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Variable Costing
Variable Costing
Chapter 19
Variable Costing
and Analysis
© McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No
reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
CONCEPTUAL
C1 Describe how absorption costing can
result in overproduction.
ANALYTICAL
A1 Use variable costing in pricing special
orders.
Exhibit 19.1
• Absorption Costing
− Product costs
▪ Direct Materials
▪ Direct Labor
▪ Variable Overhead
▪ Fixed Overhead
• Variable Costing
− Product costs
▪ Direct Materials
▪ Direct Labor
▪ Variable Overhead
− Period Expenses
▪ Fixed Overhead
Exhibit 19.2
Summary Product Cost Data
Direct materials…………………………………………………….. $4 per unit
Direct labor……………………………………………………………. $8 per unit
Overhead
Variable overhead (per year)…………………………. $180,000
Fixed overhead (per year)…………………… 600,000
Total overhead…………………………………………………. $780,000
Expected units produced (per year)………………………. 60,000 units
Exhibit 19.3
Unit Cost Computation
Absorption Variable
costing costing
Overhead cost
• Absorption Costing
− Product Costs ($65.00 per unit)
▪ Direct Materials ($6.00)
▪ Direct Labor ($14.00)
▪ Variable Overhead ($11.00)
▪ Fixed Overhead ($34.00)
• Variable Costing
− Product Costs ($31.00 per unit)
▪ Direct Materials (($6.00)
▪ Direct Labor ($14.00)
▪ Variable Overhead ($11.00)
− Period Expenses
▪ Fixed Overhead ($34.00)
Exhibit 19.4
Exhibit 19.4
Exhibit 19.5
Exhibit 19.6
Exhibit 19.6
Exhibit 19.6
Exhibit 19.7
Cost of Goods Ending Inventory Period Cost Total Expense
Sold (Expense)
Absorption Costing
Direct materials 40,000 × $4 20,000 × $4 $80,000 $160,000
$160,000
Direct labor 40,000 × $8 20,000 × $8 160,000 320,000
320,000
Variable overhead 40,000 × $3 20,000 × $3 60,000 120,000
120,000
Fixed overhead 40,000 × $10 20,000 × $10 400,000
400,000 200,000
Total costs $1,000,000 $500,000 $1,000,000
Period
Cost of Ending Total
Cost
Goods Sold Inventory Expense
(Expense)
Variable Costing
40,000 × $4 20,000 ×
Direct materials $160,000
$160,000 $4 $80,000
40,000 × $8 20,000 ×
Direct labor 320,000
320,000 $8 160,000
40,000 × $3 20,000 ×
Variable overhead 120,000
120,000 $3 60,000
Fixed overhead $600,000 600,000
Total expenses $600,000 $300,000 $600,000 $1,200,000
Cost difference ($200,000)
Exhibit 19.8
Exhibit 19.8
Exhibit 19.9
Cost of Goods Ending
Period Cost
Sold Inventory Total Expense
(Expense)
(Expense) (Asset)
Absorption Costing
80,000 × $4
Direct materials 0 × $4 $0 $320,000
$320,000
80,000 × $8
Direct labor 0 × $8 0 640,000
640,000
80,000 × $3
Variable overhead 0 × $3 0 240,000
240,000
80,000 × $10
Fixed overhead 0 × $10 0 800,000
800,000
Total costs $2,000,000 $0 $2,000,000
Variable Costing
80,000 × $4
Direct materials 0 × $4 $0 $320,000
$320,000
80,000 × $8
Direct labor 0 × $8 0 640,000
640,000
80,000 × $3
Variable overhead 0 × $3 0 240,000
240,000
Exhibit 19.10
Income for
Income for
Units Produced and Sold Absorption Difference
Variable Costing
Costing
Fixed selling and administrative cost per year $112,000 per year
Exhibit 19.11
Income under variable costing is restated to that
under absorption costing utilizing the following
formula:
Converting Variable Costing Income to Absorption
Costing Income
Income under Absorption costing = Income under
variable costing + Fixed overhead cost in ending
inventory − Fixed overhead cost in beginning inventory
Exhibit 19.12
2015 2016 2017
Variable costing income (from exhibit 19.10) $580,000 $120,000 $1,040,000
Add: Fixed overhead cost deferred in ending
0 200,000 0
inventory (20,000×$10)
Less: Fixed overhead cost recognized from
0 0 −200,000
beginning inventory(20,000×$10)
Absorption costing income $580,000 $320,000 $840,000
Exhibit 19.13
What would happen if IceAge’s manager decided to
produce 100,000 units instead of 60,000?
The 40,000 extra units would be stored in inventory
and the total production cost PER UNIT is $4 less!
When 60,000 Units are Produced
Direct materials cost $4 per unit
Direct labor cost 8 per unit
Variable overhead 3 per unit
Total variable cost 15 per unit
Fixed overhead ($600,000/60,000 units) 10 per unit
Total production cost $25 per unit
Exhibit 19.15
Exhibit 19.16
IceAge will use absorption costing to determine a
target selling price.
Determining Selling Price with Absorption
Costing
Step 1 Absorption cost per unit (from Exhibit 19.3) $25
Exhibit 19.19
Should the company accept a special order for
1,000 pairs of skates at an offer price of $22
per pair?
Reject Special Order Accept Special Order
Absorption Costing
Direct materials cost per unit………………………………… $4
Direct labor cost per unit………………………………………. $8
Overhead cost
Variable overhead cost per unit…………… 3
Fixed overhead cost per unit ………………. 10
Total product cost per unit………. $25
© McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No
reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 19-67