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LAICHI HICHAM
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ :ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت و دﻗﺘﮭﺎ و اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ اھﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ
وھﻲ ﺿﺮورﯾﺔ ﺟﺪا ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﻘﺮار ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﺠﺎل ﻹﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮار اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ
طﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم
ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ
طﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم
ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ
ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻛﺎن ﻣﻮﺟﻮدا ﺑﻜﺜﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺟﺪا اﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ ﺑﻞ اﻧﮫ ﯾﻌﻘﺪ ﻛﺜﯿﺮا ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ
اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ و أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ھﺬا ﻗﺪ ﯾﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ان ﻧﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﯾﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻋﺪة ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ .
ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت :ﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﯿﻦ ھﺎﻣﯿﻦ ھﻤﺎ :
(1اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدﯾﺔ Hardware :و ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻻﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻤﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﺜﻞ :اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ،اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎت ......إﻟﺦ
(2اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت Software :و ھﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت و ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻰ ﺛﻼث أﻗﺴﺎم ھﻲ :
-1أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ :وھﻲ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺈدارة اﻻﺟﮭﺰة و ﺗﮭﯿﺌﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ....... Windows ، Unix :إﻟﺦ
-2ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت 97,2007,2008,2010 Access - :
ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ
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اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻠﻐﺎت
ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ :اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ و اﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع و اﻻﺧﺮاج و اﻟﺘﻘﺎرﯾﺮ ....إﻟﺦ -
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ :ھﻢ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت -
ﻣﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم :و ھﻮ اﻟﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ ادارة ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت و ﯾﻘﻮم -
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﮭﺎم اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ :
إدارة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ :ﻣﻨﺢ اﻟﺼﻼﺣﯿﺎت ﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ،ادارة اﻻﺟﮭﺰة و أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺘﺨﺰﯾﻦ -
ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ :ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ھﻮ اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ -
اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ و اﻟﺘﺠﮭﯿﺰات ،ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ،ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻻﻣﻦ و اﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ .
وﺣﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت :ھﻮ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وواﺟﺒﺎﺗﮫ ھﻲ : -
ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت -
ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺧﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار -
ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ طﺮق اﻟﻮﺻﻮل و اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ و اﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت -
ﺗﻮﺛﯿﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ طﺮق اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت -
اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﻮن و ﻣﺤﻠﻠﻮا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم :ھﻢ اﻻﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ و ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ -
وواﺟﺒﺎﺗﮭﻢ ھﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت و ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ -
ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ و ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ و اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﮭﺎ -
ﻋﻤﻞ ﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ -
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم :ھﻮ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ او اﻻﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﯿﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم و ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ -
ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﺤﺪد ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺚ )إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺣﺬف ،ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ اﻻﺟﺮاءات و اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت .
اﻹﺟﺮاءات و اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت : -
و ھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ و ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ -
وﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﺎت ﻣﻮﺛﻘﺔﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ و ﻣﺤﺪد -
اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت :وھﻲ أھﻢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ : -
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت و اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺪاﺋﻲ اذ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻜﺎن و ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ
ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﮭﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﮭﺎ و اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨﮭﺎ و ھﺬا ﯾﻜﻮن ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ .
ان ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺟﯿﺪة ﻻ ﯾﺄﺗﻲ ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ اذ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺬل ﺟﮭﺪ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ و اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺠﯿﺪ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة
اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﯾﺴﮭﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ اﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺴﻲء) ﯾﻌﻨﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن( و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺼﻌﺐ
ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ،و ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﺆدي ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ طﻠﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ
ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ،و ھﺬا ﺑﺪوره ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ أي ﻗﺮار إداري ،و ﻛﺬﻟﻚ أي ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﺧﺎطﺌﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ .
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اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
- 5ﻧﻈﺎم إدارة ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت :
ان ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت ھﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺻﻮل ﺑﺤﺎﺳﻮب ﻟﺘﻠﺒﯿﺔ اﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت ﻋﺪة ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ
ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﻲ ،ﯾﺨﺘﺺ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﻤﻮذج اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ) ، (Les donnéesاﻟﻨﻤﺎذج
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻋﻼم اﻵﻟﻲ :
-اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﺮﻣﯿﺔ
-اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ
-اﻹﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﯿﺔ
اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن
اﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﻀﺎت اﻻﻣﺘﯿﺎزات اﻟﻮاﺟﺒﺎت
ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ان اﻟﺘﺴﺠﯿﻼت ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺸﺠﺮة و ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﺎﺋﺺ او اﻟﻤﺴﺎوء ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ :
-ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺬي ﯾﺆدي اﻟﻰ إزدﺣﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ
-ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺠﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة
-ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﺷﺘﺮاك اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺠﺮات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اذ ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻻ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﯾﻜﻮن ﻹﺑﻦ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أب
اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ
اﻻﺳﺘﺎذ B اﻻﺳﺘﺎذ A
اﻻﺳﺘﺎذ C
اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ 5 اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ 4 اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ 3 اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ 2 اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ 1
ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺔ :ﻧﺸﺄ ﻣﻔﮭﻮم ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺳﻨﺔ 1970ﻣﻦ طﺮف اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ CODDھﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﯾﺘﻠﺨﺺ
ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻧﮫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪاول و اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت .
4
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
اﻟﺠﺪاول :ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺠﺪول ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﻮف ) ( Ligneاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﺠﯿﻼت ،و اﻻﻋﻤﺪة -
) ( Coloneو اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺠﺪول و ﻟﻜﻞ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻣﺤﺪود ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ .
ﺻﻔــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــﺎت
-اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ :
ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪاء اﻟﺪﯾﻜﺎرﺗﻲ ،اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﯿﺎت و ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪول ذو
اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ :
-ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺎت ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ
-ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻻﺳﻄﺮ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﮭﻢ
-ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼت ) ( Les attrubutsھﻲ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ
-اﻟﺨﺎﺻﯿﺔ ) : ( Les attrubuts
Nom Prenom Adresse Sexe
اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﯿﺔ :ھﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﺎت و ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺗﺮﺑﻄﮭﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ -
5
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
ﻣﺜﺎل :
(3اﻟﺘﻘﺎطﻊ :
اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﯿﻦ R1و R2ﻋﻼﻗﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع اﺗﺤﺎد ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ،ﻋﻼﻗﺔ R1 ∩ R2ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ
(4اﻟﻄـــــﺮح :
اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﯿﻦ R1و R2ﻋﻼﻗﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع اﺗﺤﺎد ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ،ﻋﻼﻗﺔ R2 - R1ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن
ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﺠﯿﻼت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ R1و ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ R2
Livre = Livre1 - Livre2 Titre Sujet N° page
Pascal Inf 120
Larousse Dic 1700
رﻣﺰھﺎ Pﻧﻘﻮل ﻋﻦ اﺳﻘﺎط اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ذات اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ ) R1(A1,A2,A3,A4……….Anﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﯿﺎت ﺣﯿﺚ N>=P
) ( Ai1,Ai2,Ai3…….AiPأﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ R2ذات اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ Rاﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ Nو ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﻗﺼﺎء اﻟﺨﺎﺻﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ R1
ﻣﺜﺎل :
R2 :Livre , Sujet
R2 : Projection Sujet
6
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
ﻣﺜﺎل :
Sujet
Inf
Dic
اﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ R1ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ R2ﻟﮭﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ و ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ Nﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ اﻟﻰ ﺷﺮط ﻣﻌﯿﻦ
) ﯾﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﻤﻜﺘﻮب ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎء (
)R1 = Selection (Livre1 , N°page >= 150 Titre Sujet N° page
Delphi Inf 300
Larousse Dic 1700
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﺸﻐﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ ،ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺸﺮوط ﻣﻌﺒﺮة ﺑﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻻ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﯿﺔ ) =< (>, < , >= ,
و اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ ) ﺻﺢ ،ﺧﻄﺄ (
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ :ﻟﺘﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ R(A : D1,B :D2), S(A :D1,B :D2) , Q(A :D1, B :D2, C :D3) :
ﻧﻤﺜﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ :
R A B S A B Q A B C
1 a 1 a 1 a 2.5
2 a 2 b 2 a 5.3
5 c 3 c 2 a 3.1
6 h 5 c 6 h 7.9
S - Q (5 ، R U S U projection a,b(Q) (4 ، R ∩ S (3 ، R – S (2 ، أﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ S U R (1 :
SelectionA = 2(R) (7 ، R – P (6
RUS A B
1 a )R U S U project a,b(Q A B اﻟﺤﻞ :
2 a 1 a ProjectA,B A B
2 b 2 a 1 a
5 c 5 c 2 a
6 h 6 h 6 H
3 c 3 c
7
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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SGBD ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
: ( اﻟﺠﺪاء اﻟﺪﯾﻜﺎرﺗﻲ3
R2 وR1 ( ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ اﻟﺠﺪوﻟﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ1 ﻣﺜﺎل
R1×R2 ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
R1×R2 A B R1 B R1 A
a 1 1 a
a 2 2 b
a 3 3
a 4 4
b 1
b 2
b 3
b 4
Les amis ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﺟﺪول اﻻﺻﺪﻗﺎءR1 ﺑﺤﺚR2 وR1 ( ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ اﻟﺠﺪوﻟﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ2 ﻣﺜﺎل
Les cadeaux ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﺟﺪول اﻟﮭﺪاﯾﺎR2 و اﻟﺠﺪول
Use(NumV,Nom,Classement,Age)
Livre(NumL,Titre,Type)
Preter(NumV,NumL,Date)
8
( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ:اﺧﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ: ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم:إﻋﺪاد
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SGBD ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
: اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ
: اﻟﺤﻞ
9
( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ:اﺧﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ: ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم:إﻋﺪاد
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
Use X Livre Num Nom Classement Age NumL Titre Type
22 ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻠﻄﯿﻒ 7 45 101 ﺟﺪد ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻚ دﯾﻦ
22 ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻠﻄﯿﻒ 7 45 102 Delphi 7 إﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ
22 ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻠﻄﯿﻒ 7 45 103 Ro رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت
31 ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺴﺘﺎر 8 55 101 ﺟﺪد ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻚ دﯾﻦ
31 ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺴﺘﺎر 8 55 102 Delphi 7 إﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ
31 ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺴﺘﺎر 8 55 103 Ro رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت
58 ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻤﯿﺪ 10 35 101 ﺟﺪد ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻚ دﯾﻦ
58 ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻤﯿﺪ 10 35 102 Delphi 7 إﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ
58 ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻤﯿﺪ 10 35 103 Ro رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت
ﻣﺜـــــــــــــــــــــﺎل : 1
ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ رﺑﻂ Jointureﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ اﻟﺠﺪوﻟﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ R1و R2
10
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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SGBD ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
R1 ∞ R2 (D > B) اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ رﺑﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺷﺮط-2
R1 ∞ R2 (D > B) A B C D E
1 2 6 3 1
1 2 6 6 3
4 5 3 6 3
R1 A B C R2 B C D
a b c b c d
d b c b c e
b b f d d b
c a d
Q=(R1.B=R2 .B)x(R1.C=R2.C) ﺑﺤﯿﺚR1∞ R2 Q أﻧﺸﺄ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
R1∞ R2 Q A B C B C D
a b c b c D
d b c b c E
a b c b c D
d b c b c E
: ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘــــــــــﺎت
CJH(IdCours,Jour,Heure) : ﻟﺘﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ
CS(IdCours,IdSalle)
ENA(IdEtudiant,Nom,Adresse)
CEN(IdCours,IdEtudiant,Note)
11
( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ:اﺧﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ: ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم:إﻋﺪاد
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SGBD ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
CS IdCours IdSalle
Archi S1
Algo S2
Syst S1
: ( اﺳﺘﺨﺮج ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻹﺳﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ1
R1= ProjectionCJH(IdCours)
R2= Projection ENA(IdEtudiant)
R1 IdCours R2 IdEtudiant
Archi 100
Algo 200
Syst 300
. أي ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ رﺑﻂ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﯿﻦ اوﻻ اﻟﻀﺮب و ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﺸﺮط دون ان ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﺣﺬف اﻟﻌﻤﻮد اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮر: ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ
12
( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ:اﺧﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ: ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم:إﻋﺪاد
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
R5 IdCours IdEtudiant
Archi 100
Archi 300
Syst 100
Syst 200
Syst 300
Algo 100
Algo 200
(5اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ :ھﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوي ﺣﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺤﻘﻮل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ
اﻟﺠﺪاول اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ،وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ و ﻧﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ R1∞R2ﺑﺪون
ﺷﺮط ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ ﻻن اﻟﺸﺮط ﻣﻔﮭﻮم ﺿﻤﻨﯿﺎ ھﻮ ان ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺤﻘﻮل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﺳﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻼ اﻟﺠﺪوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ اﺷﺎرة ﻣﺴﺎواة
ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻘﻮل ﻣﺮة واﺣﺪة اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ .
(5اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ :ﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺑﻤﺜﺎل ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﻧﻔﺘﺮض اﻧﮫ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﯿﻦ A,Bﺣﯿﺚ ان اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ Aﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﻘﻼن X,Yو اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ Bﻟﮭﺎ
ﺣﻘﻞ واﺣﺪ Xو ھﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻞ اﻟﻈﺎھﺮ ﻓﻲ . A
ﻧﻌﺮف اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ A/Bﺑﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ Xﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ Aﺳﺠﻼت ﺗﻈﮭﺮ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻗﯿﻢ Xاﻟﻈﺎھﺮة ﻓﻲ Bاو ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ آﺧﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ X
ﻓﻲ Aﻧﺮى ان ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ﻓﻲ Yاﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ Bﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ Aﺗﻜﻮن ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ھﻲ ﺟﻮاب اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ
13
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
___________________________________________________________
ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
A X Y
S1 P1
S1 P2
S1 P3
S1 P4
S2 P1
S2 P2
S3 P2
S4 P2
S4 P4
A/B X B Y
S1 P2
S2
B2 Y : A/B2
S3 A/B2 Y
P2
S4 P2
P4
P4
ﻣﺜﺎل :ﺟﺪ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺘﻼﻣﯿﺬ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ أﺧﺬوا ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻛﺘﺐ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت
اﻟﺪوال :
: COUNTﻋﺪد اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻌﺒﺔ
: SUMﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻗﯿﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻞ
: AVGﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻞ
: MINاﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻞ
: MAXاﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻞ
N=0 Nom Age Salaire
1 Amina 21 100 ,00
2 Ridha 27 200,00
3 Salim 30 100,00
4 Yasin 27 200,00
5 Noureddine 30 300,00
اﺣﺴﺐ:
14
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
___________________________________________________________
ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮظﻔﯿﻦ Count -
اﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ AVG -
أﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻻﻋﻤﺎر AVG -
ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺮاﺗﺐ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ و اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ MINو MAX -
ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻷﻋﻤﺎر SUM -
-1ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﺮز :ﺗﺘﻢ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺔ او ﻋﺪة ﺻﻔﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ و ﻗﺪ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻔﺮز ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪي او ﺗﻨﺎزﻟﻲ
ﻣﺜﺎل :
Fleurs Espice Catéorie Conditionnement
Rose de prés Frais Bocal
Rose de prés Sec Jardin
Jasmin Frais Bocal
Rose de prés Sec Bouquet
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :اذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺮز ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪة ﺻﻔﺎت ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﺎت :
اﻟﺼﻔﺔ (1ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﻔﺮز اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ
اﻟﺼﻔﺔ (2ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﻔﺮز اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي
اﻟﺼﻔﺔ (3ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﻔﺮز اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ :
)’R=TRI(Fleurs,Espice A°,Catégorie A’,Conditionnement A
ﻣﺜﺎل :
Comand Node Code _Produit Qte PU_HT
96008 A10 10 83 ,00
96008 B20 35 32 ,00
96009 A10 20 83 ,00
96010 A15 4 110 ,00
96010 B20 55 82 ,00
ﻣﺜﺎل : 2
))R=Calculer et Regrouper(Commande,Code_Produit,Mont_BR : somme(Qte*PU_HT
اﻟﺤﻞ :
Comand Code_Produit Mant_BR
A10 2490,00
16
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
___________________________________________________________
SGBD ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
A20 2880,00
A15 440,00
(ﺑﺘﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ )اﻣﺘﺤﺎن آﺧﺮ اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﻤﺢ: 1 ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ
Etudiant (NEtudiant,Nom,Prenom) R5 MG_Promo
Matière(Code_Mat,Libelle_Mat,Coef_Mat) 12,75
Evaluer (NEtud,Code_Mat,Date,Note)
أﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻌﺪد اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﻠﺒﺔ ؟ (1
ﻣﺎ ھﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ؟ (2
ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎدة ؟ (3
ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﻛﻞ طﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎدة ؟ (4
ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻜﻞ طﺎﻟﺐ ؟ (5
ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﺪﻓﻌﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﮭﺎ ؟ (6
ﻣﻦ ھﻢ اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﺼﻠﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺪل ﯾﻔﻮق ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺪﻓﻌﺔ ؟ (7
: اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ
1) R=Calculer (Etudiant, Comptage)
2) R=Calculer (Evaluer, Max (Note))
3) R=Calculer et Regrouper (Evaluer,Code_Mat, Mo: Moyen (Note))
4) R=Calculer et Regrouper (Evaluer, NEtud, Code_Mat.Moyen (Note))
5) R1=Jointure (R, Etudiant, R.NEtud=Etudiant,NEtud)
6) R2= Jointure (R1, Matiere, R1.Code_Mat=Matiere.Code_Mat)
7) R3=Projection (R2, Nom, Prénom, Libelle_Mat, Mo_Mat)
R5=Calculer(R4,MG,Promo :Moyenne(MG))
R5=Calculer(R4,MG_Promo :Somme(MG)/Comptage())
R6=Selection(R4(MG > R5))
17
( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ:اﺧﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ: ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم:إﻋﺪاد
___________________________________________________________
SGBD ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ: 2 ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ
ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺴﯿﯿﺮ دورة ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺎق اﻟﺪراﺟﺎت: 3 ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ
: اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت
Equipe (Code_Equipe, Nom_Equipe, Directeur_Sportif)
Coureur (Num_Coureur, Nom_Coureur, Code_Equipe, Code_Pays)
18
( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ:اﺧﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ: ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم:إﻋﺪاد
___________________________________________________________
SGBD ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
Pays (Code_Pays, Nom_Pays)
Type_Etape (Code_Type, Libelle_Type)
Etape (Num_Etape, Date_Etape, Ville_Dep, Ville_Ar, Nb_Km, Code_Type)
Participant ( Num_Coureur, Num_Etape, Temps_Realise)
Attribuer_Bonification (Num_Etape, Mb_Secondez, Num_Coureur)
؟Fistina ( ﻣﺎھﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻠﺔ ﻓﺮﯾﻖ1
( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ رﻗﻢ و اﺳﻢ ﺑﻠﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﺑﻖ ؟2
( ﻛﻢ ھﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺪورة ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ؟3
( ﻛﻢ ھﻮ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮات ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺠﺒﻠﯿﺔ ؟4
( ﻣﻦ ھﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﺑﻘﻮن ) اﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﺤﺼﻠﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻮاﺋﺰ(؟5
( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﺑﻘﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺛﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ؟6
؟13 ( ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﻔﺮق إﺛﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ7
R1=Jointure(R, Equipe,R.Code_Equipe=Equipe.Code_Equipe)
R2=Sélection (R1,Nom_Equipe=’Fistina’)
19
( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ:اﺧﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ: ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم:إﻋﺪاد
___________________________________________________________
SGBD ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
R3=Projection (R2, Num_Coureur, Nom_Coureur, Nom_Pays)
R
Code_Type Libelle_Type
1 Montagneux
R1=Jointure(R, Etape,R. Code_Type=Etape. Code_Type)
20
( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ:اﺧﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ: ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم:إﻋﺪاد
___________________________________________________________
SGBD ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
R1=Projection ( R,Nom_Coureur)
R1 Nom_Coureur
Robert
François
Produit (Code_Pro,Nom_Pro,Qte_Stock,Prise_A,Prise_V)
Client (Code_Client, Nom_Client)
Facture (Num_Fact,Date_Fact,Code_Client)
Détail (Num_Fact, Code_Pro, Qte)
:اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ
:اﻷﺟﻮﺑﺔ
: ( ﻋﺪد اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ1
R=Calculer (Client, Comptage ())
'' ( ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ طﻠﺒﮭﺎ '' أﺣﻤﺪ2
R1=Sélection (Client, Nom_Client=’’Ahmed’’)
R2=Jointure (R1, Facture, R1.Code_Client=Facture.Code_Client)
R3=Jointure (R2, Détail, R2.Num_Fact=Détail.Num_Fact)
R4=Calculer et Regrouper (R3, Code_Pro, Comptage ())
:( اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺰون3
R5=Calculer et Regrouper (Produit, Somme (Qte_Stock*Prise_A))
: ''Lait'' ( اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺤﻠﯿﺐ4
R6=Sélection (Produit, Nom_Pro=''Lait''
R7=Jointure (R6, Détail, R6.Code_Pro=Détail.Code_Pro)
R8=Calculer (R7, Somme (Qte))
21
( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ:اﺧﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ: ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم:إﻋﺪاد
___________________________________________________________
ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ N_Upletﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﺘﮫ و ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬھﺎ ﺗﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺠﺪول
ﻓﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺗﻈﮭﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﺠﯿﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ رﺻﯿﺪھﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 5000دج و إﺳﻢ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﮭﺎ ''''Ahmed
ھﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت و ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أﺷﮭﺮ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ Oracle , SQL Server, Dbase ,
،. .............. Accessأﺣﺮز SQLﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺸﮭﺮة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻷﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ Langage d’interogation
22
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
SQLﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت : LMD
ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ Requêteﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻼت SQLھﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻲ ،ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻮرة ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ
اﻟﻤﻀﯿﻔﺔ Langage Partﻣﺜﻞ Java ، Cobol ، C++ ، Delphi
ﻣﺜﺎل :ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘﺮات اﻟﻤﻮاﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ :
)Produit(Np,Nomp,Qte,Prix
)Achat(Np,Nc,QteAch
)Client(Nc,NomC,AdrC
(aاﻹﺳﻘﺎط La Projection :
Select Nomp,Qte
From Produit
(bاﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎء La Sélection :
اﻟﺤﻞ :
(1ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ 10وﺣﺪات
*Ex1 : Select
From Produit
Where Qte < 10
اﻟﻔﺮز :ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺮز ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﯾﺎ او ﺗﻨﺎزﻟﯿﺎ وﻓﻖ ﺻﻔﺔ واﺣﺪة او ﻋﺪة ﺻﻔﺎت
ﻣﺜﺎل : 4ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻊ و اﻷﺳﻤﺎء و اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ و اﻟﺴﻌﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻘﻞ ﺳﻌﺮھﺎ ﻋﻦ 1000دج و ﻛﻤﯿﺘﮭﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ 10وﺣﺪات ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺗﻨﺎزﻟﯿﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ إﺳﻢ
اﻟﺴﻠﻊ
Ex4 : Select Nomp,Qte , Prix
From Produit
)Where ( Qte > 10 ) and (Prix < 1000
Order by Nomp DESC
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻼت ﯾﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﻣﺪة طﻮﯾﻠﺔ ﺟﺪا و ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ ﻷن ﻛﻞ اﻟﺠﺪاول ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ
اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ ﻹﻧﺠﺎز اﻟﺠﺪاء اﻟﺪﯾﻜﺎرﺗﻲ .
-ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﺴﺮﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻼت اﻟﻤﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :
ﻣﺜﺎل : 10
Ex10 : Select Nomp
From Produit
)))Where Np In (Select Np From Achat Where (QteAchat > 10) And (Nc In(Select Nc From Client
Order By Nomp ASC
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اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
اﻟﺪوال اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﯿﺔ
اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )*( : Countﺗﻌﻄﯿﻨﺎ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺘﺴﺠﯿﻼت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﻣﺜﺎل : 1ﺗﻌﻄﯿﻨﺎ اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ
)*( Ex1 : Select Count
From Client
25
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
دوال اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﺔ
اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )Length(Chaîne
ﺗﻌﻄﯿﻨﺎ طﻮل اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﺔ
اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )Upper(Chaîne
ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺮوف ﻛﺒﯿﺮة
ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺮوف ﺻﻐﯿﺮة اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )Lower (Chaine
ﺗﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﺔ Chﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف Carﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﺔ اﻟﯿﺴﺮى اﻟﻰ أن ﯾﺼﻞ طﻮل اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻰ Long اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )Lpad(Ch, Long, Car
ﻣﺜﺎل :
’Ch = ‘ABC
)’Lpad(Ch,5,’D
’Ch = ‘DDABC
ﺗﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻓﯿﺔ Chﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮف Carﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﺔ اﻟﯿﻤﻨﻰ اﻟﻰ أن ﯾﺼﻞ طﻮل اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻰ Long اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )Rpad(Ch,Long,Car
ﻣﺜﺎل :
’Ch = ‘ABC
)’Rpad(Ch,5,’D
’Ch = ‘ABCDD
ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻤﺤﻮ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺴﺎر Chaîne اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )LTrin(Chaine
ﻣﺜﺎل :
’Ch = ‘ Mohamed
’LTrin(Ch) = ‘Mohamed
ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﻤﺤﻮ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﻤﯿﻦ Chaîne اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ )RTrin(Chaine
ﻣﺜﺎل :
’ Ch = ‘Mohamed
’RTrin(Ch) = ‘Mohamed
ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺣﺮﻓﯿﺔ إﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ Posﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ Lﺣﺮف )اﻟﻄﻮل( )SubStr(Ch,Pos,L
ﻣﺜﺎل :
’Ch = ‘Mohamed
’SubStr(Ch,3,5) = ‘hamed
ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺘﺴﺠﯿﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺔ أو ﻋﺪة ﺻﻔﺎت و ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪوال)(Count , Min , Max , Average , Sum
ﻣﺜﺎل :ﺗﻌﻄﯿﻨﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮات ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺎدة
26
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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SGBD ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
: 1 ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ
: اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت
Equipe (Code_Equipe, Nom_Equipe, Directeur_Sportif)
Coureur (Num_Coureur, Nom_Coureur, Code_Equipe, Code_Pays)
Pays (Code_Pays, Nom_Pays)
Type_Etape (Code_Type, Libelle_Type)
Etape (Num_Etape, Date_Etape, Ville_Dep, Ville_Ar, Nb_Km, Code_Type)
Participant ( Num_Coureur, Num_Etape, Temps_Realise)
Attribuer_Bonification (Num_Etape, Mb_Secondez, Num_Coureur)
27
( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ:اﺧﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ: ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم:إﻋﺪاد
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ :
(1ﻣﺎھﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻠﺔ ﻓﺮﯾﻖ Fistina؟
(2ﻣﺎ ھﻮ رﻗﻢ و اﺳﻢ ﺑﻠﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﺑﻖ ؟
(3ﻛﻢ ھﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺪورة ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ؟
(4ﻛﻢ ھﻮ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮات ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺠﺒﻠﯿﺔ ؟
(5ﻣﻦ ھﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﺑﻘﻮن ) اﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﻟﻢ ﯾﺘﺤﺼﻠﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻮاﺋﺰ(؟
(6ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﺑﻘﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺛﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ؟
(7ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﻔﺮق إﺛﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ 13؟
28
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
(6ﻣﺎ ھﻮ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﺑﻘﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺛﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ )13ﺑﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﺑﻘﯿﻦ ﺷﺎرﻛﻮا ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ( ؟
اﻟﺤﻞ (6ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﺑﻘﯿﻦ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﺷﺎرﻛﻮا ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ : 13
Select Num_Coureur, Num_Etape, Nom_Coureur, Sum(Temps_Realise) As TG
From Coureur, Participant
Groupe By Num_Coureur, Num_Etape, Nom_Coureur
)Having( Num_Etape < = 13 ) And (Coureur.Num_Coureur = Participant.Num_Coureur
Order By TG ASC
ھﻮ وﺻﻒ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت و ﻛﺬا ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮھﺎ و ھﺬا اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮزة )(Les Mots Réserver
إﻧﺸﺎء = Create
ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ = Alter
ﺣﺬف )ﻣﺤﻮ( = Drop
أ( إﻧﺸﺎء ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ): (Création d'une Relation
ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﺎرﻏﺔ )ﺟﺪول ﻓﺎرغ( و ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺻﻒ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﻣﺜﻼ :إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :
)Client (Nclient, Nom, Adresse, Rc
اوﻻ :أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت :
: Numérique -1ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻋﺪدﯾﺔ )ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ،ﺣﻘﯿﻘﻲ(
: Char(N) -2ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺣﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ Nﺣﺮف
ﻣﺜﺎل Char(20) :ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺣﺮﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ 20ﺣﺮف
: Smallintegerﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ ﻗﺼﯿﺮة )اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ( -3
: Integerﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ )اﻟﻌﺪاد اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ و اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ( -4
: Floatاﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ -5
: Dateاﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ -6
: Rowﻣﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ -7
-8
اﻵن ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ Clientﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ
Creat table client
)(Nclient Integer, Nom Char (50), Adresse Char (100), RC Char (50
اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺸﺎء :
) , ……….ﻧﻮع اﻟﺼﻔﺔ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ,ﻧﻮع اﻟﺼﻔﺔ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ( إﺳﻢ اﻟﺠﺪول Creat table
اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ :1ﻣﺜﺎل
Creat table Client
))(Client integer Primary key, Nom Char(50), Adresse Char(100), Rc Char(20
اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ :2ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل
Creat table Client
))………(Nclient integer, Nom Char(50), Adresse Char(100), Rc Char(20), Primary key(Nclient,
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ إﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح رﺋﯿﺴﻲ
29
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
___________________________________________________________
ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮيClie Secondaire :
ﯾﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮزة Unique
ﻣﺜﺎل :
Creat table Facture
(NFact Smallinteger , Date_Fact Date, NClient Integer, Primary key(NFact),Foreign key(NClient)References
))Client(NClient
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :
ﻋﻨﺪ إﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪول ﯾﺠﺐ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺬي ﺳﯿﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﻌﮫ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ )ﻟﻮ أﻧﺸﺄﻧﺎ اﻟﺠﺪول Factureﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺠﺪول
Clientﺳﯿﺤﺪث ﺧﻄﺄ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻧﺸﺎء(
ﻣﺜﺎل :
Creat table Facture
(NFact Smallinteger Not Null, Date_Fact Date Not Null, NCl Integer, Primary key(NFact),Foreign
))key(NCl)References Client(Nclient
30
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
___________________________________________________________
ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
إﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ Drop Table
ﻣﺜﺎل :
Drop Table Client
ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ :أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل أواﻣﺮ اﻟـ LDDاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ :
)Etudiant(NEtud , Nom, Prenom
) Matiere(Code_Mat , Lib_Mat , Coef_Mat
)Evaluer(NEtud # ,Code_Mat # , Date_E , Note
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :
اﻟﺬي ﺗﺤﺘﮫ ﺧﻂ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻲ -
اﻟﺬي ﺑﺠﺎﻧﺒﮫ #ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ -
)1) Creat Table Etudiant (NEtud Smallinteger Not Null , Nom Char(30) Not Null , Prenom Char(30
))Not Null, Primary Key(NEtud
2) Creat Table Matiere (Code_Mat Char(4) Not Null , Lib_Mat Char(20) Not Null , Coef_Mat
))Smallinteger Not Null , Primary key(Code_Mat
3) Creat Table Evaluer ( NEtud Smallinteger Not Null , Code_Mat Char(4) Not Null , Date_E Date
Not Null , Note Float Not Null , Primary key(NEtud,NEtud), Foreign key(NEtud) References
))Etudiant(NEtud), Foreign key(Code_Mat) References Matiere(Code_Mat
ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ :
ﻟﯿﻜﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻲ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺮح اﻟﻮطﻨﻲ :
)1) Representation(NRepresent , Titre , Lieu , NRealis #
)2) Realisateur(NRealis , Nom
) 3) Programmer(Date_R , NRepresent # , Tarif
ﺑﺈﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل أواﻣﺮ اﻟـ LDDو اﻟـ LMDأﻛﺘﺐ اﻷواﻣﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑـ :
(1إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ
(2إظﮭﺎر ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﺣﯿﺎت
(3إظﮭﺎر ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﺣﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻘﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻏﺎر
(4إظﮭﺎر ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﺣﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺧﺮﺟﻮھﺎ
(5إظﮭﺎر ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﺣﯿﺎت و اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ و اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻟﯿﻮم 2012/12/31
اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ :
31
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
___________________________________________________________
SGBD ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
: اﻟﺘﻤﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
- Creat Table Representation (NRep Smallinteger Not Null , Titre Char (30) Not Null, Lieu Char(20)
Not Null,
NReal Smallinteger Not Null , Premary key (NRep) , Foreign key (NReal) References Realisateur
(NReal))
- Creat table Realisateur (NReal Smallinteger Not Null , Nom Char(15) Not Null , Primary
key(NReal))
- Creat Table Programmer (Date_P Date Not Null , NRep Smallinteger Not Null , Tarif Numeric Not
Null ,
Primary(Date_P , NRep) , Foreign key(NRep) References Representation(NRep))
: (_ إظﮭﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺮﺣﯿﺎت )اﻟﻌﻨﻮان و اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ
Select Titre , Date_P
From Representation ; Programmer
Where Representation.NRep = Programmer.Nrep
: 2012/12/31 _ إظﮭﺎر ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺴﺮﺣﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ
Select Count(*)
From Programmer
Where Datye_P = '31/12/2012'
: 'mogar' _ إظﮭﺎر ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺮﺣﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻘﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻏﺎر
Select titre
From Representation
Where Lieu = 'mogar'
: _ إظﮭﺎر ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﯿﻦ و اﻟﻤﺴﺮﺣﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ أﺧﺮﺟﻮھﺎ
Select Titre , Nom
From Representation , Realisateur
Where Representation .NRealis= Realisateur.NRealis
Order By Nom ASC
: ''2012/12/31'' _ إظﮭﺎر ﻋﻨﺎوﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺮﺣﯿﺎت و اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ و اﻷﺳﻌﺎر ﻟﯿﻮم
Select Titre , Lieu , Tarif
From Representation, Programmer
Where (Representation.NRep = Programmer.NRep) and (date='31/12/2012')
32
( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ:اﺧﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ: ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم:إﻋﺪاد
___________________________________________________________
ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع :ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت
SGBD
DISQUE NIVEAU
DURE INTERNE
Niveau
SQL Conceptuel
Niveau
Vue Externe
SQL
اﻟﻤﺘﺪﺧﻠﻮن :
ﯾﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ ﺟﺎھﺰة و ﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻷﺟﻮر ،ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺨﺰون .....إﻟﺦ
33
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
___________________________________________________________
ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻓﺮد ﻋﻼﻗﺔ : Entité/Assosiation
إن إدﺧﺎل اﻹﻋﻼﻣﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﯾﺘﻄﻠﺐ إﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻧﻤﻮذج أي ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ رﻣﺰﯾﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ،إن اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج E/Aﯾﻤﻨﺤﻨﺎ ادات
رﻣﺰﯾﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ و ﺿﻌﯿﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ )اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ،اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻟﺔ (......
(1اﻟﻔﺮد :ھﻮ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ او ﺷﻲء ﻣﻠﻤﻮس او ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻠﻤﻮس ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰه ﻋﻦ ﻏﯿﺮه
ﻣﺜﺎل :ﺷﺨﺺ ،طﺎﻟﺐ ،ﻣﻮاطﻦ
و اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻠﻤﻮس :رﺑﺢ ،ﻏﯿﺎب
(2اﻟﻔﺮد اﻟﻤﺴﯿﻄﺮ :اذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻔﺮد yﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد اﻟﻔﺮد : xﻧﻘﻮل ان xﻣﺴﯿﻄﺮ و yﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ إذا ﺣﺬف xﻓﺈن yﯾﺤﺬف اﯾﻀﺎ و اﻟﻌﻜﺲ
ﻏﯿﺮ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ
ﻣﺜﺎل :
Etudiant Absence
( 3اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ :
ﻋﻼﻗﺔ أﻓﺮاد ھﻲ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻷﻓﺮاد ﻟﺘﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ
1. N
Paye Employer
1. N Avoir 1. N
: Type 1.1إذا ﻛﺎن ﻓﺮد ﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ Eﯾﻘﺎﺑﻠﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ Aﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺮد آﺧﺮ Fو اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ
34
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
___________________________________________________________
ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
ﻣﺜﺎل : -
1.1
F E
A
: Type 1.Nاذا ﻛﺎن ﻓﺮد ﻣﻦ Eﯾﻘﺎﺑﻠﮫ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ Aﻋﺪة أﻓﺮاد ﻣﻦ Fو ﻟﻜﻞ ﻓﺮد ﻣﻦ Fﻻ ﯾﻘﺎﺑﻠﮫ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮد ﻣﻦ E
: Type 1.Mاذا ﻛﺎن ﻓﺮد ﻣﻦ Eﯾﻘﺎﺑﻠﮫ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ Aأﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮد ﻓﻲ Fو اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ
N.M
F N.M E Produit Facture
Contient
A
QTE
N.M
Produit Contient Facture
1.N 1.M
QTE
N.M
Absence Etudiant
)(0.N ﯾﻐﯿﺐ )(0.M
35
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
___________________________________________________________
ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
اﺳﻢ اﻟﻔﺮد
ــــــــــــــــــــــ
إﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح
:ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻷﻓﺮاد اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ :ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﺮد ــــــــــــــــ
اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ:
ـــــــــ
ﻣﺜﺎل :
ﻓﺮد
Etudiant Module
1.N Inscrit 0.N
NEtu NModule
Nom LibModul
Prénom
Enseignent
ﻋﻼﻗﺔ
Code_Ens
0.N Responsable
Nom
Prénom
أ( ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ :ﻛﻞ ن ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻄﻮر ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪول ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت ،و ﻛﻞ
ن ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ھﻮ وﺣﯿﺪ و ﻻ ﯾﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار
-ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ Rھﻮ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﻔﺎت و ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ،.....) :ﺻﻔﺔ ، 2ﺻﻔﺔ ، 1اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح ( R
-ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ھﻮ اﻟﺼﻔﺔ او اﻟﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﯿﺰ ن ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ )اﻟﺘﺴﺠﯿﻠﺔ( ﻋﻦ ﻏﯿﺮه
ت( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج E/Aاﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻲ : (Modèle Logique des Données) MLD
ﺑﻌﺪ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج E/Aﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﺠﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب ، SGBDRﺳﻨﺤﺎول ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ
اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ E/Aاﻟﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت
اﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ :
ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻷﻓﺮاد :ﻛﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ أﻓﺮاد ﯾﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻰ ﺟﺪول ﻋﻼﺋﻘﻲ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﮫ ،ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﺼﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ -
ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح ﻟـ ن ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺛﻢ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻔﺮد
ﻣﺜﺎل :
)Etudiant (NEtu , Nom , Prénom
)Module (NModul , LibModule
)Enseignent (CodeEns , Nom , Prénom
ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت : -
_ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ : 1.Nھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻲ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﺗﻀﺎف اﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺮد
اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺪادﯾﺔ ، 1ھﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺮف اﻟﻔﺮد اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺪادﯾﺔ N
_ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ : N.Mﻛﻞ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ N.Mﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻰ ﺟﺪول ﻋﻼﺋﻘﻲ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺣﮫ ھﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع
ﻣﻌﺮف اﻹﻧﻄﻼق و ﻣﻌﺮف ﻓﺮد اﻟﻮﺻﻮل و ﺻﻔﺎﺗﮫ ھﻲ ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ إن وﺟﺪت
)Inscrit(NEtud , NModule
ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ ) : (1.1ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﯿﻦ : -
ﻣﺜﺎل :
1=1
Etudiant 0.1 1.1 Certificat
37
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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SGBD ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت
: E/A ﺣﻮل اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻌﻼﺋﻘﻲ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج: ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ
Produit Facture
1.N Détail 1.N
NPro NFact
Désignation OP DateFact
PrixDachat
PrixVente
1.1
Appartient
Facture
Fcture N° 01
NFact ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
NomCli Date Fact 03/02/2013
RC Client Naiel
Num Adresse Bou saada
Désignation RC 28A12345
Qte_V
Prix_V Num Déiignation Qte_V Prix Total
Total 1 Café 200 100 200.00
Date 2 Sucre 100 300 300.00
3 Huile 50 600 300.00
TOTAL 800.00
38
( ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ:اﺧﺘﺼﺎص اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ: ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم:إﻋﺪاد
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
ﺗﻜــــﺮار
Facture Date NFact NomCli Adresse RC Num Désignation QteV PrixV
03/02/2013 1 Naiel Bousaada Ma 1 Café 200 100
03/02/2013 1 Naiel Bousaada Ma 2 Sucre 100 300
03/02/2013 1 Naiel Bousaada Ma 3 Huile 50 600
NFact df Désignation ﺧﻄﺄ :اﻟﻔﺎﺗﻮرة ﺗﻤﻠﻚ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺸﺮط
Facture Produit
NFact Nom
Nom_Cli Désignation
Adresse_Cli Qte_V
RC Prix_V
Num
Désignation
Qte_V
Prix_V
Date
( Graph de Dépendance Fonctionnel اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻮظﯿﻔﯿﺔ )) : (SAT
ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﻌﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ :
39
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
Qte
Date_Fact
Nom Adresse RC Prix Désignation
اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻨﻤﻄﯿﺔ :
: 1FN (1er (1اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻲ اﻷول )Forme Normale
ﻧﻘﻮل ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻲ اﻷول إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻔﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﯾﺔ و ﺗﻤﻠﻚ ﻣﻌﺮّ ف
ﻣﺜﺎل :
) Fournisseur ( Nf , Npro , Adr , Tel , Prix_U
Nro Prix_U
NF Adr
Tel
ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ذات اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻲ اﻷول ﺗﻄﺮح ﻋﺪة ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ :
-اﻟﺘﻜﺮار :إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﻠﻤﻮن 100 Fournisseurﻣﺎدة ﻓﺈن اﻟﮭﺎﺗﻒ ﯾﺘﻜﺮر 100ﻣﺮة
-إﻋﺎدة ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان و اﻟﮭﺎﺗﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎدة ﺟﺪﯾﺪة
-إذا ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﻤﺤﻮ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺳﻠﻊ ﻣﻤﻜﻮن ﻓﺈن ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﮫ ﺗﻤﺤﻰ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﯿﺎ
-إذا ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ﻓﯿﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮه ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ن ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻮن ﻧﻔﺴﮫ
} ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻧﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (Fournisseurﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ {
ﻧﻘﻮل ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻲ اﻷول و ﻛﻞ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪا اﻟﻤﻌﺮف
ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ أو ﺑﺼﯿﻐﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻧﺘﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﺘﺒﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔ
) R ( A,B , C , D
A C
D
B
ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ Rﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﺪر ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺔ وظﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر و اﻟﺼﻔﺎة اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﮫ
40
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺴﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت SGBD
(3اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ): 3FN (3em Forme Normale
Nf Ville
Pays ﻻ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ 3FN
ﻧﻘﻮل أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ھﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ 3FNإذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ و ﻛﻞ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أوﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺮّ ف
ﻣﺜﺎل :
) Fournisseur (Nf , Ville
)Géographie (Ville , Pays
41
اﺧﺘﺼﺎص :ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ( ﺧﺎص ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺔ :اﻹﻋﻼم آﻟﻲ إﻋﺪاد :اﻟﻌﯿﺸﻲ ھﺸﺎم
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