPUT:-
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 ➢ INSERT

OUTPUT:-

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 ➢ LIKE

➢ UPDATE
TABLE BEFORE UPDATE COMMAND:-

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UPDATE COMMAND:-

TABLE AFTER UPDATE COMMAND:-

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