: a coy : £ a fe | 5, eae imo a Bf s a 8 z 85 Enon 8 8 > j e aa 3 & sea 228 > omen fa as 8B ee SS a i iafe 8 Be *s8 a 3 Rie 8 Fe a ae EE Hees Bea Bare a 8 2 fe Bed M0, 8 eG B83 a3. BE ee # 6a Ye ese i S NG Same SS Thad Cnn S 3 for users of the Electromagnetic Transients Program of the Bonneville Power Administration. Volume 1, Number 1, July 1979 Editors: H.W. Dommel XK. Fehrle W.S. Meyer In this issue ... 1, Introduction by the editors 2. Current Bonneville Power Admi development contracts 3. Calculation of cable transients by EMTP 4. ‘Suggestion box 5. Paper and book review 6. Information for authors 7, Subscription form tration EMTP research and P. Pe P. Pe P wooonrINTRODUCTION BY THE EDITORS ‘The idea of an EMTP Newsletter for users of the Electromagnetic ‘Transients Program of the Bonneville Power Administration was first dis- cussed in June 1978 during an EYP Workshop, which Dr. Willis Long had organized at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin and which was repeated in June 1979. It was recognized that in addition to EMTP Short Courses there is also a need for an EMTP Newsletter for exchanging information among users. ‘The EMTP Newsletter will contain brief reports on new program devel- opments, share experience among users, point out program and modelling errors (and hopefully cures), and document interesting case studies. In the end, the quality and usefulness will depend on the contributions from the readers. While the EMIP Newsletter is primarily intended for users of the large program version distributed by the Bonneville Power Administra- tion, Ontario Hydro, and other cooperating utilities, it may also be of interest to users of the small program version of the University of Brit- ish Columbia and other older, smaller versions. It will not duplicate or replace the EMIP Memoranda issved by W.S. Meyer of the Bonneville Power Administration, which primarily address problems of program implemen- tation. @ H.W. Dommel, K. Fehrle, and W.S. Meyer agreed to serve as your edi- tors. To produce this first edition in time for distribution at an EMIP Meeting scheduled during the IEEE PES Sumer Meeting in 1979, only H.W. Dommel and W.S. Meyer consulted with each other and therefore take sole responsibility for this issue. ‘The EMEP Newsletter will be published four times a year, and will be available by subscription only, except for the first issue. The subscrip- tion rate will be U.S. § 15.00 per year to cover costs of typing, printing, and mailing. At this rate the editors hope to be able to send the EMIP Newsletter by airmail worldwide. Based on experience gained during the ) first year, the rate may have to be adjusted in the following years. guly 1979 H.W. Dommel W.S. Meyer Nw) CURRENT BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION EMIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (CONTRACTS, Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) is presently supporting four independent researchers who are working on the EMTP. Because new modelling will result, users have an interest in following and perhaps influencing this work. The first contract is with Dr. Akihiro Anetani, Professor of Electri. cal Engineering at Doshisha University in Kyoto, Japan. Ali will be eval- uating the adequacy of existing EMIP modelling of cables, for production usage at BPA. Because no obvious new modelling can be predicted, and be- cause AKi's work on cables is reported elsewhere in this Newsletter, noth- ing further shall be said here.<2- ‘The other three contractors were each asked to write half an IEEE column or so about their work. Their responses, edited slightly, follow: 2.1 Modelling of Universal Machine for EMIP A contract for the development of a universal machine (UM) model for the EMIP was awarded to Oregon State University by BPA on April 1, 1979. This model will extend the capability of the EMTP to transient phenomena involving electric motors, and provide more flexibility in set- ting up models of various electric machine types, especially of synchro- nous machines (SM), induction machines (IM) and direct current machines (DM). The SM and IM models will include three-, two- as well as single Phase types. Various types of the DM will also be covered. The following aspects will be addressed: (2) Development of a general structure for the UM, so that specific types of electric machines can be generated automatically through special control parameters. (2) Treatment of magnetic saturation through a uniform approach for all types of machines. In this approach, each coil flux will be parti- tioned into a leakage flux and a main flux linked by all machine coils, with saturation effects in the main flux. (3) Adequate interfacing of the UM with the EMP, particularly with re- gard to the transformation of UM variables and with regard to the compensation approach of the ETP, which is restricted to three phases at present. (4) Stray capacitances of the UM will be approximated by lumped capaci- tances across the coil terminals. Users will be able to control the UM model as follows: (a) Any coil of the Um can be electrically controlled by exgiting the appropriate terminal variable with a control signal from TACS and/or the electric network. (b) Méchanical control of the UM is possible by feeding a control signal to the “terminal” torque of the UM from TACS. A system of masses with inertia constants and stiffness coefficients on the shaft of the UM can be modelled through this "terminal" UM torque if the equations for the torsional vibrations of these masses are incorporated in TACS. The principal investigator for this contract is Dr. H.K. Lauw, Ore- gon State University, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cor- vallis, Oregon, 97331, Telephone (503)-754-3617. EMTP Hysteresis Modelling In the past, saturation effects in transformers and iron-core reac- tors have been represented by means of type-98 pseudo-nonlinear induc- tances or true nonlinear inductances (type 93), in which residual magnet- ism and hysteresis effects are ignored. These effects may be important, however, in cases of large inrush currents and in cases of ferrorcsonance. Under a contract from BPA, we at the University of Minnesota have devel- oped a hysteretic inductance model (type 96) which is now operational incae ‘the M23 version of EMIP. The type 96 hysteretic inductance has the fol- lowing features: . (eo) @ a) Basic hysteresis mathematics is similar to the approach used by Prof. Sarosh N. Talukdar (see IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol 95, July/ August 1976, pp. 1429-1434). Required data consists of the major hysteresis loop, which would typically be obtained experimentally by a sinusoidal voltage source of sufficient magnitude to drive the core into saturation. Only half of the loop, assumed to be piece-wise lin- ear, would be supplied by the user; the other half follows by symmetry. It is assumed that, after a reversal, the distance between the actual trajectory and the major loop is decreased linearly as a function of ¥ so that the trajectory would go through the appropriate saturation point for a large enough excursion. This is shown in Fig. 1 by means of a solid line after the reversal at point 2. The operating segment at any time step is determined from a knowledge of the operating point, the past history, cnd the major loop characteristic. This allows the parameters for the internal representation of the hyster- etic inductance (R in parallel with the current source I) to be cal- culated. ¥ positive saturation point i — negative saturation point start Fig. 1. Hysteresis loop trajectories In addition to the major loop, the user can specify a value of resid- ual flux which will be used in the event that the type 96 element is not present in the steady-state solution. For purposes of steady-state phasor solution, the user can specify Veceady’ Ssteady a2 the Linear inductance for the phasor” solution. Otherwise, EMTP will calculate the inductance based on a point, which lies on the trajectory from the origin to the saturation point, at 70% of the saturation flux value.oS As part of the extension of the original contract, the following work will be performed by the end of 1979: (1) A support routine will be supplied to go with EMTP which will calcu- late the hysteresis major loop characteristic based on the user sup- plied DC magnetization curve and some additional core material prop- erties. (2) The Talukdar Model, as outlined earlier, assumes that all trajecto- ries in the y-i plane approach the major loop at the saturation point. However, experiments performed show that the trajectory goes through the previous-to-last reversal point (i.e., in Fig. 1, the trajectory from point 2 gces through point 1 as shown by the dotted line). Mr. P. Dick of Ontario Hydro has convincingly argued that we should modify our model to represent the above described core behav- dour. (He has independently developed a code to accomplish the same, using switched inductances based on a paper by Yamashita et al., IEEE -PES, A75 403-6). The principal investigator for this contract is Dr. Narendra Mohan Prof. of Electrical Engineering at the University of Minnesota, Minnea- polis, Minnesota 55455, Telephone (612)-373-419. 2.3 Transient Analysis of Control systems (TACS) TACS is a section of the ENTP which allows the representation of control systems in block-diagram form. It can be used to model the control of converters or static var devices, excitation systems of synchronous generators, dynamic load characteristics, etc. TACS has been tested over the last three years by very dedicated users, who have contributed sub- stantially to the developments through their suggestions. The following is a summary of the modifications which will be made in TACS in an updated version scheduled for Spring 1980: ~ dynamic limiter for functions G(s) of order n>1, = controlled integrator with reset, > minimum and maximum functions, - minimum and maximum tracking devices with reset, = sample/hold and track/hold devices, - input multiplexing and output branching devices with sequential or se- lective control, ~ additional built-in sources: DELTAT, ISTEP and FREQHZ, - derivative function, > allow user access to the FORTRAN compiler for specification of arbi- trary algebraic and logical expressions and of additional TACS devices, ~ provide storage of complete solution points for the planned EMTP PAUSE/ RESTART interactive-mode execution, - more flexible user-defined initial conditions on functions and devices, - improvements in the User's Manual, - more detailed error-termination messages, ~ provide a set of rules for estimating the required dimensions of the TACS tables, = provide a set of documented test cases, +++ and probably a few more changes along the way. The principal investigator for this contract is Mr. L. Dubé, Lennard Island Lighthouse, Tofino, B.c., Canada.-s- 2. CALCULATION OF CABLE TRANSIENTS By EMTP (Aki Ametani and Tsu-huei Liu) A cable shows quite different propagation characteristics from those of an overhead line. For example, its propagation speed is in general much smaller and has a wider range of variation, from 10 mVus to 300 m/us, while for an overhead lone it is always about 300 m/us, the speed of light in vacuum, Its attenuation is mich greater than that of an overhead line. However, its characteristic impedance is much smaller. The transformation matrices between the phase domain and the mdai domain of a cable are very much frequency dependent, while those for an overhead line can be assumed constant. It is this latter assumption which makes it possible to cal- culate the overhead line transients by numerical methods in the time do- main with travelling wave techniques or numerical integral methods. ‘The ENTP is based on Bergeron's method, which is one of the travelling wave techniques. The fact that the transformation matrices for a cable system are frequency dependent seems to make it impossible to calculate cable transients with the EMTP. There have been quite a number of discus- sions of this problem. The authors have now reached the conclusion that from a practical engineering point of view, the EMP can indeed handle the cable transients calculation within its present scheme without any @rastic modifications. The frequency is inversely related to the time. If one wants to cal culate the cable transients up to 1 me with a time step of 1 us, which corresponds roughly to the frequencies from 1 kHz to 1 Miz, we then say, with engineering confidence, that we could assume the transformation ma- trices constant in this frequency region and calculate these transforma- tion matrices at the dominant frequency of the transients which can be easily determined from the given cable parameters. Let's now discuss some of the calculated results. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 are concerned with a submarine cable which consists of a cove, a sheath, and an armour. Such a cable can now be dealt with by the "CABLE CONSTANTS" program of the EMTP. Fig. 1 is the calculated result using the "AMETANI SETUP" routine of the EMTP; while Pig. 2 is the result obtained by using Ametani's independent transients program which is based on Fourier trans- form method and does not assume constant transformation matrices. These two results agree with each other quite well. ‘The second example shown in Fig. 3 and 4 is the case of BPA's Ellens- burg 500 kV CGI cable. Fig. 3 is the calculated result using the Pi-cir- cuit equivalents based on the "CABLE CONSTANTS" output of the EMTP. Fig. 4 is the field test result obtained in August 1978. The calculated result shows good agreement with the field test result. This case was fairly simple, because only 1 phase was energized through a source resistance, and core and sheath of the other two phases were solidly grounded. Repre- senting the energized phase of the CGI cable just as a lumped capacitance would have given basically the same results. ‘These two examples really show how nicely the cable transients can be calculated by the EMTP. The authors should be honest to tell the fact, that if we carry the calculations with the same time step for much longer observation times than those of Fig. 1 and Fig. 3, we would not, or might not, get such good results. This is because the longer the observation @oe time, the lower the frequency of the transients, thus we have to change the constant transformation matrices used in the cases to another set at a lower frequency. The authors believe, or hope, no engineer would want to calculate a cable transicnts with 1 us time step for 1 s of observation time. If there is indeed such a case, we suggest to calculate the tran- sients in three time periods separately as follows: from 0 to 1 ms with Lus time step, from 100 us to 100 ms with 100 us time step and from 10 ms to ls with 1 ms time step. The constant transformation matrices are different for the three periods, The greater the observation time, the lower the frequency at which the constant transformaticn matrices are calculated. In this manner, the ENTP can deal with any type of cable transients calculaticn in its present form without any modifications. receiving end core voltage (p.u.) +o at WWwenr : ¢ (ms) —— 4+, : 5 : 10 Fig. 1 2p voltage (p.u.) t il ab [Wwe t (ms) ——~ pe ° 5 10 Fig. 2receiving end core voltage (V) 200 © 100 t (ps) 2 20 40 Fig. 3. 500 kV ccT Fig. 4In this section, the editors plan to answer questions or ask other readers for answers, and pass on brief suggestions among users. S. PAPER AND BOOK REVIZNS In this section, papers and bocks will be reviewed which arc of special interest to EMIP users. while the editors will make every attenyt to spot such papers (and, less likely, books), they also hope that readers will send in reviews. If readers disagree with the conclusions of a review, their comments will also be published in this section. An example for a paper, which might warrant a review in this section is the following paper by S. Tominaga et al, "Protective performance of metal oxide surge arrester based on the dynamic V-I characteristics," Paper F 79 215-5, presented at the IEEE PES Winter Meeting in New york, Fobruary 4-9, 1979, I€ you want to share nce ancng users, document interesting case studies, or raise questions in tho EMTP Newsletter, send your con- tributions to H.W. Comeed, Dept. of Electrical Engineering University of British Colunbia Vancouver, B.C., CANADA v6T 1WS Contributions must be tyrewrite: t first, the Newsletter will be re-typed, but a uniform format may be adopted later for direct reproduc- tion. No honorarium will be paid to authors. The editors reserve the right to sclect among contributions, and to make changes, whenever possible in consultation with the authors.7. SUBSCRIPTION FORM Subscriber's name and address (please type or print): Number of subscriptions: 7 Price per subscription ‘per yesr is U.S. $ 15.00 (4 issues of Newsletter). Please submit payment with subscription order. Make cheque or money order (in U.S. currency) payable to: EMTP Newslette:. Return to: a og Dept. of Electrical Engineering University of Britich Columbia Vancouver, B.C., CANADA ver 1nS , Enclose additional subscriber addresses as needed.