1. What is the BCD adder?

BCD adder refers to a 4-bit binary adder that can add two 4-bit words of BCD
format

2. Parallal binary adder

Parallel Adder is a digital circuit capable of finding the arithmetic sum of two binary
numbers that is greater than one bit in length by operating on corresponding pairs
of bits in parallel

3. Binary Multiplier
A binary multiplier is an electronic circuit used in digital electronics, such as a
computer, to multiply two binary numbers

4. parity bit generator

A parity generator is a combinational logic circuit that generates the parity bit in the
transmitter. ... A combined circuit or devices of parity generators and parity checkers
are commonly used in digital systems to detect the single bit errors in the transmitted data
word.

5. Comparators
Comparators are devices that compare two voltages or currents and output a digital
signal indicating which is larger. ... A comparator compares the two inputs applied to it
and produces the comparison as the output. It has two analog input terminals and one
binary digital output.

6. Decoder
A decoder is a device that generates the original signal as output from the coded
input signal and converts n lines of input into 2n lines of output

7. BCD to 7-segment Decoder

BCD to 7-segment display decoder is a special decoder which can convert binary coded
decimals into another form which can be easily displayed through a 7-segment display.

8. Encoder
An Encoder is a combinational circuit that performs the reverse operation of Decoder. It
has maximum of 2n input lines and ‘n’ output lines. It will produce a binary code
equivalent to the input, which is active High. Therefore, the encoder encodes 2n input
lines with ‘n’ bits. It is optional to represent the enable signal in encoders.

9. Priority Encoders
A priority encoder is a circuit or algorithm that compresses multiple binary inputs
into a smaller number of outputs. The output of a priority encoder is the binary
representation of the index of the most significant activated line, starting from zero.
10. Multiplexers
a multiplexer (or mux; spelled sometimes as multiplexor), also known as a data selector,
is a device that selects between several analog or digital input signals and forwards
the selected input to a single output line.

11. Demultiplexers
A demultiplexer (also known as a demux or data distributor) is defined as a circuit that
can distribute or deliver multiple outputs from a single input. A demultiplexer can
perform as a single input with many output switches. The demultiplexer’s output lines are
‘n’ in number, the select line number is ‘m’ and n = 2m. The control signal or select input
code decides the output line to which the input has to be transmitted.

12. Flip-flop
A flip-flop is a device which stores a single bit (binary digit) of data; one of its two states
represents a "one" and the other represents a "zero".

13. Laches

14. SR latch
An SR latch made from two NAND gates. An SR latch (Set/Reset) is an
asynchronous device: it works independently of control signals and relies only on
the state of the S and R inputs.
15. Synchronous and asynchronous

16. JK flip-flop
The JK flip flop is basically a gated SR flip-flop with the addition of a clock input
circuitry that prevents the illegal or invalid output condition that can occur when
both inputs S and R are equal to logic level “1”

17. SR flip-flop
the SR flip flop is a 1-bit memory bistable device having two inputs, i.e., SET and
RESET. The SET input 'S' set the device or produce the output 1, and the RESET
input 'R' reset the device or produce the output 0. The SET and RESET inputs are
labeled as S and R, respectively.

18. Master Slave JK Flip-flop

The Master-Slave Flip-Flop is basically a combination of two JK flip-flops
connected together in a series configuration. Out of these, one acts as
the “master” and the other as a “slave”. The output from the master flip flop is
connected to the two inputs of the slave flip flop whose output is fed back to
inputs of the master flip flop.
19. Master slave SR flip flop
master slave flip flop, there are two flip flops connected with inverted clock
pulse to each other,

20. T flip-flop
this flip-flop work as a Toggle switch. The next output state is changed with the
complement of the present state output

21. D flip flop

A D (or Delay) Flip Flop (Figure 1) is a digital electronic circuit used to delay
the change of state of its output signal (Q) until the next rising edge of a
clock timing input signal occurs.

22. Shift registers

Shift Register is a group of flip flops used to store multiple bits of data. The bits
stored in such registers can be made to move within the registers and in/out of
the registers by applying clock pulses

23. buffer register

Buffer registers are a type of registers used to store a binary word. These can be
constructed using a series of flip-flops as each flip-flop can store a single bit. This
means that in order to store an n-bit binary word one should design an array of n
flip-flops.

24. Types of shift register

Serial-in to Parallel-out (SIPO) - the register is loaded with serial data, one bit
at a time, with the stored data being available at the output in parallel form.
Serial-in to Serial-out (SISO) - the data is shifted serially “IN” and “OUT” of
the register, one bit at a time in either a left or right direction under clock
control.
Parallel-in to Serial-out (PISO) - the parallel data is loaded into the register
simultaneously and is shifted out of the register serially one bit at a time under
clock control.
Parallel-in to Parallel-out (PIPO) - the parallel data is loaded simultaneously
into the register, and transferred together to their respective outputs by the
same clock pulse.

25. Bidirectional shift register

Bidirectional shift registers are the storage devices capable of shifting the
data either right or left, depending on the mode selected.
26. universal shift registers
A Universal shift register is a register which has both the right shift and left
shift with parallel load capabilities

27. Counter
Counters are used in digital electronics for counting purpose, they can count
specific event happening in the circuit. For example, in UP counter a
counter increases count for every rising edge of clock.

Counter is the widest application of flip-flops. It is a group of flip-flops with a clock

signal applied. Counters are of two types. Asynchronous or ripple counters.
Synchronous counters.

28. Effect of propagation delay in ripple counters

The effective propagation delay in a ripple counter is equal to the sum of
propagation delays due to different flip-flops. An increased propagation delay
puts a limit on the maximum frequency used as clock input to the counter. In
synchronous counter, all flip flops are triggered with same clock simultaneously.