DRON SURVEY

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by
AADITH P C
(19011670)

To
the Board of Technical Education, Kerala
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of Diploma in Civil Engineering.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MALABAR POLYTECHNIC CAMPUS
CHERPULASSERY
2021-22
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
MALABAR POLYTECHNIC CAMPUS, CHERPULASSERY

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report entitled “DRONE SURVEY” is the report of seminar
presented by AADITH P C, (19011670) during year 2021-22 in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the Diploma in Civil Engineering of the Board of
Technical Education, Kerala.

Mrs.Sudhanya K S Mrs. Sunaina K

LECTURE Head of the Department
Dept. of Civil Engineering Dept. of Civil Engineering

.
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Seminar Report 2021-22 Drone Survey

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I wish to thank the omnipotent God for his blessings.
I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to our honorable Principle
Mr. Muhammed Sirajudheen A, Malabar Polytechnic Campus, Cherpulassery for
his motivation and for creating an inspiring atmosphere in the college by providing
state of art facilities for seminar presentation.

Our sincere thanks to Mrs. Sunaina K, Head of section, Department of Civil

Engineering, for her whole hearted support in completion of the seminar
presentation.

I am highly indebted to my guide. . Mrs.Sudhanya K S, Lecture,,

Department of Civil Engineering, for his valuable support and guidance throughout
the seminar presentation.

I also take the opportunity to thank my Parent, Friends and loved one who
has contributed well through the proper guidance and encouragement towards the
completion of the seminar presentation.

Last but not least, I would like to thanks The Teaching & Non-Teaching
Staffs ofCivil Engineering Department, and to thank one and all who have helped us
during the seminar.

ADITH PC

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ABSTRACT

Drones in construction have made surveying much easier by playing a huge role in
making data collection simple. Drones can reach high-risk areas and tightly-squeezed in
locations that are quite a bit harder to reach with a human crew, Construction projects
benefit from an aerial vantage point and thanks to drone technology it's quicker and
easier than ever to get an eye in the sky that is able to collect video, photos and data that
you can put to work on a project. We explore the benefits of unmanned aerial vehicles
or UAVs for the construction industry. Even small-scale construction projects can
benefit from a bird's eye view. Getting a detailed picture of the lay of the land before
construction even begins can be invaluable. And it's not just aerial pictures or videos,
today we can take to the skies to gather accurate measurements that have the ability to
greatly speed and improve schemes throughout the project timeline.

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CONTENT
TITLE PAGE NO
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

ABSTRACT

CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1.UAV (UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE)

1.2 DRONES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

3. WORKING OF DRONES

3.1. COMPONENTS OF A DRONE

3.1.1.Standard Propellers

3.1.2.Pusher Propellers

3.1.3.Brushless Motors

3.1.4.Landing Gear

3.1.5.Electronic Speed Controllers

3.1.6.Flight Controller

3.1.7.The Receiver

3.1.8.The Transmitter

3.1.9.GPS Module

3.1.10.Battery

3.1.11.Camera

3.2.TYPES OF DRONES

3.2.1.Multi Rotor Drones

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3.2.1.Fixed Wing Drones

3.2.3.Single Rotor Drones

3.2.4.Hybrid VTOL

WORKING OF A DRONE

MANUFACTURING OF DRONES
4. ADVANTAGES & DIADVANTAGES OF DRONES
4.1.ADVANTAGES
4.2.DISADVANTAGES
5. APPLICATION OF DRONES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
DRONE SURVEY
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING DRONE

6. THE FUTURE OF DRONES

7.CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. NO NAME OF FIGURE PAGENO

5.1 Building In Fire .......................................................... 9
External Stair Case 13
Escape Rescue System 15
Controlled Descend Device ........................................................................... 17
Escape Chute Allowing Evacuees Descend. .......................................................... 18
To Vertical Down By Verti - Scape
Escape Chute Allowing Evacuees Descend .................................................... 18
To Slide Down At An Inclind By Slide-Scape
7.1 World Trade Center Terrorist Attack ........................ 20

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1.UAV (UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE)

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly referred to as drones, are remotely
piloted aircraft or systems. They range from simple hand-operated short-range systems
to long endurance, high altitude systems that require an airstrip. UAVs have civil and
commercial uses but this note looks only at their military role. They may also be
referred to as Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA).
UAV innovations started in the early 1900s and originally focused on providing practice
targets for training military personnel.
Their primary role is Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) or
Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR). A handful
of systems may also be armed. The use of drones has grown quickly in recent years
because unlike manned aircraft they can stay aloft for many. They are much cheaper
than military aircraft and they are flown remotely so there is no danger to the flight
crew.

1.2 DRONES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Drones are performing the job as skillfully as no one can do. It sends images of what it
observes to the planning team.The data sent by drones contain impressive details of the
objects, including the smallest option. The 360 degree panorama views help civil
engineers divide the work as per the priority basis. They are reaching the odd locations
that are untouched by the human resource. The application of this technology, though,
goes beyond these two names. They are strongly imprinting their values across the
industry, from real estate to golfing. The achievements earned by this technology are
countless, and they deal with toughest challenges with ease and bring out the productive
result for the companies.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Matúš Tkáč, Peter Mésároš 2019 : An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs), also known as
drone technology, is used for different types of application in the civil engineering. Drones as a
tools that increase communication between construction participants, improves site safety, uses
topographic measurements of large areas, with using principles of aerial photogrammetry is
possible to create buildings aerial surveying, bridges, roads, highways, saves project time and
costs, etc. The use of UAVs in the civil engineering can brings many benefits; creating real-
time aerial images from the building objects, overviews reveal assets and challenges, as well as
the broad lay of the land, operators can share the imaging with personnel on site, in
headquarters and with sub-contractors, planners can meet virtually to discuss project timing,
equipment needs and challenges presented by the terrain. The aim of this contribution is to
create a general overview of the use of UAVs in the civil engineering. The contribution also
contains types of UAVs used for construction purposes, their advantages and also
disadvantages.

Karel Pavelka ,Jaroslav Šedina and Eva Matoušková December2018):

Currently, satellite images can be used to document historical or archaeological sites in
areas that are distant, dangerous, or expensive to visit, and they can be used instead of
basic fieldwork in several cases. Nowadays, they have final resolution on 35–50 cm,
which can be limited for searching of fine structures. Results using the analysis of very
high resolution (VHR) satellite data and super resolution data from drone on an object
nearby Palpa, Peru are discussed in this article. This study is a part of Nasca project
focused on using satellite data for documentation and the analysis of the famous
geoglyphs in Peru near Palpa and Nasca, and partially on the documentation of other

historical objects. The use of drone shows advantages of this technology to achieve high
resolution object documentation and analysis, which provide new details. The
documented site was the “Pista” geoglyph. Discovering of unknown geoglyphs (a bird,a
guinea pig, and other small drawings) was quite significant in the area of the well- known
geoglyph. The new data shows many other details, unseen from the surface or from the
satellite imagery, and provides the basis for updating current knowledge and theories
about the use and construction of geoglyphs.

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James Junda, Erick Greene, and David M. Bird (September 2015.):
Small rotary-winged unmanned aerial vehicles or “drones” mounted with a small video
camera were successful in surveying the nest contents of four species of raptor,
including Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus),
Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis), and Red-tailed Hawk (B. jamaicensis) in an accurate
and safe manner when the proper flight technique was employed. A total of 110 surveys
were completed in 2013 and 2014 with quality images of nest contents obtained in 106
or (96.4%) of flights. A successful and safe flight requires two personnel: the pilot who
controls the aircraft and the spotter who monitors the behaviour of the adult birds
defending the nest and keeps the pilot updated on all potentially dangerous interactions
between aircraft and the birds. With the video camera recording, the aircraft is flown
above the nest to a predetermined location that allows an unobscured camera shot of the
nest. This technique can be readily adapted to a variety of habitat types and species. The
accuracy of data obtained combined with the flexibility,low cost, and speed of this
technique make it a useful technological alternative to the safety risks and obtrusiveness
associated with traditional survey techniques.

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CHAPTER 3
WORKING OF DRONES

3.1.COMPONENTS OF A DRONE

Fig.3.1: Components Of A Drone

3.1.1.Standard Propellers
The propellers are usually located at the front of the drone/quadcopter. There are very
many variations in terms of size and material used in the manufacture of propellers.
Propellers are responsible for the direction and motion of the drone. It is therefore
important to ensure that each of the propellers is in good condition before taking your
drone out for flight.

The use of natural zeolites in wastewater treatment is one of the oldest and the most
perspective areas of their application. The presence of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu,
Mn, Fe, etc.) in wastewater is a serious environmental problem and their removal by
natural zeolites have been extensively studied along with other technologies, including
chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation
flocculation, flotation and electrochemical methods [3]. Recent investigations of natural
zeolites as adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment, their properties and possible
modification of natural zeolites have been a subject of many studies. Various natural
zeolites around the world have shown good ion-exchange capacities for cations, such as

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ammonium and heavy metal ions. Modification of natural zeolites can be performed by
several methods, such as acid treatment, ion exchange, and surfactant functionalization.
The modified zeolites can show high adsorption capacity also for organic matter and
anions.

3.1.2.Pusher Propellers
Pusher propellers are the ones responsible for the forward and backward thrust of the
drone during flight, Pusher propellers will determine the direction the drone takes either
forward or backward. They are normally located at the back of the drone. There are
different sizes depending on the size of the drone.

3.1.3.Brushless Motors
All drones being manufactured lately use the brushless motors that are considered to be
more efficient in terms of performance and operation as opposed to the brushed motors.
The latest in the market is the DJI Inspire 1 offers more efficient performance and saves
on battery life and relatively quiet.

3.1.4.Landing Gear
Drones which require high ground clearance during landing will require a modified
landing gear to allow it to land safely on the ground. However, not all drones require a
landing gear. Some smaller drones will work perfectly fine without a landing gear and
will land safely on their bellies once they touch the ground.

3.1.5.Electronic Speed Controllers

An electronic sped controller (ESC) is an electric circuit whose main responsibility is to
monitor and vary the speed of the drone during flight. It is also responsible for the
direction of flight and variations in brakes of the drone. The ESC is also responsible for
the conversion of DC battery power to AC power to propel the brushless motors. The
ESC is mainly located inside the mainframe of the drone.

3.1.6.Flight Controller
The flight controller is basically the motherboard of the drone. It is responsible for all
the commands that are issued to the drone by the pilot. It interprets input from the
receiver, the GPS Module, the battery monitor and the onboard sensors. The flight
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controller is also responsible for the regulation of the motor speeds through the ESC and
for the steering of the drone.

Fig.3.2: Flight Controller

3.1.7.The Receiver
The receiver is the unit responsible for the reception of the radio signals sent to the
drone through the controller. The minimum number of channels that are needed to
control a drone are usually 4.

3.1.8.The Transmitter
The transmitter is the unit responsible for the transmission of the radio signals from the
controller to the drone to issue commands of flight and directions. The transmitter needs
to have 4 channels for a drone but 5 is usually recommended. The receiver and the
transmitter must use a single radio signal in order to communicate to the drone during
flight.
3.1.9.GPS Module
The GPS module is responsible for the provision of the drone longitude, latitude and
elevation points. In most modern drones, the GPS module helps in returning the drone
safe to the controller in case it loses connection to the controller. This helps in keeping
the drone safe.

3.1.10.Battery
The battery is the part of the drone that makes all actions and reactions possible.
Without the battery, the drone would have no power and would therefore not be able to
fly. There is a battery monitor on the drone that helps in providing battery information
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to the pilot to monitor the performance of the battery.

3.1.11.Camera
Some drones come with an inbuilt camera while others have a detachable camera. The
camera helps in taking photos and images from above which forms an important use of
drones.

3.2.WORKING OF A DRONE
 It is a specially designed multi propeller system inside a drone that makes this
device highly independent and also assists in reduction of failures.
 Drones that possess large number of motors inside are able to gain more control
over their elevation.
 These propellers get their power from a dedicated source and most of these
devices contain removable batteries so that it can stay in air for long run.
 The flight time can be extended with use of powerful batteries in design.
 Controller plays an important role in drone flying mechanism. Major task of a
controller is to establish proper communication channel between remote unit and
the radio waves.
 Most of the drones use to work on 2.4 GHz frequency range and many of these
controls take help from Wi-Fi networks for making active decisions regarding
movements.
 The landing process is also controlled by propeller system inside and the sensors
make decisions about its speed, altitude and motor rotation etc.

3.3.MANUFACTURING OF DRONES
From conceptualization to actual application, drone manufacturers have taken the
theories of sci fi movies and books and turned them into real-life applications, giving
birth to the phenomenon of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Drone makers worldwide have
been significantly influenced by the accelerated technological developments and
advancements in the field of smart electronics.
List of Companies
1. DJI (Dajiang) Innovations
2. AeroVironment
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3. Ambarella (NASDAQ:AMBA)
4. Boeing
5. GoPro
6. Lockheed Martin LMT
7. 3D Robotics
8. Parrot SA
9. Northrop Grumman Corporation

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CHAPTER 4
TYPES OF DRONES

Based on the type of aerial platform used, there are 4 major types of drones.

4.1.MULTI ROTOR DRONES:

Multi Rotor drones are the most common types of drones which are used by
professionals and hobbyists alike. They are used for most common applications like
aerial photography, aerial video surveillance etc. Although easy to manufacture and
relatively cheap, these drones have many downsides like it's limited flying time, limited
endurance and speed. They are not suitable for large scale projects like long distance
aerial mapping or surveillance.

Fig.4.1: Multi Rotor Drones

4.2.FIXED WING DRONES

Fixed Wing drones are entirely different in design and build to multi-rotor type drones
They use a 'wing like the normal airplanes out there. Owing to their higher flying time
and fuel efficiency, fixed wing drones are ideal for long distance operations But they
cannot be used for aerial photography where the drone needs to be kept still on the air
for a period of time. The other downsides of fixed-wing drones are higher costs & skill
training required in flying. It's not easy to put a fixed wing drone in the air. You either
need a "runway or a catapult launcher to set a fixed wing drone on its course in the air.
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Fig.4.2: Multi Rotor Drones

4.3.SINGLE ROTOR DRONES

Single rotor drones look very similar in design & structure to actual helicopters. It has
just one big sized rotor plus a small sized one on the tail of the drone to control its
heading. Single rotor drones are much efficient than multi rotor versions. They have
higher flying times and can even be powered by gas engines. However, these machines.
comes with much higher complexity and operational risks. Their costs are also on the
higher side. The large sized rotor blades often pose a risk if the drone is mishandled or
involves in an accident.

Fig.4.3: Single Rotor Drones

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4.4.HYBRID VTOL
Hybrid VTOL's are a play of automation and manual gliding. A vertical lift is used to
lift the drone up into the air from the ground. Gyros and accelerometers work in
automated mode (autopilot concept) to keep the drone stabilized in the air. Remote
based (or even programmed) manual control is used to guide the drone on the desired
course.The most popular drone is used in Amazon commercials (for its Prime delivery
service).

Fig.4.4: Hybrid VTOL

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CHAPTER 5
DRONE SURVEY

 Drone Survey is unique in terms of the only survey method that doesn't require
direct involvement from a manned perspective trumping all of the other visual
inspection services such as rope access inspection, MEWP hire or scaffold in
terms of health and safety.

 Drone survey is the only method of visual survey where if a catastrophic failure
were to occur resulting in complete equipment failure, the likelihood of fatality
is none existent and injury to personnel slim to none if the correct risks have
been mitigated in accordance with company operations manual and flight
limitations.
 Drone survey does not have limitations in terms of requirement for specific
surroundings or need for idealistic logistics in terms of architectural style or
shape providing highly detailed data.
 Drone survey can provide highly detailed and live feedback to the ground station
and connected devices or record directly to onboard SD card allowing for remote
further analysis.

 . Drone survey can cover more ground in a time effective manner in comparison
to rope access inspection methods which is, in turn, more time and cost-effective
than any of the other methods listed.
 Drone survey and the outputs that can be achieved scores highly over any of the
other options used for instance a thermography scan can be produced of an
entire building detecting for energy losses and heat signatures from an aerial
perspective. Providing the data to analyse the building envelope efficiency.
 Drone survey can provide point cloud data allowing the overlay of a HD mesh
on top of the point cloud, providing a highly detailed 3D image providing the
client the necessary means to navigate and orbit the model remotely and inspect
in fine detail to analyse any specific fault or remedial requirement.

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 Drone survey can provide point cloud data allowing the overlay of a HD mesh
on top of the point cloud, providing a highly detailed 3D image providing the
client the necessary means to navigate and orbit the model remotely and inspect
in fine detail to analyse any specific fault or remedial requirement.
 Drone survey can be optimised to produce highly detailed orthomosaic images
and maps through an automated sequence called Photogrammetry again this
orthomosaic or orthoimage can be rectified to sit perfectly on top of its relative
OS grid providing a highly accurate map or orthorectified image.

Fig.5.1: Drone Surveying

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CHAPTER 6
APPLICATION OF DRONES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

6.1.LAND SURVEYING
Drones play major roles for surveying. They quite satisfyingly assist Geographical
Information System (GIS) professionals. GIS is known for their services like locating
boundaries of the property, subdividing land and surveying construction sites. They
send still images of a construction map to a cloud-based storage from where authorities
can access and assess the data to plan meticulously. Since the cameras and the distance
can be regulated remotely, they rise above than natural and artificial obstacles.

6.2.MARKETING & PROMOTION

For a construction project to be successful it needs to have clients. Savvy construction
companies use drones to film aerial shots of the area prior to development. Along with
scale models and 3D renderings of the finished product, sky-high shots of the area from
multiple angles help potential clients visualize the transformation of the barren land.

6.3.SAFETY & INSURANCE

Drones can be used for safety improvement in construction sites or to know the status
excavations. We can claim discount on insurances if UAV'sare used to patrol the site in
an effort to find and fix potential problems

Fig.6.1: Site Inspection Using Drones

6.4.SHOWING JOB PROGRESS TO CLIENTS
Drones are also a helpful way to provide updates to clients who are unable to visit the
area. Incessantly showing up on-site with shiny boots and ill-fitting hard hats. To
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appease clients and to prevent them from interfering with ongoing work, drones can be
used.
6.5.MONITORING MULTIPLE JOB SITES
A drone operator can provide you with clear views of specific aspects of the site as well
as general aerial shots. Large-scale contractors use UAVs for this purpose on a daily
basis to make sure things are running smoothly, safely, and on schedule.
6.6.CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION
Inspections are a major part of construction. Not only are there federal, state and local
codes that must be strictly adhered to, but clients and public interest groups often play a
major role in construction project inspections.. Bridges between large chasms are prime
locations to take advantage of drones.
6.7.OTHER APPLICATIONS LIKE

II. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Point cloud scanning

III. Monitoring and tracking onsite activities thereby ensuring
accurateworkflow
IV. Site inspection during pre-construction stage.
V. Ensuring routine asset inspections and safety measures at all times.

Fig.6.2.: Application of drons in construction

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CHAPTER 7
THE FUTURE OF DRONES

 Drone technology is constantly evolving in the areas of miniaturization,

autonomy, and swarms. Miniaturization is the most incremental developments of
these three areas.
 Each new generation of drones is a bit smaller, lighter, and cheaper than the
previous generation.
 The smallest drone currently available is the size of a credit card. However, in a
few years we can expect to see drones the size of insects.
 The falling prices and size of drones will help in making them more readily
available to everyone. Currently it is rare to see a drone flying, but within a few
years there will be plenty of drones available in the public market. This
prediction is based on the rate at which drones are being manufactured and sold Also,
there is an increasing number of companies that make drone services available.
 Furthering drone autonomy is making many applications more plausible.The
first generation of drones were no more than remote controlled aircraft, but now
there are smart autonomous modes that reduce the amount of interaction and
control needed by the human pilot.
 In the future, we will see more drones that feature GPS navigation. collision
avoidance capabilities, and being able to adapt to changing weather conditions.
 Drones that can act in a cooperative manner can exhibit swarm behavior. The
development of swarms can enhance the range, flight duration, and payload
capacity for different applications. For example, if one drone is experiencing a
low battery level, it can assign its task to another drone. This could extend the
flight range beyond the range of the first drone.
 Heavier payloads could be carried by multiple drones, which would allow
exceeding the payload capacity of one drone.

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Fig.7.1: Estimated Commercial Drone Spreading

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CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES & DIADVANTAGESOF DRONES

8.1.ADVANTAGES
1. Saves Lives: The most obvious advantage of drones is that they greatly reduce
putting military personnel in harm's way or in combat.
2. Low Cost: The second most obvious advantage of drones is their low cost,
because they are significantly cheaper to purchase, fuel, and maintain than
regular airplanes.
3. Low Risk: Since drones are smaller and can fly lower than traditional airplanes,
there is less risk to military hardware.
4. Operational Hours: Without a human pilot, drones can stay in operation for
significantly longer hours of operation without fatigue. Additionally, drone
pilots or operators can easily hand off controls of a drone without any
operational downtime.
5. Accuracy: Drones can have more pinpoint accuracy from greater distances, thus
reducing collateral damage to civilians and infrastructure.
6. Lethal: Drones are as lethal to enemy combats as regular airplanes.
7. Spying: Years before drones were used in combat; drones have proven to
increase surveillance, reconnaissance, and general military intelligence.
8. Deployment: Finally, drones are significantly easier and faster to deploy than
most alternatives

8.2.DISADVANTAGES
1. Limited Abilities: Drones have obvious limitations. For example, they cannot
communicate with civilians for more detailed intelligence. Drones cannot
capture surrendering military personnel, abandoned hardware, or military bases.
Drones cannot go from door to door, at least, not yet.

2. Civilian Losses: Drone warfare often causes collateral damages in civilian lives
and property, as well as traditional warfare too.

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3. Counterproductive and Destabilizing: Civilian opinions about drones are

typically negative, since they are viewed as an invasion force. The mere
presence of drones has been known to convert civilians into military combats.
Furthermore, when drones cause collateral damage, such as killing civilians and
damaging civilian property, the opinions of civilians decrease even more so.
Additionally, some cultures believe the use of drones as not brave and cold
hearted. As a result, drones are sometimes counterproductive by more
destabilizing some regions.

4. Too Easy: By making drone warfare very similar to video games, drone warfare
makes combat too easy by diminishing ethical decisions.

5. Work and Personal Life Balance: Some drone pilots or operators have
difficulty switching between combat mode at work and civilian mode while not
working. This is especially difficulty when drone pilots have minimal transition
periods between work and personal, if any at all.

6. Take Over: Finally, the worst case scenario is when drones or a fleet of drones
have been commandeered or taken control by the enemy. While security
measures help make this possibility more difficult, it will never be impossible.

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CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION

 Drones have a wide range application in future. Drones are rapidly changing the
industry scenario, especially in the fields of civil engineering and surveying.

 Construction projects benefit from an aerial vantage point and thanks to drone
technology it's quicker and easier than ever to get an eye in the sky that is able to
collect video, photos and data that you can put to work on a project. We explore
the benefits of unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs for the construction industry.

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REFERENCES

1. Matúš Tkáč, Peter Mésároš “Utilizing drone technology in the civil

engineering” Technical University of Košice, Slovakia Civil Engineering
Faculty, Institute of Construction Technology and Management,SSP-JOURNAL
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol. 14, Issue 1, 2019 :

2. Karel Pavelka ,Jaroslav Šedina and Eva Matoušková “High Resolution

Drone Surveying of the Pista Geoglyph in Palpa, Peru” Department of
Geomatics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague,
Thakurova 7,(December 2018):

3. James Junda, Erick Greene, and David M. Bird “Proper flight technique for
using a small rotarywinged drone aircraft to safely, quickly, and accurately
survey raptor nests” James Junda and David M. Bird. Avian Science and
Conservation Centre of McGill University, Canada. (September 2015.):

4. https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/an-aerial-view-of-the-future-drones-in-
construction
5. https://www.altiuas.com/benefits-drones-construction/

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