CLASS: 10 SUBJECT: SCIENCE TERM-2 BOARD EXAM 2021-22

BLUE-PRINT OF QUESTION PAPER

(Based on Sample Question Paper)

MARKS PER 2 3 4 TOTAL

QUESTION

SECTION A B C 3 SECTIONS

NO. OF 7 6 2 15
QUESTIONS

MARKS 14 18 8 40

• TOTAL MARKS FOR TERM-2 BOARD EXAM = 50 MARKS

• PEN-PAPER EXAM = 40 MARKS

• INTERNAL ASSESSMENT = 10 MARKS

WEIGHTAGE AWARDED AS PER SAMPLE PAPER PROVIDED:

• Physics 12marks

• Chemistry 10 marks

Biology 18 marks

(**Note : It may vary)

CHOICE : NO OVERALL CHOICE BUT ONLY INTERNAL CHOICE

Section A – Internal choice in 3 questions

Section B – Internal choice in 2 questions

Section C- Internal choice in 2 questions in part (c) 2marks question

CLASS: X SUBJECT: SCIENCE
TERM-2 BOARD EXAM 2021-22

CHAPTER-WISE WEIGHTAGE
(as per CBSE Sample Paper 2022)

CHAPTER NO. NAME WEIGHTAGE*

4. Carbon and its Compounds 5
कार्बन एवं उसके यौगिक
5. Periodic Classification of Elements 5
तत्वों का आवतब विीकरण
8. How do Organisms Reproduce? 4
जीव जनन कैसे करते हैं?
9. Heredity and Evolution 9
आनव ु ंशिकता एवं जैव ववकास
12. Electricity 6
ववद्यत
ु
13. Magnetic Effects of Electric 6
Current
ववद्यत
ु धारा के चुंर्कीय प्रभाव
15. Our Environment 5
हमारा पयाबवरण
TOTAL MARKS 40
*Note: It may vary
 Science Class :-10th)
Must Do Content

S.NO. NAME OF THE NAME OF THE SCHOOL SCHOOL I D

TEACHER

1. Ms. Manisha Mittal SKV No 1 Gandhi Nagar 1003027

2. Ms. Naseem Bano School of Specialized Excellence 1002401

Khichripur

3. Ms. Meenakshi Malhari SKV Vishwas Nagar 1001196

4. Ms. Bhavna Savnani GGSSS Chabi Ganj 1207042

5. Ms. Reena Singh RSKV, Pkt-B, Mayur Vihar -2 1002029

6. Mr. Brij Mohan RPVV IP Extension 1002399

7. Mr. Ramesh Kumar Singh GBSSS Chander Nagar 1003007

 CHAPTER 4
CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Syllabus for 2021-22 : Covalent bonding in carbon compounds. Versatile nature of carbon.
Homologous Series

Deletion for 2021-22 : Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups (halogens,
alcohol, ketones, aldehydes, alkanes and alkynes), difference between saturated hydrocarbons and
unsaturated hydrocarbons, Chemical properties of carbon compounds (combustion, oxidation, addition
and substitution reaction), Ethanol and Ethanoic acid (only properties and uses), soaps and detergents

Atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic configuration is 2,4. It shares its 4 valence electrons with
other atoms of carbon or with atoms of other elements to attain noble gas configuration. Carbon
always forms covalent bonds. Bonds which are formed by the sharing of an electron pair between two
atoms are known as covalent bonds.

VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON

(i) CATENATION : Carbon can link with carbon atoms by means of covalent bonds to form long chains,
branched chains and closed ring compounds. Carbon atoms may be linked by single, double or triple
bonds.
(ii) TETRAVALENCY : Carbon has 4 valence electrons. Carbon can bond with 4 other carbon atoms, mono-
valent atoms, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.

Q1. a. Why does carbon atom form a large number of compounds?

b. How does carbon attain stable electronic configuration? (2)
Q2. a. Define catenation.
b. Explain why is carbon tetravalent in nature. (2)

COVALENT NATURE OF CARBON COMPOUNDS

Carbon is tetravalent, it does not form ionic bond by either losing 4 electrons or by gaining 4 electrons.
So, Carbon can form bond only by sharing of electrons and hence forms only covalent compounds.

PROPERTIES OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS :

* Have low melting and boiling points as they have weak intermolecular forces
* Are generally poor conductors of electricity as there is sharing of electrons and no ions are formed.

Q1. a. What are covalent compounds?

b. Give reason why covalent compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity. (2)
ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE:
S.NO. NAME MOLECULAR STRUCTURAL ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE
FORMULA FORMULA
1. Hydrogen H2

2. Oxygen O2

3. Nitrogen N2

4. Ethane C 2 H6

5. Ethyne C 2 H4

Q1. Write the molecular formulae and electron dot structures of the following:
a. Carbon dioxide b. Ammonia (2)
Q2. . Write the molecular formulae and electron dot structures of the following:
a. Water b. Ethyne (2)

ALLOTROPES OF CARBON

GRAPHITE
*Hexagonal arrays placed in layers one
above the other ( 2-Dimensional structure)
*Each carbon atom bonded to three other
carbon atoms, one of the bonds being double
bond
*Smooth and slippery
*Good conductor
*Uses - lubricant, pencil
DIAMOND
*Rigid 3-Dimensional structure
*Each carbon atom bonded to four other carbon
atoms
*Hardest known substance
*Bad conductor
*Uses - cutting tools, jewellery

Q1. Which of the following is a good conductor of electricity - Diamond or Graphite? Why? (2)
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a carbon
chain is called a Homologous series.
E.g., Alkanes – CH4 , C 2 H6 , C 3 H8, C 4H10

Characteristics of a Homologous Series

*Have same general formula
*Differ by a -CH2 group
*Difference in molecular formula is 14u
*Show regular gradation in physical properties but have same chemical properties

Q1. a. What is a homologous series? Give one example.

b. Write down any three characteristics of the compounds of a homologous series. (3)

STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
Compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures are called structural isomers.

STRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF BUTANE STRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF PENTANE

The two structural isomers of Butane with The three structural isomers of Pentane with
molecular formula C 4 H10 are molecular formula C 5 H12 are

Q1. a. Define structural isomerism.

b. Draw two structural isomers of butane. (3)

Case based/ Source based question

Q1. Carbon has a unique ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon giving rise to large
number of compounds. Since carbon has a valency of four, it is capable of bonding with four other
atoms of carbon or atoms of some other elements. The bond that carbon forms with most other
elements are very strong. The reason for the formation of strong bonds by carbon is its small size.

a. Draw the structure of a carbon compound having 5 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms.
b. If only oxygen is to be bonded to carbon how many of them will b e bonded to one atom of carbon.
c. Name the property which enables carbon to form bonds with other atoms of carbon. How does
small size of carbon help in forming stable bonds with other atoms?
OR
What do you mean by tetravalency of carbon? Write down the number of covalent bonds in
propane(C3 H8) and butane(C4 H10). (4)
 CHAPTER 5

PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

Syllabus for 2020-21: Need for classification, early attempts at classification of

elements (Dobereiner’s Triads, Newland’s Law of Octaves, Mendeleev’s Periodic
Table), Modern periodic table, gradation in properties, valency, atomic size, metallic
and non-metallic properties

DOBEREINER’S TRIADS: When three elements are written in the order of increasing
atomic masses, the atomic mass of the middle element was roughly the average of the (1)
atomic masses of the other two elements. E.g. Li, Na, K

MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC LAW: The properties of elements are a periodic function of

their atomic masses.
THE MODERN PERIODIC LAW: The properties of elements are a periodic function of (1)
their atomic number.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE:

1. Mendeleev sometimes placed an element with a slightly greater atomic mass
before an element with a slightly lower atomic mass. The sequence was inverted
so that elements with similar properties could be grouped together. Eg. Cobalt
(atomic mass 58.9) appeared before Nickel (atomic mass 58.7).
2. Mendeleev left some gaps in his periodic table and boldly predicted the existence
of some elements that had not been discovered at that time. E.g. Scandium,
Gallium and Germanium discovered later have properties similar to the elements
predicted by Mendeleev as Eka-Boron, Eka-Aluminium and Eka-Silicon
respectively.
3. One of the strengths of Mendeleev’s periodic table was that when noble gases
were discovered, they could be placed in a new group without disturbing the (3)
existing order.

LIMITATIONS OF MENDELEEV’S CLASSIFICATION: (3)

1. No fixed and correct position can be given to hydrogen.
2. Isotopes of all elements posed a challenge to Mendeleev’s periodic law.
3. Atomic masses do not increase in a regular manner in going from one element to
the next. So it was not possible to predict how many elements could be
discovered between two elements, especially when we consider the heavier
elements.
How does the Modern Periodic Table take care of three limitations of Mendeleev’s
Periodic Table?
1. Hydrogen was given correct position.
2. The atomic number of each element is unique. Hence isotopes did not create any
(3)
kind of challenge as all isotopes of the same element have same atomic number.
3. The atomic number increases by one in going from one element to the next. It
could be easily ascertained as to how many elements would be found in between
two given elements.

Identifying group and period based on atomic number in Modern Periodic Table :

Step-1 : Write electronic configuration on the basis of atomic number.

Step-2 : Look at the no. of electrons present in the valence shell (outermost shell). It
helps us to find group number.

Step-3 : Count the number of shells. It helps us to find the period number.

(3)

Electronic No. of electrons Group

configuration in valence shell no.

2,1 1 1 Electronic No. of Period

configuration shells no.
2,8,2 2 2
2 1 1
2,8,3 3 13
2,5 2 2
2,8,4 4 14
2,8,3 3 3
2,8,5 5 15
2,8,8,1 4 4
2,8,6 6 16

2,8,7 7 17

2,8,8 8 18
TRENDS IN PROPERTIES IN MODERN PERIODIC TABLE: (3)

1. Atomic size or atomic radii

Down the group – INCREASES Across the period – DECREASES

(due to increase in no. of shells) (due to increase in effective nuclear charge)
2. Valency
Across the period –
Down the group –
FIRST INCREASES AND THEN DECREASES
REMAINS SAME

3. Metallic character (electropositive nature /tendency to lose electron)

Down the group – Across the period -

INCREASES DECREASES

2. Non-metallic character (electronegative nature/tendency to gain electron)

Down the group – Across the period -

DECREASES INCREASES

QUESTIONS

1. How were Dobereiner’s triads formed? Explain taking any one triad. (2)

2. An element P has electronic configuration 2,8,5. In which group and period will it be placed? Another
element Q has electronic configuration 2,5. Can it be placed in same group and period as element P? (2)

3. What trends are observed in atomic size in Modern Periodic Table when we move
(i) down the group?
(ii) across the period? Why? (2)

4. Mention three limitations of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table. How did the Modern Periodic Table take care of
these limitations? (3)

5. Choose an element from period 3 of Modern Periodic Table that matches the description given below in each
instance. Give reason for your choice.

a. It needs one electron like Fluorine to complete its octet.

b. It has same valency as Beryllium.
c. It has variable valency and is a member of the Oxygen family. (3)
6. An atom has electronic configuration 2,8,3.

a. What is the atomic number and name of this element?

b. Which kind of ions and compounds will be formed by it?
c. Name the compound formed by it when it reacts with oxygen. Also write its chemical formula. (3)

7. Ansh found that an element X has the same number of electrons in the first and fourth shell as well as in the
second and the third shell.
a. Write down the electronic configuration of the element.
b. Which group and period does the element belong to?
c. How can the nature of its oxide be ascertained? Explain using a simple activity.
OR
Write balanced chemical equations when X burns in air and its oxide is dissolved in water. Identify the type of
chemical reactions. (4)

8. Shubhi was studying about classification of elements. While going through the content, she came across a
diagram showing only a portion of the Modern Periodic Table. She tried to analyse the portion of the table on
the basis of the available information.

Period/Group 13 14 15 16 17
2 W Z
3 X Y
4 V

a. Among X and Y which will have a larger atomic radius? Why?

b. What is the nature of compounds formed by W likely to be?
c. Among V, W, X, Y and Z which will show the greatest non-metallic character?
OR
What will be the chemical formula of a compound formed by reaction between X and Z? (4)
 CHAPTER 8
HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?

REPRODUCTION: Reproduction in animals and plants (asexual and sexual) reproductive health
need and methods of family planning. Safe sex vs HIV/AIDS. Child bearing and women’s
health.

REPRODUCTION:-Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce new individuals of the same
kind.
IMPORTANCE OF REPRODUCTION:-Reproduction is necessary for the survival and increase in
population of a species. If organisms do not reproduce, their population decreases and species will
become extinct.
There are two ways by which organisms reproduce:
Asexual Reproduction and Sexual reproduction

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:-In this process, only a single parent is involved and no gamete formation
takes place.

Kinds of Asexual reproduction

1.Fission 4.Budding
2.Fragmentation 5.Spore formation
3.Regeneration 6.Vegetativepropagation
FISSION:-The term “fission” means to divide. Fission is an asexual reproduction by which a unicellular
organism divides and forms two or more new individuals. It is of two types-
(I)Binary fission (II) Multiple fission

(I) Binary fission:-During binary fission, the parent cell divides into two daughter cells. First the nucleus
divides and forms two nuclei. Then the cytoplasm divides and forms two daughter cells. E.g.:- Amoeba,
Paramaecium and Leishmania.

BINARY FISSIONINAMOEBA BINARY FISSION INLEISHMANIA

(II)Multiple fission: - In this method, the unicellular organism gets divided into many daughter cells.
Each daughter cell forms a new organism. The parent cell breaks down and leaves many daughter
cells. E.g.:- Plasmodium (malaria parasite), Leishmania.
 FRAGMENTATION:-In this method the parent body divides into several fragments and each fragment
develops into a new organism. E.g.:- Spirogyra.

Regeneration in Hydra
REGENERATION:- Regeneration is the power of growing a new organism. When the body of organism
cut in two parts, each part develops as a new individual organism. e.g:- Hydra
BUDDING :-In this method a bud like projection is formed on the body of the organism. The bud
develops into a new individual. It then separates from the parent and forms an independent
individual. E.g.- hydra, yeast.

SPORE FORMATION:-In this method during unfavorable conditions, the organism develops sac-like
structures called sporangium that contain spores. When the conditions are favorable, the sporangium
bursts open and spores are released. Spores germinate to give rise to new organisms.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION:-Asexual reproduction in plants occurs through their vegetative parts such
as leaves, roots, stem and buds. This is called vegetative propagation. E.g.-
a) STEM - potato, ginger b)ROOT - sweet potato c)LEAF -Bryophyllum

QUESTIONS:-
1. Budding, fragmentation and regeneration, all are considered as asexual mode of reproduction. Why?
2. Write any two differences between binary fission and multiple fission.( 2 marks)
3. Draw a labelled diagram in proper sequence to show budding in hydra. ( 2 marks)
4. Name the process by which an amoeba reproduces. Draw the various stages of its reproduction in a
proper sequence. (2 marks)
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Sexual Reproduction: The mode of reproduction that takes place with the
involvement of two individuals of two different sexes i.e. male and female.

• During sexual reproduction, male organism produces male gametes i.e. sperms.
• The female organism produces female gametes i.e. ova or eggs.
• Male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote that grows into a new organism.

Significance of Sexual Reproduction :

▪ It increases the chances of genetic variations.
▪ It results in the origin of new species.
▪ It maintains DNA in a species.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants:

• The reproductive parts are present in the flower.

• The parts of the flower are sepals, petals, stamen and carpel.
• Sepals are green structures that protect the inner parts when the
flower is in bud stage.
• Petals are colourful and attract the insects
for pollination.
• Stamens are male reproductive parts and
produce pollen grains that contain male
gametes. Each stamen has two parts—
Filament (stalk) and Anther (swollen top part
which has large number of pollen grains).
• The carpel is the female reproductive part
and produces ovules that contain female
gametes. It has three parts- Stigma (top
sticky part that receives pollen grains during pollination), Style (the
middle long part) and Ovary (swollen part that contains ovules). Each
ovule has an egg cell i.e. female gamete
• ovules). Each ovule has an egg cell i.e. female gamete

BISEXUAL FLOWER:
Has both stamen and carpel. E.g. Mustard, China Rose (Hibiscus).

UNISEXUAL FLOWER:
 Has either stamen or carpel. E.g. Papaya, Watermelon.
QUESTIONS:-
QUESTIONS:
1. Draw a labelled diagram of longitudinal section of a flower. (3 marks)
2. Write down the parts of male and female reproductive organs of a
plant. ( 2 marks)
3. Give two example of each- a)unisexual flower b)bisexual flower (2mark)
Pollination: The process of transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a
flower is called pollination. Two types of pollination are:
(i) Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the
same flower.
(ii) Cross-pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of
another flower.
Pollination is followed by FERTILIZATION
Fertilization: Fertilization is the process of fusion of male and female gamete to
form a zygote during sexual reproduction. The events are:
*Pollen grains land on the stigma of the ovary.
*Pollen tubes grow out of the pollen grains, travel through the style and reach the ovary
*Pollen tube has two male germ cells. Each ovule has two polar nuclei and a female germ cell
(egg).
• Pollen tube releases two male germ cells inside the ovule, one of them fuses
with female germ cell and forms a zygote which grows into the baby plant
i.e.embryo.
• Post-fertilization changes:

After fertilization following

changes takes place in the
flower :
• Zygote divides
several times
and forms an
embryo inside
the ovule.
• The ovule
changes into
the seed.
• The ovary
ripens to
form a fruit.
• Petals, sepals,
stamens, style
and stigma
shrivel and
falloff.

QUESTIONS:-
1. Name the female reproductive parts of a plant that changes into: ( 2 mark)
A) Seed. B) Fruit
2. Explain the changes taking place in flower post fertilization. ( 3 marks)
3. Show diagrammatically fertilization in a flowering plant. (2 marks)
 Reproduction in Human Beings:
.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Male Reproductive System

consists of the following:

One pair of Testes

A system of ducts – (a)Vas deferens or

the sperm duct (b)Urethra

A system of glands – (a)Seminal

vesicles (b)Prostrate gland
A Penis

One pair of testes are present in a bag-like structure called scrotum which lies
outside the abdominal cavity, because the testes have to be maintained at 1-3
degrees lesser temperature than the normal body temperature in order to produce
functional sperms.

Functions of testes

• To produce sperms.
• To produce a male reproductive hormone called testosterone.

Function of the vas-deferens: It is meant for the passage of the sperms in the
male body. Functions of the glands: They produce different secretions which
provide nutrition as well as medium for locomotion to the sperms.
The secretion of the glands along with the sperms is known as semen.

Function of the urethra: It is the common passage for the outflow of semen and urine
both from the body.
Penis: It is the organ which is used to introduce semen into the female body. It is
richly supplied with blood vessels.
Female Reproductive System
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM consists of the following :

• 1 pair of ovaries
• 1 pair of fallopian tubes or
oviducts
• A uterus/womb
• A vagina/birth canal.
 At the time of birth each girl child already contains thousands of immature ova. These
ova start maturing only from the time of puberty. Only one ovum is produced by one
ovary in one month and each ovary releases an ovum in alternate months. The
release of an ovum from the ovary into the abdominal cavity is known as ovulation.

Functions of ovary

*To produce and release ova

*To produce oestrogen

Function of fallopian tube: Site of fertilisation.

Function of the uterus: Site for the development of embryo.

Vagina: The uterus opens into the vagina through the cervix. The vagina is a muscular tube
through which the baby is delivered at the end of nine months.

PLACENTA
The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue called
placenta. It is a disk-like structure embedded in the uterine wall. It contains finger-like villi.

QUESTIONS :

1. In a diagram of female reproductive system mark the site of:

(3 marks)
(a) Ovulation (b) Fertilization (c) Development of embryo
2. How does embryo gets oxygen and nourishment in mother’s womb?( 1
mark)

3. State the role of seminal vesicles and prostateglands?

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Sexually transmitted diseases

A number of diseases occur as a result of sexual intercourse, if one of the
partners is infected. These are known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
They can be caused by bacteria e.g. syphilis, gonorrhoea; or caused by a virus e.g.
HIV- AIDS, warts. The transmission of these diseases can be avoided by using birth
control measures such as wearing a condom during the sexual act.

Birth control measures

They can be mechanical, chemical and surgical.

Mechanical methods: These are used to prevent the passage of semen to the fallopian tube :

• Use of condoms
• Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) or loop

Chemical methods

• Use of spermicides
• Oral contraceptive pills
Surgical method

• Vasectomy: It involves cutting and ligating the vas deferens inmale.

• Tubectomy: It involves cutting and ligating reproductive organ i.e. the
fallopian tube in female.

Advantages of contraception: Help in birth control, prevent sexually transmitted

diseases, prevent unwanted pregnancies, keep population explosion in check.

QUESTIONS :

1. Name two diseases that are sexually transmitted by: ( 2 mark)

A) Bacteria. B) Virus
3. How can AIDS be prevented? (2 marks)
4. Differentiate between vasectomy and tubectomy. ( 2 marks)
 CHAPTER 9: HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION

Heredity: Heredity; Mendel’s contribution- Laws for inheritance of traits: Sex

determination: brief introduction

Points to be remembered:
⮚ Reproductive processes give rise to new individuals. This next generation of
individuals is called offspring.
⮚ The offspring of the same parent do not completely resemble each other.
This process is called variation.
⮚ The transmission of characters/traits from one generation to the next
generation is called Heredity.
⮚ Gene is the functional unit of heredity. Every gene controls one or several
characteristic features in living organisms.
⮚ The branch of science in which we study Heredity and Variation is called
Genetics.
⮚ Gregor Johann Mendel is known as Father of Genetics.
⮚ He worked on pea plants (Pisum sativum) to understand the concept of
heredity.
⮚ Mendel worked out the main rules of inheritance of characters.
⮚ Mendel worked on pea plant because:
❖ They have easily identifiable traits like tall/short.
❖ Their life span is short.
❖ They can self -pollinate and can also be cross pollinated.
Rules for inheritance of Traits:
● Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of each and every cell of human being.
● Chromosomes are made up of DNA and genes are segments of DNA.
● Genes are always found in pairs in human beings.
● This pair shows the contrast characters in which one is dominant
and other one is recessive.
● Both the mother and the father contribute practically equal amount of
DNA.
● This shows that each character can be influenced by both mother and father DNA.

Contrasting characters in pea plant

Character/ trait Dominant Recessive
Height of plant Tall short
Shape of seed round wrinkled
Colour of flower purple white
Colour of seed yellow green

There are two types of Cross: Monohybrid (one trait) Dihybrid (two traits)

Monohybrid Cross: Cross between two plants with one pair of contrasting characters.
 Conclusions:

● Tt and TT both are tall plants while tt are short plants.

A single copy of ‘T’ is enough to make plant tall while both copies have to be ‘t’ for plant to
be short
● Character/trait like T is called dominant trait because it expresses itself and t is called
recessive trait because it remains suppressed.
● The character that shows itself in F1 generation is always a Dominant
character/Trait and that does not express itself is Recessive
Character/Trait.
● The offspring will only show the dominant trait.This is Law of Dominance
given by Mendel.

Dihybrid Cross:

A cross between two plants having

two pairs of contrasting characters is
called Dihybrid Cross.

Conclusions:
❖ Round and yellow seeds are
dominant characters because
they appeared in F1 generation.
❖ Occurrence of new phenotypic
combinations shows that genes
for round /wrinkled and green/
yellow seeds are inherited
independently of each other.

YYRR : Yellow and Round Seeds (Dominant Characters)

yyrr : Green and wrinkled seeds (Recessive Characters)
In F1 generation, all plants will have yellow and round seeds. In F2 generation the ratio of seeds
would be 9:3:3:1. Since, both the traits are inherited independently, this is called Law of
Independent inheritance of characters.
Sex Determination :
Factors responsible for sex
determination
Environment: The temperature at which
the fertilized eggs are kept decide the
gender. Eg. Turtle

Genetic : The gender is determined by

pair of chromosomes called sex
chromosomes.
XX Female
XY Male

Chromosomes
In human beings there are 23 pair of chromosomes.
22 pairs of chromosomes similar in both
male and female are called Autosomes.
One pair of chromosomes which is different in both male
and female and decide the gender is called sex chromosome.
● Probability that the child born will be a girl or a boy is 50%.
● All children will inherit an X chromosome from their mother regardless
whether they are boys or girls.
● Thus, the sex of a child is decided what they inherit from their
father not from their mother.

Now answer the following questions:

Q 1) Why Mendel chose Pea plant for his experiment? (2 marks)
Q 2) Mendel crossed a pea plant having round green seeds with pea plant having
wrinkled yellow seeds (3 marks)
● What type of cross is it?
● What type of plants are obtained in F1generation?
● In F2 generation phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1. State the rule of inheritance of
traits as observed by Mendel.

Q 3) In humans, gene B gives brown eyes and gene b gives blue eyes. What will be the
colour of the eye of a person if the combination of genes is BB, Bb, bb? (2marks)

Q 4) A blue coloured flower plant denoted by BB is crossed with that of white

coloured flower plant denoted bb (3 marks).
● State the colour of flower you would expect in their F1generation
● What must be the percentage of white coloured flower plant in F2
generation if flowers of F1 plants are self- pollinated?
● State the expected ratio of the genotypes BB, Bb and bb in the F2progeny?
Q 5) In humans there is a 50% probability of the birth of a boy and 50% probability
that a girl will be born. Justify the statement based on the mechanism of sex
determination in human beings (3 marks)

Q 6) Define variation in relation to a species. Why is variation beneficial for a species?

(2marks)

Q 7) Differentiate between the following:

● Monohybrid and dihybrid cross
● Autosomes and sex chromosomes
● Dominant and recessive characters.

Q8) A Pea plant can have smooth seeds or wrinkled seeds. One of the phenotypes is
completely dominant over other. A farmer decides to pollinate one flower of a plant
with smooth seeds using pollen from plant with wrinkled seeds. The resulting pea pod
has all smooth seeds.
Now answer the following questions:
a) The characters which appear in F1 generation are called (1mark)
i. Dominant characters
ii. Recessive characters
iii. Non mendelian characters
iv. None of the above.
b) Which of the following crosses will give smooth and wrinkled seeds in same
proportion? (1 mark)
(a) RR X rr
(b) Rr x rr
(C) RRX Rr
(d) rrrr
c) On crossing of two heterozygous smooth seeded plants (Rr), a total of 100
plants were obtained in F1 generation. What will be the respective number of
smooth and wrinkled seeds obtained in F1 generation? (2 marks)
(a) 75, 25
(b) 50, 50
(C) 80, 20
(d) 95, 05
 CHAPTER-12

ELECTRICITY

CHAPTER-12: ELECTRICITY- Ohm's law; Resistance, Resistivity, Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends.
Series combination of resistors, parallel combination of resistors and its applications in daily life. Heating effect of
electric current and its applications in daily life. Electric power, Interrelation between P, V, I and R.
Suggestive Practical: Studying the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing
through it and determine its resistance. Also plotting a graph between V and I.

1. Electric Current: The rate of flow of electric
charges is called electric current.
I=Q/t
Mathematically electric current is the ratio of the
charge to the time in which the charge flows.
Unit of electric current
Electric current is measured in Ampere and is
denoted by letter A.
1 milli-Ampere (1 mA = 10-3A)
1 Kilo-Ampere (1 KA= 103A)
2. 1 Ampere: When a charge of one coulomb flows
through a conductor in one second, then current
flowing through the conductor is said to be one
ampere.
1 Ampere= 1 Coulomb/ 1 Second.
3. Direction of Electric Current: By convention, electric
current flows in the opposite direction to the
movement of electrons.

4. Electric potential Difference: The electric 5. SI unit of electric difference is volt(V).

potential difference between two point in an
electric circuit carrying some current as the work
done to move a unit charge from one point to
the other-
Potential Difference (V) between two points =
Work done (W) / Charge(Q)
V=W/Q
One volt is the Potential Difference between two
points in a current carrying conductor when 1 Joule
of work is done to move a charge of 1 coulomb from
one point to the other.
1V = 1 J/C

6. OHM’S LAW: The electric current flowing through

a metallic wire is directly proportional to the
potential difference V, across its ends provided its
temperature remains the same. In other words
V∝I
V/I = constant
= R
V = IR Where R is constant for the given metallic
V-I graph for a nichrome wire. A straight line plot shows that
wire at a given temperature and is called its
as the current through a wire increases, the potential
resistance.
difference across the wire inceases linearly- this is ohms law.
7. Resistance: It is the property of a conductor to 8. 1 ohm: If the potential difference across the two
resist the flow of charges through it. Its SI unit is ends of a conductor is 1V and the current through it
ohm, repersented by the Greek letter Ω. is 1A, then the resistance R, of the conductor is 1Ω .

R=V/I 1 ohm = 1 volt/ 1 ampere.

9. Factors on which the resistance of a conductor
depends:
• The resistance of a conductor is directly
proportional to its length R ∝ l
• The resistance of a conductor is inversely
proportional to its area of corss-section
R ∝ 1/A
• The resistance of a conductor depends
upon the nature of the material of the
conductor.
R ∝ l/A and R=ρ l/A …….. (1)
Where, ρ (rho) is the proportionality constant. It
is called the electrical resistivity of the material
of conductor.
10. The S.I. unit of Resistivity:
From equation (i)
RA = ρl ⇒ ρ = RA/l
Since, the S.I. unit of R is Ω ,
S.I. unit of area ‘A’ is m2
and S.I. unit of length is m.
Hence, unit of resistivity (ρ) = Ω×m2/m = Ωm
Thus, S.I. unit of resistivity (ρ) is Ωm.
11. Resistance in series
R= R1+R2+R3

12. Resisitance in parallel

1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 13. Heating Effect of Electric Current: When electric
current is supplied to a purely resistive conductor, the
energy of electric current is dissipated entirely in the
form of heat and as a result, resistor gets heated.This
is kown as the heating effect of electric current. This
effect is utilised in devices such as electric heater,
electric iron etc.

14. Joule’s law of heating: The law implies that heat

produced in a resistor is (i) directly proportional
to the square of current for a given resistance, (ii)
directly proportional to resistance for a given
current, and (iii) directly proportional to the time
The
for which the current flows through the resistor.
mathematical expression for joules law of heating
H = I2Rt.

15. Common application of joules law of heating:

Electric Bulb: In an electric bulb, the filament of bulb gives light because of the heating effect of electricity. The
filament of bulb is generally, made of tungsten metal, having melting point equal to 3380°C.
Electric Iron: The element of electric iron is made of alloys having high melting point. Electric heater and geyser
work on the same mechanism.
Electric Fuse: . It protects circuits and appliances by stopping the flow of any unduly high electric current. The fuse
is placed in series with the device. It consists of a piece of wire made of a metal or an alloy of appropriate melting
point, for example aluminium, copper, iron, lead etc.
• If a current larger than the specified value flows through the circuit, the temperature of the fuse wire
increases. This melts the fuse wire and breaks the circuit. The fuses used for domestic purposes are rated
as 1 A, 2 A, 3 A, 5 A, 10 A, etc.
 16. Electric Power: The rate at which electric energy
is dissipated or consumed in an electric circuit this
is termed as Electric Power. The power P is
given by
P = VI
Or P = I2R = V2/R. The SI unit of electric power is
watt (W).
1 Watt: It is the power consumed by a device that
carries 1 A of current when operated at a
potential difference of 1 V.
Thus, 1 W = 1 volt × 1 ampere = 1 V A
17. One watt hour is the energy consumed when 1 watt
of power is used for 1 hour.
The commercial unit of electric energy is
kilowatt hour (kW h).
1 kW h = 1000 watt × 3600 second
= 3.6 × 106 watt second = 3.6 × 106 joule (J)
1 kW h =3.6 × 106 joule (J)

Important Questions

1. What is the SI unit of following (2)

a. Current b. Potential Difference c. Resistance d. Electric power

2. (a) Name the device that help to maintain a potential difference across a conductor.( hint: an electric cell or a
battery)
(b) What is the charge on an electron? ( hint: -1.6X10-19 C ) (1X2=2)

3. Draw the symbols of following component commonly used in circuit diagram (2)
a. An electric Cell b. electric bulb c. registor d. ammeter.

4. Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge. (2)

(hint: n=Q/e = 1C/1.6X10-19C = 6X1018 electrons)

5. a. Why the filament of bulb has high melting point?

b. How many joules are there in 1KWh? (1KWh = 3.6 X 106 joule (J) ) (1X2=2)

6. State Ohms law. Draw the graph between V and I? (3)

7. What is Joule’s law of heating? Write the mathematical expression for joules law of heating. (2)

8. A piece of wire of resistance 20 Ω is drawn out (hint:

so that its length is increased to twice its Q.8 Using R=ρl/A , R1= ρl1/A1 and R2= ρl2/A2 ,
original length. Calculate the resistance of the now RI/R2 = l1 A2/ l2A1
wire in the new Situation. (3) Since Volume of the material remain the same
A1.l1=A2.l2
So A1/A2 = l2/l1 = 2 ( given l2=2l1 )
RI/R2 = l1 .A2/ l2.A1
= (l1/l2)2 = ¼
R2=4R1 so R2= 4x20=80 ohm.)
 9. Two resistors R1and R2 may form (i) a series ( hint: Q.10
combination or (ii) a parallel combination, and (i) 5 ohm and 10 ohm resistances are connected in
the combination may be connected to a battery parallel
of 6 volts. In which combination, will the 1/R1= 1/5+1/10 = 3/10
potential difference acrossR1 and across R2 be R1= 10/3= 3.33 Ω
the same and in which combination, will the Since 7 Ω connected with this parallel
current through R1 and through R2 be the combination(R1)
same? (2) R eq = R1+7 Ω
=3.33+7
10. For the circuit shown in this diagram, = 10.33 Ω.
calculate (ii) Total current = V/R eq
(i) the resultant resistance. I = 6/10.33 = 0.58 A
(ii) the total current (iii) Voltage across 7 Ω resistor
(iii) the voltage across 7 ohm resistor (3) =IX7
= 0.58X7 = 4.06 V )

11. How is an ammeter and voltmeter connected in a circuit? (2) (hint: Ammeter is connected in series with the
circuit and The voltmeter is always connected in parallel across the points between which the potential difference is to
be measured.. Ammeter measures elctric current in a circuit and voltmeter is measures potential difference .)

12. An electric geyser rated 1500W , 250V is connected to a 250 V line mains. Solve

(i) the electric current drawn by it.

(ii) energy consumed by it in 50h.

(iii) cost of energy consumed, if each unit costs ₹ 6.

(hint: P=1500W , V=250V

(I) Electric current I= P/V = 1500/250 =6A

(II) Energy consumed, E= POWER X TIME = 1500 X 50 = 75000 Wh =75 kWh
= 75 UNIT ( 1 unit = 1kWh )

Cost of energy consumed = 75 X 6 = ₹ 450.)

 CHAPTER: 13

Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

REVISED SYLLABUS:

Magnetic field, field lines, field due to a current carrying conductor, field due to current carrying coil or solenoid;
Force on current carrying conductor, Fleming’s Left Hand Rule, Electric Motor, Electromagnetic induction.
Induced potential difference, Induced current. Fleming’s Right Hand Rule.

DELETED PORTION:

Electric Generator, Direct Current. Alternating current: frequency of AC. Advantage of AC over DC. Domestic
Electric Circuit.

Magnet

 Magnet is a substance that attracts iron or iron like material.

 Magnet has two poles North and South.
 Like poles repel while unlike poles attract each other.

Magnetic field

The area around a magnet in which the force of magnet can be detected is
called its magnetic field.

Properties of magnetic field lines

1. Magnetic field lines are imaginary lines.

2. Magnetic field lines form closed curve.
3. Direction of magnetic field lines: - outside the magnet north to south
and inside the magnet south to north.
4. Magnetic field lines are stronger at poles where they are crowded.
5. No two magnetic field lines intersect each other. If they do then it would mean that the point of
intersection there are two direction of magnetic field which is not possible.

Q1. Write any three properties of magnetic field lines? (3 Marks)

Q2. Define magnetic field lines? Why do two magnetic field lines not intersect? (2 Marks)

Magnetic field lines around a current carrying straight conductor or single circular loop

1. It can be represented by concentric circle at every point.

2. Direction of magnetic field can be given by Right hand thumb rule.
Right Hand Thumb Rule: - Imagine that you are holding a current carrying
conductor in your right hand. If thumb is pointing towards the direction of
current then finger wrapped around the conductor give the direction of
magnetic field.
3. Increase in current increase the magnetic strength in a straight conductor or
single circular loop.

Q3. State right hand thumb rule? (2 Marks)

Solenoid

A coil with many circular turns of insulated copper wire is called solenoid.

Magnetic field around a current carrying solenoid

One end of solenoid behave like north pole and other as a South pole
therefore magnetic field due to current in solenoid is similar to a bar magnet.

The strength of magnetic field of a solenoid can be increased by-

1. Increasing the amount of current.

2. Increasing the number of turns.

Use- Solenoid can be used to magnetize material like soft iron.

Q4. What is solenoid? How can we increase the magnetic field around a solenoid? (3 Marks)

Fleming left hand rule Fleming right hand rule

1. Stretch the thumb forefinger and middle
finger of left hand so that they are
perpendicular to each other.
2. If fore finger indicates direction of magnetic
field, middle finger indicates the direction of
current then the thumb gives us the
direction of motion of force acting on
conductor.
1. Stretch the thumb forefinger and middle
finger of right hand so that they are
perpendicular to each other.
2. If fore finger indicates direction of
magnetic field thumb indicates the
direction of motion of conductor then
middle finger gives us direction of
induced current in conductor.

3. Use in electric motor. 3. Use in electric generator.

Q5. State Fleming's left hand rule? (2 Marks)

Q6. State Fleming's right hand rule? (2 Marks)

Electric motor

Electric motor is a device which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.

Principle of electric motor

 It works on the principle of magnetic effect of electric current.

 When a current-carrying rectangular coil is placed perpendicular to the magnetic field then it experiences a
force that rotates it continuously in a direction given by Fleming's left-hand rule.
The function of main part of electric motor

1. Armature-Armature coil carrying current, placed perpendicular to

the magnetic field as a result it experience equal force in mutually
opposite direction.

2. Brushes-It connects current from battery to split ring.

3. Split ring- It Reverse the direction of current in the coil from

brushes after each half rotation.

Q7. Write the principle of working of electric motor? (1 Marks)

Q8. Explain the function of (a) Armature (b) Brushes (c) Split ring of an electric motor? (3 Marks)

Electromagnetic induction

The phenomenon of the production of induced current in a coil, placed in changing magnetic field is called
electromagnetic induction. The direction of the induced current is given by Fleming right-hand rule.

Q9. What do you mean by Electromagnetic induction? (1 Marks)

Q10. Ramesh Sir was demonstrating an experiment in his class with the setup as shown in the figure below. By this
setup he can move the magnet in and out of the stationary coil. (4 Marks)

Based on your understanding of the phenomena, answer the following question.

a. What is the principle which Ramesh sir is trying to demonstrate?

b. What will be observed when the magnet starts moving in and out through the coil explains the reason behind this
observation.

c. Consider the situation when the magnet goes in and out of the coil. State two changes which would be made to
increase the deflection in the galvanometer.

Or

c. Is there any difference in the observation in the galvanometer when the magnet moves in and out of the stationary
coil? Justify your answer?
 CHAPTER 15
OUR ENVIORNMENT

Syllabus for 2021-22 :Eco- System, Environmental Problems, Ozone depletion, Waste
Production and their solutions, Biodegradable and Non – Biodegradable substances

What is Environment ? The environment is everything around us. All our surroundings including
the air, soil, water, plants, and animals forms the enviornment.Plants and animals need a healthy
environment to survive.

Eco -System: An ecosystem is a system

consisting of biotic and abiotic
components that function together as a
unit.
whichBiotic components:
is liquid All the living things
at room tempe
Abiotic components : All the Non-living
things.

(2marks each)
Types of Eco-System: I. Define Environment. Name any two abiotic
1. Natural ecosystems; Deserts, forests, components of an environment?
and oceans II. What are the two main components of our
2. Artificial ecosystems or Man -made environment?
ecosystem: Aquarium, crop field, III. List two man made and two natural
dams, gardens, zoo, park, etc. ecosystems

Biotic Component of an
ecosystem

Producer: Manufacture food Consumer or Heterotrophs: Decomposer: Depend upon

with the help of sunlight Obtain food from plants dead plants and animals eg.
(Plants and blue green algae) directly or indirectly Fungi bacteria

Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Parasites

1. What will happen to the garbage, dead animals and plants in the absence of Decomposers?(2marks)
2. Why we do need to clean aquarium on regular basis, but not Ponds or lakes ? (2marks)
3. Why Green Plants are called Producers? (2marks)
4. Write the names of two herbivores, two carnivores and two omnivores’ animals . (3marks)
What is food chain?

A chain in which one organism eats another

organism, and later that organism is consumed
by another larger organism.
TROPHIC LEVEL: The position that an organism
occupied in a food chain is called Trophic Level
Each step or level of the food chain forms a
trophic level. The autotrophs or the producers
are at the first trophic level.
The flow of nutrients and energy from one
organism to another at different trophic levels
forms a food chain.

Main points to Remember :

Food chain in Nature
1. The green plants in a terrestrial ecosystem capture about 1% of the energy of sunlight that falls on their leaves
and convert it into food energy.
2. 10% PERCENT LAW: Only 10% of energy is transferred to next trophic level while 90% of energy is
used by present trophic level in its life processes. This is called 10% law.

1. What will happen if all the carnivores are removed from the Earth? (2marks)
2. What are the various steps in a food chain called ? (1marks)
3. Define trophic level. Draw the food chain with four trophic levels. (3marks)
4. What percentage of solar energy is trapped and utilized by plants ? (1marks)
5. Draw a food chain in the ascending order of their trophic level (2marks)
Hawk, Snake , Grass, Rabbit
6. If we get 10,000 joule energy from the Sun, how much amount of energy will be obtained in
the third trophic level? (2marks)
7. In the food chain of Deer Grass and Lion which will:- (2marks)
a.Transfer maximum amount of energy b. Get minimum energy
What is food web?

Food web is a network of food chains where all the

chains are naturally interconnected.

Each organism is generally eaten by two or more

other kinds of organisms which in turn are eaten by several
other organisms.

A food chain is unidirectional where transfer of energy

takes place in only one direction.

Once the energy reaches the next tropic level it does not
come back again. For example- energy which passes to the
herbivores does not come back again to autotrophs.

Biological Magnification: The increase in concentration of harmful chemical substances like pesticides in the body
of living organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is called biological magnification.
Example:

Maximum concentration of such chemicals gets accumulated in human bodies.

1. Why energy of herbivore never come back to autotrophs ? 2marks

2. Which of the following will have the maximum concentration of harmful chemicals in
its body : Peacock, Frog, Grass, Snake , Grasshopper? 2marks
3. Draw a diagram to show flow of solar energy in ecosystem. 2marks

Depletion of Ozone Layer: Ozone (O3) layer is largely found in the stratosphere which is a part of our atmosphere
from 12 km -50 km above sea level.
Ozone is formed as a result of the following photochemical reaction.

Ozone layer is a protective blanket around earth which absorbs most of the harmful UV (Ultraviolet) radiation of
the Sun, protecting the living beings from disease like skin cancer.
CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons
UNEP The United Nations Environment Program

1. Which compounds are responsible for the depletion of Ozone layer ? (1mark)
2. Which gas shields the surface of earth from harmful radiations of the Sun? Why are
UV radiation harmful to organisms ? (2marks)
3. What is Ozone ?How it is formed in the atmosphere ? Explain with equation.(3marks)
Managing the Garbage we Produce
Biodegradable Wastes: Substances that are broken down by the biological processes are said to be
biodegradable waste . Examples: Kitchen waste, leaves, urine and cow-dung etc.

Non-Biodegradable Wastes: Substances that are not broken down by biological processes are said
to be non-biodegradable. E.g., DDT, Mercury, Lead.

Review of the 4Rs…

REDUCE, consumption at the source.
REUSE, goods as much as possible to give them a
longer life.
RECYCLE, to the maximum.
RECOVER, transfer waste into resources

1. Use of paper is more environment friendly than the use of polythene for packing
Justify. 2 marks
2. How would you dispose the following ?
a. Domestic waste b. Industrial waste 3marks

3. Choose the Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable pollutants from the list given
below : Sewage waste, DDT, Agriculture waste ,Polythene 2marks

4. Write the two material which can be recycled ? 2marks

Case based question

An ecosystem may be defined as a structural and functional unit of the biosphere comprising living organisms and

their non-living environment which interact by means of food chains and biogeochemical cycles resulting in energy

flow, biotic diversity, and material cycling to form a stable, self-supporting system.

Now answer the following questions:

1. Which is the structural and functional unit of the biosphere -------------------------------- 1mark

2. What is the role of fungi and bacteria in an ecosystem? -------------------------------- 1mark

3. The two basic processes involved in an ecosystem are: -------------- ---------------------- 2 mark
 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
CLASS X Science (086)
Term 2 (2021-22)

Max. Marks: 40 Time allowed: 2 hours

General Instructions:

i. All questions are compulsory.

ii. The question paper has three sections and 15 questions. All questions are compulsory.
iii. Section–A has 7 questions of 2 marks each; Section–B has 6 questions of 3 marks each;
and Section–C has 2 Case based questions of 4 marks each.
iv. Internal choices have been provided in some questions. A student has to attempt only
one of the alternatives in such questions.

Section A
1. a. Write the molecular formula of ammonia and draw its electron dot structure.
b. Write the next homologue of each of the following:
(i) C2H4 (ii) C4H6
2. Based on the information of the given elements, write the molecular formula of the
following compounds giving justification for each:
a. Compound formed when an element X of group 2 combines with an element Y of
group 17.
b. When element P from group 13 reacts with element Q of group 16.
3. In the human body what is the role of
i. seminal vesicles
ii. prostate gland?
4. Illustrate the following with the help of suitable diagrams:
a. Spore formation in Rhizopus.
b. Multiple fission in Plasmodium.
5. What is the function of genes in an organism? Where are genes located?
Or
Define variation. How is variation useful in the formation of species?
6. a. Define magnetic field lines?
b. Why two magnetic field lines do not intersect?
Or
a. What is solenoid?
b. How can we increase the magnetic field around a solenoid?
7. a. In a food chain comprising frogs, insects, birds and grass, which one of the organisms is
likely to have maximum concentration of harmful non-biodegradable chemicals in the
body.
b. What is the ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem? Which process helps to trap this
energy in producers?
Or
State two problems caused by the Non-Biodegradable waste that we generate in our daily
life.
Section- B

8. Anshika was studying about classification of elements. While going through the content, she
came across a diagram showing only a portion of the Modern Periodic Table. She tried to
analyze the portion of the table on the basis of the available information.
 a. Among V and Y which will have a larger atomic radius? Why?
b. What is the nature of compounds formed by W likely to be?
c. Among V, X and Y which will show the greatest metallic character? Why?
9. Explain why:
a. Carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bonding.
b. We cannot have isomers of first three members of alkane series.
Or
Propane, butane and pentane belong to the same homologous series.
a. Arrange these hydrocarbons in order of their increasing boiling points. Give reason
b. Write the molecular formulae of these compounds.
10. “In human beings, there are 50% chances of a child being born as a male or female" Justify
this Statement.
11. a. Write relation between heat energy produced in a conductor when a potential
difference V is applied across its terminals and a current (I) flows through for time ‘t’
(1 mark)
b. Two wires A and B are of equal length and have equal resistance. If the resistivity of A
is more than that of B, which wire is thicker and why? (2 marks)
12. Five resistors are connected in a circuit as shown. Find the ammeter reading when circuit is
closed.

13. a. Why should ozone layer be protected to save the environment?

b. List any two ways that you would stress in your talk to bring in awareness amongst
your fellow friends that would also help in protection of ozone layer as well as
environment.
Section C

14. A farmer crossbred violet colour flower plant denoted by WW with that of white colour
flower plant denoted by ww.
a. State the colour of flower he would expect in F2 generation plants.
b. What must be the percentage of white flower plants in F2 generation if flowers of F1
plants are self-pollinated.
c. State the Law of dominance of characters.
 If he decides to cross Ww flower plant with ww flower plant, what would be the ratio of
violet and white flowers?
Or
Explain the statement "A trait which is inherited, may not be expressed".

15. Ramesh Sir was demonstrating an experiment in his class with the setup as shown in the
figure below. By this setup he can move the magnet in and out of the stationary coil.

Based on your understanding of the phenomena, answer the following question.

a. What is the principle which Ramesh sir is trying to demonstrate?
b. What will be observed when the magnet starts moving in and out through the coil
explains the reason behind this observation.
c. Consider the situation when the magnet goes in and out of the coil. State two changes
which would be made to increase the deflection in the galvanometer.
Or
Is there any difference in the observation in the galvanometer when the magnet moves in
and out of the stationary coil? Justify your answer.