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Principle of Teletraffic
Engineering
Assignment
MUHAMMAD
MUHAMMAD NAVEED
NAVEED
SHAIKH
08TL19
Submitted to:
Sir Nasrullah Pirzada

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 1 Simulation:
It is statistical method to estimate the performance or some other
characteristics if the system is under consideration.

Phases of simulation;

1. Modeling of system

2. Generation of realization of this stochastic process

3. Collection of data

4. Statistical analysis of the gathered data.

Importance in traffic Engineering.

• No restriction is on simulation we can consider any situation even best or

worst.

• Modeling is very easy.

• We can switch the many situations very rapidly.

• We can calculate exact values.

• It provides the full insight of the system so one cans easily analysis without
hits and trials method.

• We can achieve required optimization but on the cost many resources like
time, power etc.

2. Traffic control and congestion in ATM.

Control of traffic in ATM:

Traffic control refers to predictive traffic handling methods.

Main functions of Control:

Resource management using virtual path connection: it includes the management

of group of VCs according to traffic types which they carry .since there are different
traffic on different VCs so they require different QoS which is also comes under the
resource management.

Connection admission control:

It includes some of the below function:

• It prohibits the system from overload.

• It checks whether the path is which is about to assign is up to mark means

provides required QoS or not

Traffic shaping:

• Means it will make the traffic so that all data streams can flow without any
ambiguity.

Congestion in ATM:

It refers to the reactive traffic handling methods

Main function of congestion:

• Explicit forward congestion indication

It is a bit in cell header which gives warnings about the congestion in an ATM.

• ABR flow control

In the ABR services, the sources adapts its rate to changing network
conditions.ABR flow is based on specific resource management.

• Selective cell discard

In ATM, to minimize the congestion we have CLP feature cell loss priority which t
ells network that it can reject or approve the particular cell.

• Frame discard

It is like a feature which is used to discard the frame which is possible for
network to remove the congestion within the network.

3. Traffic management in internet:

Traffic management is needed in order to achieve the required QoS and
performance under these circumstances and to protect the network and other users
against badly behaving traffic. Internet has been a best effort service environment.
Very limited traffic management capabilities exist in IP networks to provide
differentiated queue management and scheduling service to packets belonging to
different classes. In terms of routing control, Internet has employed distributed
protocols for intra-domain routing. These protocols are highly scalable and resilient.
However, they are based on simple algorithms for path selection which have very
limited functionality to allow flexible control of the path selection process

Dynamic Routing in the Internet Routing algorithms used in the Internet are
adaptations of the Shortest Path Tree (SPF) algorithm, where cost is based on link
metrics. These metrics can be static or dynamic quantities. Static metrics are
assigned administratively according to local criteria. Dynamic metrics are assigned
dynamically based on some measure such as delay, packet loss or throughput.

Static link metric assignment can easily lead to unfavorable scenarios where some
links become congested while some others remain lightly loaded. Even using
dynamic link metric assignment in accordance with the traffic being routed (using a
traffic matrix like Q-OSPF does), unbalanced load in the network can still occur due
to some factors like resources not being deployed in the most optimal locations,
forecasting errors, and dynamics in the traffic matrix due to the temporal nature of
traffic patterns. All these considerations are moving the interest in path-oriented
technologies such as "explicit routing" and "constraint-based" routing.

ToS (Type of Service) Routing ToS Routing involves different routes going
to the same destination with selection dependent upon the ToS field of an IP
packet. The ToS classes may be classified as low delay and high throughput.
Each link is associated with multiple link costs and each link cost is used to
compute routes for a particular ToS. A separate SPF is computed for each
ToS. The SPF algorithm must be run for each ToS resulting in very expensive
computation. Classical ToS-based routing is now outdated as the IP header's
ToS field has been replaced by an IP header's DiffServ (DS) field. Effective
traffic engineering is difficult to perform in classical ToS-based routing
because each class still relies exclusively on SPF routing which results in
localization of traffic concentration within the network

4. Traffic and congestion control in the

internet.

There are number of methods for this I discussing some of them

 • TCP flow control

It stops the different sources to transmit the data more than that which can
receive by receiver without error.

• TCP congestion control

It stops the different sources to transmit the data more than that which can
flow without congestion within the network.

• TCP Vegas congestion avoidance

Its purpose is to avoid the number of packets more than that which exceeds
the bottle neck limit.

• Packed scheduling

It tells the network which packet should flow first and which will go next we
can say it tells the order in which packets are transmitted and this
arrangement ultimately avoid congestions.

• Queue management

It‘s motive is to make the queue management more efficient and tells the
network this packet should not store in the buffer or queue in the buffer
because of many reasons.

5. QoS architecture:
QoS service architecture tells the network that which services required which
type of QoS so we can say it divides the services in to classes according to
their QoS requirements.

Integrated services:

There are no of services like CBR, VBR best effort UBR etc they requiem
different types of QoS for example for VBR we can vary the QoS and in same
way we can compromise on Quality of service for best effort.

Differentiated Service:

There are no signaling and static service level agreements. QOS is also differential
for these services. Higher priority traffic (packets) gets more quality of service than
low priority packets.
 6. Traffic forecasting and dimensioning
Traffic forecasting:

It is the information about the future demands for telecommunications traffic. It

gives an estimate of future traffic.

Purpose of traffic forecasting is to provide a basis for network planning,

dimensioning and taking decisions in network investments.

Traffic forecasting defines the estimated traffic growth in the network over the
planning period.

Starting point: current traffic in busy hour

Other factors include changes in the number of subscriber and changes in the traffic
per subscriber.

Final results traffic matrix describes the traffic interest between exchanges or
local exchanges.

Dimensioning

The basic task of dimensioning determines the minimum system capacity needed in
order that incoming traffic meet the specified grade of service.

Some important points.

• Traffic is varying continuously so dimension observation should also be

continuous

• Dimension should be based on peak traffic not on average because it will

allow maximum traffic.

• Dimensioning should be cost effective.

• Peak traffic is determined by the concept of busy hour.