15 ARC 5.

3 – BUILDING SERVICES – 2
( Electrical Services & Illumination )

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS

DATE : 13/8/19
BGSSAP, VA

Presented By : Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
SUBSTATION :

• A substation is generally an assembly of apparatus which is installed to Control transmission and

distribution of electric power.
• A Substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations
transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions.

Source :indiamart.com

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS

Source : Primary sub station Vishakhapatnam port

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
FUNCTIONS OF SUBSTATION :
1. SWITCHING OPERATIONS -To switch on & off the power lines
2. VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION OPERATION - To transform voltage from higher to lower or vice versa
3. POWER CONVERTING OPERATION -To convert AC to DC or vice versa
4. FREQUENCY CORRECTING OPERATION –To convert frequency from higher to lower or vice versa.
5. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION –To improve the power factor by installing synchronous condensers at
receiving end of the line.

1. Primary power lines 7. Current transformer

2. Ground wire 8. Lightning arrester
3. Overhead lines 9. Main transformer
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage 10. Control building
5. Disconnect switch or isolator 11. Security fence
6. Circuit breaker 12. Secondary power lines

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
2. GROUND WIRE :
• Grounding means connecting the live part (it means the part
which carries current under normal condition) to the earth.
• Because of lightning, line surges or unintentional contact with
other high voltage lines, dangerously high voltages can develop
in the electrical distribution system wires. Grounding provides a
safe, alternate path around the electrical system of your house
thus minimizing damage from such occurrences.

1. Primary power lines 7. Current transformer

2. Ground wire 8. Lightning arrester
3. Overhead lines 9. Main transformer
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage ( P.T) 10. Control building
5. Disconnect switch or isolator 11. Security fence
6. Circuit breaker 12. Secondary power lines
Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
4 . POTENTIAL OR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER :
• Used to step down voltage for measurement

1. Primary power lines 7. Current transformer

2. Ground wire 8. Lightning arrester
3. Overhead lines 9. Main transformer
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage ( P.T) 10. Control building
5. Disconnect switch or isolator 11. Security fence
6. Circuit breaker 12. Secondary power lines

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
5 . Disconnect switch or isolator :
• These are used to disconnection
transmission line under no-load
condition for safety, isolation and
maintenance.

1. Primary power lines 7. Current transformer

2. Ground wire 8. Lightning arrester
3. Overhead lines 9. Main transformer
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage ( P.T) 10. Control building
5. Disconnect switch or isolator 11. Security fence
6. Circuit breaker 12. Secondary power lines

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
6 . Circuit breaker :
• Circuit breaker is nothing but a switch used to open or close the circuit
under loading conditions.

1. Primary power lines 7. Current transformer

2. Ground wire 8. Lightning arrester
3. Overhead lines 9. Main transformer
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage ( P.T) 10. Control building
5. Disconnect switch or isolator 11. Security fence
6. Circuit breaker 12. Secondary power lines

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
7 . Current Transformer:
These are used to step-down currents for
measurement, control & protection.

1. Primary power lines 7. Current transformer

2. Ground wire 8. Lightning arrester
3. Overhead lines 9. Main transformer
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage ( P.T) 10. Control building
5. Disconnect switch or isolator 11. Security fence
6. Circuit breaker 12. Secondary power lines

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
7 . Lightning Arrester:
• Lightning arrestors are also called surge
diverters used to protect the equipment
in switch-yard.
• These are used to ground the surge
currents when ever the lightening
occurs.

1. Primary power lines 7. Current transformer

2. Ground wire 8. Lightning arrester
3. Overhead lines 9. Main transformer
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage ( P.T) 10. Control building
5. Disconnect switch or isolator 11. Security fence
6. Circuit breaker 12. Secondary power lines

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
You tube links :
• 33/11 kV Sub-station - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=InCzfKQiOho
• Transformer details - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zWVxQtDNr4
• Transformer maintenance - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMQjUa9GByc
• Working of transformer - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cx4_7lIjoBA
• How does a transformer work - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vh_aCAHThTQ

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
CLASSIFICATION OF SUB STATIONS :

1. IN ACCORDANCE WITH SERVICE :

• Static Substation –voltage of ac energy is changed
• Converting substation –AC to DC

2. IN ACCORDANCE WITH SERVICE VOLTAGE :

• Extra high voltage transmission substation: above 66kv
for purpose of transmission.
• Distribution substation: Voltage is stepped down to low
tension, ie400 volts for supplying to the users
• Industrial substation: For bulk customers voltage is
stepped down at substations installed in the premises of Pole mounted sub station
an industry (11kv or 66Kv)
• Substation for power factor correction: To improve
power factor at the end of the transmission line.
• Frequency changing substations: For maximum
utilization

2. IN ACCORDANCE WITH MOUNTING :

• Indoor type – consist of series of open and closed
chambers /compartments to protect from impurities such
as metal corroding gases ,fumes ,conductive dust etc. Indoor type sub station
• Outdoor type – Pole mounted & foundation mounted.

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF OUTDOOR SUBSTATIONS COMPARED TO INDOOR SUB STATIONS :

Advantages
1. Construction work needed is much smaller than indoor substation
2. Less quantity of building material needed
3. Installation of switch gear is low
4. Adequate space between two adjoining equipment can be provided without much cost
5. Erection can be completed in less time.
6. Whole of equipment can be viewed which makes fault location easier
7. The extension of scheme is easier whenever needed

Disadvantages
1. The dirt and dust deposit on the contact switches and thus maintenance cost increases.
2. The chances of leakage increases during rainy and snow falling seasons thus the switching
operations become difficult
3. The installation is not safe from the unauthorized entry of a person

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMERS:
• A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction.

• This is the basis of how a transformer works : An alternating current passes through the primary coil. The
alternating current produces a magnetic field that continuously changes direction. The soft iron core
increases the strength of the magnetic field.

• A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn induces
a voltage in a second coil.
• Power can be transferred between the two coils through the magnetic field, without a metallic
connection between the two circuits.
• Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications.

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMERS:
• Essential part of voltage conversion substation
• Transformer consists of 2 coils which are insulated with each other and placed on the steel core.
• The steel core is made of laminations with windings are placed in the container.
• Insulating material provide insulation between windings on the core and container.
• This coil also radiates out the heat of the windings.
• For radiating out the heat tubes are provided along the two sides of the container.
• The coil after heating expands and circulates in the tubes and the container. When hot oil is in the tubes
the heat is radiated to the surroundings.
• The terminal of windings are brought out in to porcelain oil filled or condenser type bushings.

Image & Fig :Three phase natural air oil cooled transformer
Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP
SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS:

According to construction :
1. Core type
2. Shell type

According to cooling type :

1. Oil filled self cooled
2. Oil filled water cooled
3. Air blast type
Core type transformer
According to construction :
1. Core type :
• In this type of transformer, the windings are given to the considerable part of the circuit in the core type
of the transformer. The coils used are of form-wound and cylindrical type on the core type. It has a single
magnetic circuit.
• In core type transformer, the coils are wounded in helical layers with different layers insulated from each
other by materials like mica. The core is having two rectangular limbs and the coils are placed on both
the limbs in the core type.

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS:

According to construction :
2. Shell type :
• Shell type transformers are the most popular and efficient
type of transformers.
• The shell type transformer has a double magnetic circuit. The
core has three limbs and both the winding are placed on the
central limbs.
• The core encircles most parts of the winding. Generally multi- Shell type transformer
layer disc and sandwich coils are used in shell type.
Core type Shell type
The windings encircle the core The core encircles the windings

Cyclindrical type of coils are used Multilayer disc type or sandwich coils are used

As windings are distributed, natural cooling is more As windings are surrounded by the core, natural cooling does not
effective exist

Coils can be easily removed from maintainence point of For removing any windings for the maintenance large number of
view laminations are required to be removed which is difficult.

The construction is preferred for low voltage transformers The construction is preferred for high voltage transformers

It has a single magnetic circuit It has a double magnetic circuit

In a single phase type, the core has two limbs In a single phase type, the core has three limbs

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS:

According to cooling type :

1. Oil filled self cooled type :
In this type of transformer, assembled windings after putting on the core are placed in the container which is
filled with high quality insulating oil. The oil radiates the heat to the surroundings and on two side, its
provided to increase the dissipation area. It is adopted for outdoor transformers.

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS:

According to cooling type :

2. Oil filled water cooled type :
In this type of transformer, coils through which water is circulated are placed inside the container in which
oil is placed .The heat from oil is conveyed through the water circulating in oil.

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP

SUBSTATION & TRANSFORMERS
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS:

According to cooling type :

Air blast type :
This cooling is adopted in high voltage transformers of 33kv and above. The transformer core and
windings are placed in a container which is open at opposite sides. The air is blown through it with the
help of a blower for cooling purpose.

Presented by Ar.Chetan Tippa – Asst Prof - BGSSAP