Poe rere ree teeter tre ) Development of Guidance : guidance techniques and procedures are clear indications of the increasing popularity of guidance work in America, The guidance movement, in fact, has been the greatest _ Single force in improving the educational practices in America where it has assumed 4 the shape of an educational, social and cultural movement. , Gui Movement in different Countries From America, the movement spread to other countries including Australia, d Britain, Canada, Sri Lanka, France, Germany, India, Japan, Norway and Switzerland. The people in France, Belgium, Norway, Denmark are becoming guidance-minded. Jn most of these countries, adequate guidance services are available in nearly every major town. In Britain, counselling centres, guidance. clinics and bureaus have been doing useful work and the guidance services are undergoing a rapid process cf im- provement, refinement and expansion. The remarkable progress made during the | present century by people in the west in the fields of education, science, arts and in- 8} dustry is, to a large extent, the result of proper organisation and utilization of their guidance services. Guidance Movement in India - : | Aa far as India is concerned, the techniques of guidance — informal and inciden- © tal— can be traced far back to ancient times. The Panchtantra and Jataka tales are © | well-known for their moral stories, parables and question-answer techniques in learn- 5) ing. Even before the time of Socrates, these were used in India. The teacher- taught 1) jelationship was that of Guru-Shishya. The word ‘Guru’ meaning the one who guides. ¥ “In India the issue of technical and vocational education has already been there ' since ancient days. With the changes in time, ideas, circumstances and needs of life its shape has been changing. One may understand the technical and vocational educa- ji tion in India in the following two periods : 4 (1) Ancient period ; and (2) Modern Period od¥Ancient Period =) The development of technical and vocational education of the ancient period may 2 be understood in the following periods : e & (i) Vedic period:-~ (iv) Muslim period. ~ 6. (ji) Post-Vedic Period (¥) British period” (= for the training of guidance personnel in U.S.A. The review and revision of ae °\ iii) Buddba period. » Period : Vedas are the oldest literature of world. One finds reference to technical and vocational education in the Rigveda and Atharvaveda. In the Rigveda di one finds vivid descriptions of construction of canals, bunds and bridges, vehicles in- g Corporating fast speed and beautiful palaces. Ayurveda is a branch of Atharvaveda. s) Therein one finds elaborate discussion of medical science. In the Vedic literature one ¥ finds ample discussion of manufacture of cotton, silken and woollen cloths, agricul- t tural implements and arms and ammunitions. , \ ¢ Sy Post-Vedic Period: During this period the technical and vocational education continued as prevalent in the Vedic age. This is the epic (Ramayana and Mahab- ghana) period. In the Ramayana, the epic written by Valmiki, one finds frequent