CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough in-

depth search done by the researchers. This also presents the synthesis of the state of

the art, theoretical framework, and conceptual framework to fully understand

the research.

Review of Related Literature

The researchers reviewed several works of literature and were able to gather

information from theories, the internet, journals, and previous research works, which

were all significant to the present study. These were taken into consideration to help the

researchers gain knowledge and serve as a basis for some important details in this

particular study.

Hall Effect Current sensor

Hall Effect current sensors are devices activated by an external magnetic field.

According to (R-B, 2012), the principle of the Hall effect which was discovered by Dr.

Edwin Hall in 1879 states that when a current-carrying conductor is placed into a

magnetic field, a voltage is generated across its edge’s perpendicular to the directions

of both the current and the magnetic field wherein the value of the generated voltage is

typically in the order of microvolts. The present study uses a hall effect-based current

sensor specifically ACS712 which detects the incoming current through its magnetic
field generation, the generated voltage is proportional to its magnetic field which can be

used to measure the amount of current.

Energy Monitoring

To gather data, the researchers use the method of energy monitoring in the said

office. Building energy conservation is one valid method for increasing energy

efficiency. To locate the energy consumption for large public buildings an internet-based

energy monitoring system was developed. The implementation of this system was

introduced in detail, including the principle of selecting monitoring points at the bottom

layer, the design of data collector with storage function avoiding data loss caused by

network faults, and the development of database and application software at the top

layer. The monitoring platform released the energy consumption data on the web, so

the authorized users can access the data anytime and anywhere through the internet

(Liang Zhao et. al, 2013).

Microcontroller

According to Bolanakis (2019), microcontrollers constitute a popular technology

of our age. While a few decades ago it seemed extremely difficult to teach non-

electronic engineers how to program a single-chip computer system, nowadays,

inexperienced designers share microcontroller-based prototypes over the internet. The

emergence of today’s do-it-yourself (DIY) culture has introduced the pervasiveness of

this technology and rendered the development of embedded computing systems easier

than ever before. This communication identifies two fundamental eras in the

advancement of microcontroller programming and application development and

distinguishes the ‘back then’ with ‘nowadays’ trends and consequent risks in education.

The microcontroller used in the present study was Arduino Mega 2560 wherein the

different functions of the device were programmed.

Review of Related Studies

The researchers reviewed various related studies for further realization of the

present study. From the reviewed materials, the researchers gathered a wide range of

information to further strengthen the idea of this study.

The study of Ahmed, et al. (2006) was about the Home Energy Management

System (HEMS) which focuses on reducing energy consumption. This paper presents

the development of a smart plug with a wireless Zigbee sensor for measuring the power

consumption of electrical appliances in the HEMS. Experiments were carried out to

evaluate the power consumption of a wireless sensor node in a smart plug using only

Zigbee as a microcontroller. In addition, the data obtained from the wireless sensor is

more accurate and smoother as compared with the data obtained from the oscilloscope.

The proposed smart plug has the characteristics of simple design, low cost, low power

consumption, and easy to control electrical home appliances by switching on/off from

the HEMS controller. This study was related to the present study as the present study

uses current sensors which were used to measure the current flow. Also, the focus of

the present study was on energy consumption.

The article of Lee and Yang (2017), proposes a smart power management

framework system. Smart plug; controlling the switching power supply, different sensors

can be mounted for different application environments. The power supply can be
switched on/off automatically according to environmental changes, it can measure

voltage and current for analysis. The smart plug and smart gateway are integrated into

the overall distributed sensor network, analyzing and improving the power consumption

effectively. Finally, the feasibility and practicability of the overall power management

framework system are described experimentally. The present study was also related to

the previous study as it also focused on the current detection which can be used for

analysis and determining the energy consumption of a specific area.

The study of Woong, et al. (2011) maximizes the use of smart home technology

in the home or building offers significant potential for energy savings. The proposed

system is composed of two main components: a wireless sensor network and an

intelligent home gateway. Wireless sensors are used for sensing and transmitting

electricity data and remote monitoring and control of home appliances are provided to

users through the intelligent home gateway. The system enables users to save energy

by monitoring and controlling home appliances through web and mobile devices. The

proposed system focuses on deploying a wireless sensor network and implementing

energy management and controlling services as prototype services in a smart home.

This study relates to the present study as it also used a device to determine energy

consumption through sensing and transmitting data.

The study of Anggraini, at el. (2017) focus on achieving sustainable energy

management through the availability of accurate measurement, recording, and analysis

system of the power quality in the whole buildings. To meet the requirement of the

sustainable energy management system at Green School, the monitoring system of the

power and energy at Green School is developed. The monitoring system and human
interface system integrate the intelligent human-machine interface to an Ubidots

platform and completed with online and offline data storage. This system is useful for

supporting the sustainable energy management goal of Green School and the daily

energy practitioner’s work by providing a proper advanced power monitoring system

that has low cost and is compatible with the Green School system’s demand. This

project will also be used as a platform and teaching tool for students to develop similar

projects and learn about IoT and cloud-based monitoring solutions with other

measurements in the classroom. This study also relates to the present study as its main

focus is on energy monitoring.

The study of Marques and Pitarma (2017) was all about generating a system

intended to monitor and control electrical devices which are connected to the internet

via Wi-Fi with iPlug. As per advice by the National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency set

a target in the years 2016 to 2020 that covers all the member states of the European

community. The system was a smart plug that fits in the generic socket wherein it

provides information on the power consumption of the devices connected to it by

calculating its current and line voltage which is store in the database. The iPlug also

informs whether the outlet is on or off and it can change its status, the database can

access through a web portal and application in iOS. This study also relates to the

present study since the main purpose of this study is to monitor energy consumption.

The study of Fakharuddin, et al. (2012) was all about proposing a smart energy

monitoring device which designed to have the ability to do metering, display, and has a

communication layer having a live contact in the utilities and have to be effective in

terms of electrical peak load managements and cost-effective solution for different
category of users, this proposed device was based in the current issue faced in

Malaysia where the major contribution to energy generation was based on import

setting a considerable weight on the country economy. This study relates to the present

study because its main objective is energy monitoring in a specific area.

The study of Josué (2011) was all about a system that uses a wireless

connection of communication with a small LCD screen to display the information and

also with the use of the computer. It describes the design and prototyping of a home

electric energy monitoring system in which the consumer will present real-time

information about their electricity consumption. This study relates to the present study

as it is about energy monitoring devices and it provides a piece of real-time information

about energy consumption.

Synthesis of the State of the Art

Through the gathered related studies and literature reviewed by the researchers,

they were able to identify the similarities, differences, and their close relationship to

each other.

The study of Ahmed et al. (2006), Lee et al. (2017), and Marques et al. (2017)

focuses on the design and development of a smart plug energy monitoring device that is

capable of measuring power consumption. The previous studies were capable of

controlling the electrical home appliances by turning on/off the controller. Unlike the

previous study, the present study was not capable of controlling the loads inside the

faculty room since it is not a plug-in type monitoring device. Also, the previous study
uses wireless current sensors wherein the measurement was based on the magnetic

effect caused by the electric current flowing along the conductor while the present study

uses an invasive current sensor which is the ACS712 current sensor that is mounted on

the device to measure the current from the room. In terms of similarity, sensors were

used to measure electrical data and to determine energy consumption.

The studies of Woong et al. (2011), Anggraini et al. (2017), Marques et al.

(2017), Fakharuddin et al. (2012), and Josué (2011) focused on designing and

developing a smart energy monitoring device wherein the Internet of Things platform

was used. The systems were capable of controlling the appliances through the use of

the web as well as mobile devices since it was directly connected to a computer. The

data gathered by the device were used as a tool for students to develop another type of

energy monitoring and serve as a basis in developing an energy conservation system.

Unlike the previous study, the present study didn’t use IoT platforms and was not

capable of controlling the loads. In terms of similarities, the present study also focuses

on determining the energy consumptions of a specific area wherein the data gathered

will serve as a basis for future researchers specifically for energy conservation systems.

The present study is also capable of providing a piece of real-time information about the

energy consumption of a specific room. A small LCD was used to display the

information gathered while the present study uses a 20x4 LCD screen to display the

electrical information. It is relevant and useful to the present study to give the

researcher a further understanding in implementing the energy monitoring device to

determine the energy consumption of the faculty room.

 In general, the researchers pursued the said study about energy monitoring

devices since it doesn’t have data regarding energy consumption most especially in the

faculty room of the COE department. The data gathered will serve as a basis or

reference of the energy consumption of the said office for the development of the

energy conservation system of the COE Department.

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework shown in Figure 1 is based on the following theories:

Principle of Energy Conservation, Principle of Data Collection, Conservation Ethics, and

Theory of Planned Behavior. These principles and theories supported the foundation

and development of the device.

Principle of Energy Conservation. According to Daniel Vallstrom (2021), the

principle of energy conservation refers to the efforts made to reduce energy

consumption. Energy conservation can be achieved through increased efficient energy

use, in conjunction with decreased energy consumption and/or reduced consumption

from conventional energy sources. This principle has a wide application in the current

study since the study aims for a better solution to provide energy conservation and

efficient use of energy.

Principle of Data Collection. According to Chirag Shivalker (2020), this

principle simply states that the data needed for analysis should be fixed from the

beginning of the data collection process. Do not collect data without figuring out how it
will be analyzed or be useful. In such scenarios, it will likely end up with loads of data

that is not useful. Data collection is often the most time-consuming and expensive part

of any monitoring and evaluation (M&E) task. Before collecting any data, it is useful to

stop and take stock of the situation, to make sure money and time are not wasted. The

principle was useful for the current study as it will help to get accurate data and on how

to analyze the gathered data properly.

Conservation Ethics. This theory is presented by the study of Aldo Leopold

(1933) to an ethic of resource use, its primary focus is maintaining natural resources

and exploring ways to preserve them. Secondly, it focuses on materials conservation

and also energy conservation which is seen to be a major part of our daily modern life.

Following conservation ethics and its advocate toward conservation goals will create a

more diverse community by spreading the importance of conservation. Conservation is

the sustainable use and management of natural resources whether they are renewable

or non-renewable resources. Conservation Ethic is one key to making a more precise

Conservation Program for it will serve as a guide in making a good energy conservation

program. This theory relates to the present study as one of its main focus is to conserve

energy and promotes the efficient use of energy.

Theory of Planned Behavior. This theory was presented in the study of

Abrahamse and Wokje (2007), entitled Energy Conservation Through Behavioral

Change which aims to encourage households to reduce their energy use via behavioral

changes, and to further enhance the understandings of the psychological factors related

to household energy use and conservation by the application of various social-

psychological theories. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) started as the Theory of
Reasoned Action in 1980 that aims to predict an individual’s intention to engage in a

behavior at a specified place and time. In the recent study conducted variables from the

theory of planned behavior were most successful in explaining intention to reduce

energy usage and actual energy savings. The presented theory supported the current

study in a way to promote energy-saving through behavioral change and reduce energy

consumption and practice more efficient use of energy

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

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