The Industrial Revolution

In the following text, six paragraphs have been removed. Above the extract you will find the six
removed paragraphs PLUS one paragraph which doesn't fit. Choose from the paragraphs (A-G)
the one which fits each gap in the text (1-6). Remember, there is one extra paragraph you do not
need to use. Write only the correct letter in the empty boxes in the text.

Use these paragraphs to fill the spaces below. There is one extra you do not need to use.

A. Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital, the natural outlet for the more
enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies
created in the wake of the Scientific revolution of the 17th century.

B. To capitalize upon these advances, it took a class of entrepreneurs, of which the most famous
is Richard Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were actually the
products of such as Thomas Highs and John Kay; Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the
ideas, financed the initiatives, and protected the machines.

C. In the United Kingdom, the Reform Act 1832 addressed the concentration of population in
districts with almost no representation in Parliament, expanding the electorate, leading to the
founding of modern political parties and initiating a series of reforms which would continue into
the 20th century.

D. Furthermore, the stable political situation, in addition to the greater receptiveness of the
society (as compared to other European countries) are reasons that add to this theory, enhancing
its plausibility.

E. The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more
efficient and less labor-intensive, forcing the surplus population who could no longer find
employment in agriculture into the cities to seek work in the newly developed factories.

F. The transition to industrialization was not wholly smooth, for in England the Luddites —
workers who saw their livelihoods threatened — protested against the process and sometimes
sabotaged factories.

G. It was this process which started the urbanisation of areas in around the west of the country.
As agricultural workers lost their jobs on the farm, they turned in increasing numbers to the city
to provide them with employment. Many new cities sprung up as factories were built close to
raw supplies such as coal and wool - and the people moved near the factories to find work.

The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic, and technological
change in 18th century and 19th century Great Britain. It commenced with the introduction of
steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and powered, automated machinery (primarily in textile
manufacturing).

The technological and economic progress of the Industrial Revolution gained momentum with
the introduction of steam-powered ships, boats and railways. In the 19th Century it spread
throughout Western Europe and North America, eventually impacting the rest of the world.

Causes

The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complex and remain a topic for debate, with some
historians seeing the Revolution as an outgrowth of social and institutional changes wrought by
the final end of feudalism in Great Britain following the English Civil War in the 17th century.

1.

The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international
trade, creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital is also cited as a set of factors, as
is the scientific revolution of the 17th century.

The importance of a large domestic market should also be considered an important cause catalyst
of the Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations
(e.g. France), markets were split up by local regions often imposing tolls and tariffs on goods
traded among them. The restructuring of the American domestic market would trigger the second
Industrial Revolution over 100 years later.

Effects

The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive
expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing, which reinforced rising literacy and
demands for mass political participation. Universal white male suffrage was adopted in the
United States, resulting in the election of the popular General Andrew Jackson in 1828 and the
creation of political parties organized for mass participation in elections.

2.

In France, the July Revolution widened the franchise and established a constitutional monarchy.
Belgium established its independence from the Netherlands, as a constitutional monarchy, in
1830. Struggles for liberal reforms in Switzerland's various cantons in the 1830s had mixed
results. A further series of attempts at political reform or revolution would sweep Europe in
1848, with mixed results, and initiated massive migration to North America, as well as parts of
South America, South Africa, and Australia.

Textile manufacture
In the early 18th century, British textile manufacture was based on wool which was processed by
individual artisans, doing the spinning and weaving on their own premises. This system is called
a cottage industry. Flax and cotton were also used for fine materials, but the processing was
difficult because of the pre-processing needed, and thus goods in these materials made only a
small proportion of the output.

Use of the spinning wheel and hand loom restricted the production capacity of the industry, but a
number of incremental advances increased productivity to the extent that manufactured cotton
goods became the dominant British export by the early decades of the 19th century. India was
displaced as the premier supplier of cotton goods.

Step by step, individual inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning
(carding, twisting and spinning, and subsequently rolling) so that the supply of yarn fed a
weaving industry that itself was advancing with improvements to shuttles and the loom or
'frame'. The output of an individual labourer increased dramatically, with the effect that these
new machines were seen as a threat to employment, and early innovators were attacked and their
inventions wrecked. The inventors often failed to exploit their inventions, and fell on hard times.

3.

He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory, and he
developed the use of power - first horse power, then water power and finally steam power -
which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry.

Why Europe?

One question that has been of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution
occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world, particularly China. Numerous factors
have been suggested including ecology, government, and culture. Benjamin Elman argues that
China was in a high level equilibrium trap in which the non-industrial methods were efficient
enough to prevent use of industrial methods with high capital costs.

Kenneth Pommeranz, in The Great Divergence, argues that Europe and China were remarkably
similar in 1700, and that the crucial differences which created the Industrial Revolution in
Europe were sources of coal near manufacturing centres and raw materials such as food and
wood from the New World which allowed Europe to economically expand in a way that China
could not. Indeed, a combination of all of these factors is possible.

Why Great Britain?

The debate around the concept of the initial startup of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the
thirty to hundred year lead the British had over the continental European countries and America.
Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources the United Kingdom
received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between
Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment.
Alternatively, the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have been able
to utilise scientific and technological developments emerging in the UK and elsewhere more
effectively than other states with stronger monarchies, such as China's Emperors and Russia's
Tzars.

The UK's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already open for
many forms of early manufactured goods. The nature of conflict in the period resulted in most
British warfare being conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest
impacting much of the rest of Europe.

Another theory believes that Great Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due
to its dense population for its small geographical size, and the availability of natural resources
like copper, tin and coal, giving excellent conditions for the development and expansion of
industry.

4.

The "Protestant work ethic"

Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class
which believed in progress, technology and hard work. The existence of this class is often linked
to the Protestant work ethic and the particular status of so-called Dissenter Protestant sects that
had flourished with the English revolution.

Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law, which followed the establishment of the
prototype of constitutional monarchy in Great Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1689, and
the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the National Debt
by the Bank of England, contributed to the capacity for, and interest in, private financial
investment in industrial ventures.

The Dissenters found themselves barred or discouraged from some public offices when the
restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official Anglican church became,
once more, an important advantage.

Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important, along with the nature
of the national economies involved. While members of these sects were excluded from certain
circles of the government, they were considered as fellow Protestants, to a limited extent, by
many in the middle class, such as traditional financiers or other businessmen.

5.

This argument has, on the whole, tended to neglect the fact that several inventors and
entrepreneurs were rational free thinkers or "Philosophers" typical of a certain class of British
intellectuals in the late 18th century, and were by no means normal church goers or members of
religious sects.

Examples of these free thinkers were the Lunar Society of Birmingham (which flourished from
1765 to 1809). Its members were exceptional in that they were among the very few who were
conscious that an industrial revolution was then taking place in Great Britain. They actively
worked as a group to encourage it, not least by investing in it and conducting scientific
experiments which led to innovative products.

6.

Industrialization also led to the creation of the factory. One of the earliest reformers of early
factory conditions was Robert Owen. Josiah Wedgwood was another prominent early
industrialist. The factory system was largely responsible for the rise of the modern city, as
workers migrated into the cities in search of employment in the factories.

Question 1 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: e.

Question 2 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: c.

Question 3 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: b.

Question 4 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: d.

Question 5 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: a.

Question 6 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: f.

'Blogging' Stirs Controversy in Iran

In the following text, six paragraphs have been removed. Above the extract you will find the six
removed paragraphs PLUS one paragraph which doesn't fit. Choose from the paragraphs (A-G)
the one which fits each gap in the text (1-6). Remember, there is one extra paragraph you do not
need to use. Write only the correct letter in the empty boxes in the text.

Use these paragraphs to fill the spaces below. There is one extra you do not need to use.
A. The conflict over the development of Internet communication in Iran reflects a larger struggle
between elements within the government that support it and factions that are alarmed by the
Internet's relative freedom.

B. Ms. Farhi says she believes hard-liners won't be able to control the Internet forever.

C. Hossein Derakhshan, 30, is an Iranian who emigrated to Canada four-years ago. In 2002, he
developed a simple way for people to use Persian language on the Internet, which led to the
creation of an independent service in Tehran called Persianblog.com.

D. The apparent targets, according to Mr. Derakhshan, are blogs and websites with political
content. But he says most of the Persian language blogs did not start out focusing on political
issues.

E. "These people will feel cut off from the outside world," he said. "The government looks to be
getting serious about blocking these services and that can only mean bad news for bloggers in
this country."

F. The chill on blogging in Iran may not be permanent, but it is having some effect. An Iranian
journalist contacted in Iran refused to discuss blogging and bloggers.

G. In recent months, the Iranian authorities made several much publicized arrests of activists
labeled as bloggers, but released them after a brief detention.

A battle is raging within Iran's political leadership over a form of Internet communication known
as a blog, a "weblog" that combines a publicly accessible online personal diary and a guide to
other links on the World Wide Web. Some elements of the Iranian government have been
supportive of the free and rapid development of blogging in Iran, while hard-liners in the
Judiciary are trying to figure out how to control it.

1.

"After few months, Persianblog.com launched its service and started with a fully Persian
interface, in very simple language, to help Iranian people to start blogging. And it was a turning
point for the Iranian blogosphere because, thanks to the ease of service and the easy interface of
Persianblog.com, many, many people who were not very familiar with technical issues on the
Net were able to start blogging."

Persianblog.com estimates there are now as many as 70,000 active Persian language blogs, both
inside and outside Iran. These sites had basically been allowed to operate freely, until Iran's
Judiciary began an Internet crackdown several-months ago.

2.
"A lot of them are just tools to facilitate dating, which is very important now in Iran, because
there are not official dating services, or any official easy way for young people to socialize and
to find new friends, new dates, and stuff like that," he noted.

Mr. Derakhshan says the Judiciary's attempt to block access to several of the main blogging
services used by Iranians, such as Persianblogger.com, blogspot.com and blogger.com, means
that many of the existing blogs are turning political, even when they did not start out that way.

"It is very obvious that because of the censorship that has been stepped up recently, many of
these weblogs that are not normally about politics or political issues have started to become
political, just because the censorship doesn't even allow them to see their weblogs or even easily
continue blogging," he added.

3.

This point is emphasized by Farideh Farhi, an independent Iranian-American scholar affiliated

with the University of Hawaii. She compares what she calls Iran's "haphazard" attempts to
control the Internet to the relatively more unified response in a country like China, which
consistently blocks Internet sites Beijing deems offensive.

"And if you look at China, if I remember correctly, they responded to this Internet boom in a
very consistent and immediate manner, filtering very early on," she explained. "In the case of
Iran, that has not been the case because so much of the political structure is divided and
decentralized. And that gives tremendous amount of space to a lot of activities that are going on
in the society."

4.

"Their arrest was publicized," she added. "Everybody knew about it. And then they came out.
They had their lamentations, their statements of regret."

But, Ms. Farhi says, the released prisoners told a former vice-president, who is a blogger, that
authorities tortured them.

"So, that came out in a blog by the former vice-president. Everybody knows about it. So, it is a
very, very funny situation, where both the activity is not fully allowed, yet at the same time, it
somewhat goes on. And then, the repression of it is also well-publicized. That is what gives Iran
a very interesting dynamic," she noted.

5.
"The kind of activities that are going on in Iran are so strong and they have such a large
audience, and there is such desire for it, and also, you have this reality that there are people
within the government structure that do not like the kind of activities that the Judiciary is
involved in. And that is why you see resistance and complaint," she said.

6.

In an e-mail, he said it would be risky for him to be interviewed about what he said has recently
become a heavily-politicized issue. He said he could be jailed for giving an interview to an
American journalist.

Question 1 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: c.

Question 2 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: d.

Question 3 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: a.

Question 4 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: g.

Question 5 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: b.

Question 6 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: f.

Use these paragraphs to fill the spaces below. There is one extra you do not need to use.

A. Everybody, including Nation's neighbors, will feel it. He says they will see an increase in
the price of their groceries in about six months.
B. "Probably, maybe 30 kernels on that whole thing. This is what we are up against," he
said.
C. "The U.S. exportable surplus is dwindling by the day," he said. "And China, Japan, South
Korea, Mexico are going to be most directly affected by that.
D. "The drought concerns this year have expanded exponentially as we have approached
harvest, and some of the pro-farmer numbers we have seen recently have shown much
more damage than was even expected just a month ago," he said.
E. The drought conditions have serious implications for land use in this area. Many families
have already begun moving into other activities.
F. The only thing farmer Bruce Nation sees in his cornfields outside Taylorville, Illinois, is
heartache.
G. As he takes to the fields to harvest - this year about a month ahead of schedule because of
the drought - Nation is watching that gamble in real time. Thanks to an Internet
connection in his tractor, he keeps a close watch on the rapidly-changing price for his
corn and soybeans.
TAYLORVILLE, Illinois — The worst drought conditions in a generation are sending some U.S.
farmers into their fields early to harvest corn. In the Midwest state of Illinois the poor condition
of the corn is cutting into farmers' profits and is driving global prices higher.

1.  

“This stuff is depressing here. This is hard to look at for me,” he said.

Most of the ears of corn that managed to grow in his fields are much smaller than normal
because of the drought. Smaller corn means less to sell, which cuts into Nation's bottom line.

2.  

Nation was also up against the risk that comes with planting and growing when the cost for seed
and fertilizer are at all time highs.

“You are at the mercy of Mother Nature. Some people ask me why I do not gamble. Why, I
gamble every day," he said. "That is just the way it is when you farm.”

3.  

“I watch them every day," Nation said. "I have a consultant who helps me on my marketing, he
watches it every hour.”

Commodity traders on the floor of the Chicago Board of Trade are also keeping close watch over
the rapidly changing prices, including GrainAnalyst.com's Matthew Pierce.

4.  

Pierce says the outlook for both corn and soybeans gets worse by the day, and has global
implications.

5.  

“We are at all time highs on both corn and soybeans, and that hurts everything over the long,
long haul," Pierce continued. "Everybody is going to feel this effect.”
6.  

But despite all he faces, Bruce Nation will not call this year's drought a disaster.

“I would not say a disaster. I would say a setback," he said. "It is going to set every body back a
little bit. But the farmer has a heck of a human spirit to him, and he is going to go right on
plugging. And that is all you can do, keep swinging.”

Question 1 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: f.

Question 2 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: b.

Question 3 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: g.

Question 4 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: d.

Question 5 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: c.

Question 6 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: a.

Use these paragraphs to fill the spaces below. There is one extra you do not need to use.

A. They moved on, deeper into the massed throngs. They saw a sign that read "Retiring
Rooms". Charles approached to see if he could get a look inside.
B. Will thought long and hard about this. "I don't think so," he said finally.
C. "This is the Stonehenge of mechanical engineering," Will said, his finger poised over one
of the valves.
D. Then we'll all be the better off for it," Will said, brushing down his jacket
melodramatically. "Oh my, let's go and be really bad.
E. Will, it's ten in the morning and it's only the second day. All the big wigs are going today.
Stop your whining. I heard no complaints from you last night when you were drunk on
ale..
F. Everywhere they turned, voices beckoned.
G. "It's the steam that drives the belt that drives the wheels," the man said, a gleam of pride
on his face.

The Busman's Holiday - Benjamin Kensey

It was all the two men could do to not break into a run as they crossed the park. The two, one
luxuriously tall and the other much shorter, drew some inquisitive glances from the crowds.

"If we miss Darwin because you couldn't resist getting a taste of bloody mead, I'll brain you,
Charles," said one, whose tall legs ate up the grassy yards with ease.
1.  

They rounded a stand of elm trees and there it was in front of them. The giant glass palace, five
storeys tall and five hundred yards in length, swallowed the crowds that drifted towards it.

"Why is it so green?" Charles said, his pace finally slowing as the objective rose into view.

"Come on!" urged Will. "No time to lose."

Hyde Park was wet from an overnight downpour and the grass became muddy near the entrance.
The two paid their two guineas entrance fee and moved into the central spine of the exhibition.
Entire trees were encased in the crystal palace with statues and fountains competing for space
and attention alongside them. On each side, vast exhibiting rooms had been set up and Charles
and Will perused the contents of a few of them, the riches of Great Britain and her greater empire
collected in one place for just these precious few months. Everywhere, fine cloths hung.

In one room, two baby Indian elephants were causing a stir while next door, vast tables were
laden to breaking point with exotic fruits, spices, meats that the London public had rarely
witnessed. But it was those exhibits crafted by man himself that Charles and Will had travelled
far for and those they now sought.

2.  

"This weaving machine puts all predecessors to shame, Ladies," yelled one exhibitor.

"The voting machine will change democracy throughout the empire," called out a woman
standing under a large Chartist banner. She popped a small brass ball into a machine with several
holes and levers and Charles and Will stood at the doorway and listened to a series of whirs and
plops as the ball made its way through the digestive tract of the machine before emerging into a
box for re-use.

"Well, I never," said Will. "Let's phone Florida."

3.  

"The latest in plumbing and hygiene, Sir," said a man collecting pennies outside, dressed all in
white. "Newspaper and shoe shine included."

"Later, thanks," said Charles and on they walked.

Towards one end of the Exhibition, the exhibits were beefier and more mechanical in nature and
the two colleagues quickened their pace and sharpened their gazes.
A steam-driven hay bailer from Sussex was claimed to be thirty percent faster than traditional
models.

"Think of all the hay you'll save," cried the man cranking the handles.

A small machine that spewed smoke and steam grabbed envelopes and closed them with a
flourish, pushing them onto another tray where a stamp was pressed on, a little lopsided.

"It's a lot of effort for very little, isn't it," said Charles to Will.

"Look at that lever mechanism for the closing," said Will, enthralled. "Absolutely fantastic
craftsmanship. I never saw anything about this little beauty."

The final room at one end of the glass house had the name Thomas Smithwick above it.
Agricultural Engines, it said directly underneath.

"This is it," said Will, always leading where Charles followed. Inside, a primitive steam engine
was hissing away, four large iron wheels attached to it. Will walked around his prey, purring
appreciation for the contraption.

4.  

"Well," Charles replied, his head in the Great Exhibition programme they'd bought, "Mr. Robert
Stephenson might have something to say about that."

"Good morning, gentleman. I can see you both hold the Smithwick's traction engine in great
esteem. Are you in the business yourselves?" The man's hair was greased back shiny and flat.

"Engineering, yes, agriculture, no," said Will, still running his hands over the smooth lines of the
machine, paying particular attention to the bold Smithwicks nameplate bolted onto the side.

5.  

"Yes, we know," said Will. Charles took hold of Will's jacket sleeve but Will shook himself free.
"It's all about pressure, Mr. - "

The man pointed up to the sign.

"Ah, the man himself. As I was saying, you'll know yourself, of course, it's all about pressure.
But you need to think smaller."

"Will, enough, come on," Charles said, moving towards the door.
Mr. Smithwick looked confused. "All our proving has shown that the larger delivers more
power."

Charles bodily pulled Will towards the door.

"Think smaller, Smithwick. Water is great for slow heavy pressure but you want to get
something explosive in a chamber, a metal chamber. Chambers and pistons, Smithwick," said
Will, now almost shouting as Charles closed the door behind them. "That will give you all the
impetus you need. Leave water behind, it belongs to the past."

The two were back out in the main walkway, surrounded by ferns, palms and a large fake Roman
fountain with water splashing down onto an array of mythological creatures.

"You really are the worst, Will. What will we do if he goes off and creates a twelve-wheeler by
next year?"

6.  

Charles followed Will's gaze and saw the sign: Daguerreotype Miniatures - Likenesses In Five
Minutes.

"Will, don't you dare."

Question 1 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: e.

Question 2 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: f.

Question 3 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: a.

Question 4 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: c.

Question 5 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: g.

Question 6 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: d.

The Training of a Forester, Paragraph Gap Fill

Use these paragraphs to fill the spaces below. There is one extra you do not need to use.

A. Not only has a forest a character of its own, which arises from the fact that it is a community
of trees, but each species of tree has peculiar characteristics and habits also.
B. A forest is not a mere collection of individual trees, just as a city is not a mere collection of
unrelated men and women, or a Nation like ours merely a certain number of independent racial
groups. A forest, like a city, is a complex community with a life of its own. It has a soil and an
atmosphere of its own, chemically and physically different from any other, with plants and
shrubs as well as trees which are peculiar to it.

C. Thus, a river birch will die if it has only as much water as will suffice to keep a post oak in the
best condition, and the warm climate in which the balsam fir would perish is just suited to the
requirements of a long leaf pine or a magnolia.

D. Trees are limited in their distribution also by their adaptability, in which they vary greatly.

E. In particular, it is the art of handling the forest so that it will render whatever service is
required of it without being impoverished or destroyed.

F. This area must be managed just as a farm would be managed or indeed any factory that you
see in the city as you pass by on your way to work. An unmanaged forest will be as unproductive
as an abandoned farm or a factory whose workers have been sent home.

G. Perhaps the strongest weapon which trees have against each other is growth in height. In
certain species intolerant of shade, the tree which is overtopped has lost the race for good.

First, What is forestry? Forestry is the knowledge of the forest. (1) For example, a forest
may be handled so as to produce saw logs, telegraph poles, barrel hoops, firewood, tan bark, or
turpentine. The main purpose of its treatment may be to prevent the washing of soil, to regulate
the flow of streams, to support cattle or sheep, or it may be handled so as to supply a wide range
and combination of uses. Forestry is the art of producing from the forest whatever it can yield for
the service of man.

Before we can understand forestry, certain facts about the forest itself must be kept in mind. (2)

It has a resident population of insects and higher animals entirely distinct from that
outside. Most important of all, from the Forester's point of view, the members of the forest live
in an exact and intricate system of competition and mutual assistance, of help or harm, which
extends to all the inhabitants of this complicated city of trees.

The trees in a forest are all helped by mutually protecting each other against high winds, and by
producing a richer and moister soil than would be possible if the trees stood singly and apart.
They compete among themselves by their roots for moisture in the soil, and for light and space

by the growth of their crowns in height and breadth. (3) The number of young trees which
destroy each other in this fierce struggle for existence is prodigious, so that often a few score per
acre are all that survive to middle or old age out of many tens of thousands of seedlings which
entered the race of life on approximately even terms.
(4) Just as in New York City, for example, the French, the Germans, the Italians, the
Hungarians, and the Chinese each have quarters of their own, and in those quarters live in
accordance with habits which distinguish each race from all the others, so the different species of
pines and hemlocks, oaks and maples prefer and are found in certain definite types of locality,
and live in accordance with definite racial habits which are as general and unfailing as the racial
characteristics which distinguish, for example, the Italians from the Germans, or the Swedes
from the Chinese.

The most important of these characteristics of race or species are those which are concerned with

the relation of each to light, heat, and moisture. (5)

The tolerance of a tree for shade may vary greatly at different times of its life, but a white pine
always requires more light than a hemlock, and a beech throughout its life will flourish with less
sunshine or reflected light than, for example, an oak or a tulip tree.

(6) Thus a bald cypress will grow both in wetter and in dryer land than an oak; a red cedar
will flourish from Florida to the Canadian line, while other species, like the Eastern larch, the
Western mountain hemlock, or the big trees of California, are confined in their native localities
within extremely narrow limits.

Question 1 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: e.

Question 2 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: b.

Question 3 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: g.

Question 4 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: a.

Question 5 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: c.

Question 6 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: d.

The Arctic Prairies, Paragraph Gap Fill

Use these paragraphs to fill the spaces below. There is one extra you do not need to use.

A. We heard Grouse drumming many times afterward, but the sun was low, or the places densely
shaded, or the mosquitoes made conditions impossible for silent watching; the perfect chance
came but once, as it always does, and I lost it.
B. As we made early supper I received for the twentieth time a lesson in photography. A cock
Partridge or Ruffed Grouse came and drummed on a log in open view, full sunlight, fifty feet
away. I went quietly to the place. He walked off, but little alarmed.

C. The adult male inhabitants came down to our camp, so that the village was deserted, except
for the children and a few women.

D. whose tang, projectivity, and wealth of vile epithet evidently supplied a long-felt want in the
Great Lone Land of the Dog and Canoe

E. The skies were clear that night and the frost a hard one. I shared a pipe on the foredecks with a
hunter, both of us warming ourselves in the glow and smoke of the pipe.

F. and his passengers comprised the Hudson's Bay Company officials

G. The great river stretched away northward, the hills rose abruptly from the water's edge,
everywhere extended the superb spruce forest, here fortunately unburnt; but there seemed no sign
of living creature outside of our own numerous, noisy, and picturesque party.

At Athabaska Landing, on May 18, 1907, 10.15 A. M., we boarded the superb Peterborough
canoe that I had christened the Ann Seton. The Athabaska River was a-flood and clear of ice; 13
scows of freight, with 60 half-breeds and Indians to man them, left at the same time, and in spite
of a strong headwind we drifted northward fully 31 miles an hour.

The leading scow, where I spent some time, was in charge of John MacDonald himself, (1)

, going to their posts or on tours of inspection. They were a jolly crowd, like a lot of
rollicking schoolboys, full of fun and good-humour, chaffing and joking all day; but when a
question of business came up, the serious businessman appeared in each, and the Company's
interest was cared for with their best powers. The bottle was not entirely absent in these scow
fraternities, but I saw no one the worse for liquor on the trip.

The men of mixed blood jabbered in French, Cree, and Chipewyan chiefly, but when they
wanted to swear, they felt the inadequacy of these mellifluous or lisping tongues, and fell back

on virile Saxon, (2) .

In the afternoon Preble and I pushed on in our boat, far in advance of the brigade. (3) I set
the camera eight feet from the log, with twenty-five feet of tubing, and retired to a good hiding-
place. But alas! I put the tube on the left-hand pump, not knowing that that was a dummy. The
Grouse came back in three minutes, drumming in a superb pose squarely in front of the camera. I
used the pump, but saw that it failed to operate; on going forward the Grouse skimmed away and
returned no more. Preble said, "Never mind; there will be another every hundred yards all the
way down the river, later on." I could only reply, "The chance never comes but once," and so it

proved. (4)

About twenty miles below the Landing we found the abandoned winter hut of a trapper; on the
roof were the dried up bodies of 1 Skunk, 2 Foxes, and 30 Lynxes, besides the bones of 2 Moose,
showing the nature of the wild life about.

That night, as the river was brimming and safe, we tied up to the scows and drifted, making 30
more miles, or 60 since embarking.

In the early morning, I was much struck by the lifelessness of the scene. (5) River, hills,
and woods were calm and silent. It was impressive, if disappointing; and, when at last the fir
stillness was broken by a succession of trumpet notes from the Great Pileated Woodpecker, the
sound went rolling on and on, in reverberating echoes that might well have alarmed the bird
himself.

The white spruce forest along the banks is most inspiring, magnificent here. Down the terraced
slopes and right to the water's edge on the alluvial soil it stands in ranks. Each year, of course,
the floods undercut the banks, and more trees fall, to become at last the flotsam of the shore a
thousand miles away.

There is something sad about these stately trees, densely packed, all a-row, unflinching,
hopelessly awaiting the onset of the inexorable, invincible river. One group, somewhat isolated
and formal, was a forest life parallel to Lady Butler's famous "Roll Call of the Grenadiers."

At night we reached the Indian village of Pelican Portage, and landed by climbing over huge

blocks of ice that were piled along the shore. (6)

Question 1 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: f.

Question 2 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: d.

Question 3 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: b.

Question 4 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: a.

Question 5 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: g.

Question 6 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: c.

Libyan Oil Output Cut, Paragraph Gap Fill

Use these paragraphs to fill the spaces below. There is one extra you do not need to use.

A. the one remaining export terminal that so far has been free of disruption or strike activity by
guards demanding back pay and better salaries

B. but that appointment also appears to have enraged some of the strikers

C. without which Libya will struggle to repair the damage caused by the war which saw Gadaffi
overthrown.

D. The work stoppage came just hours after gunmen wounded a guard and ransacked an oil
service center Sunday evening in the eastern oasis town of Awjila. Libyan officials said they
believe the attack was linked to competition between militia groups over oilfield contracts and
the placement of their members in the newly created national Petroleum Facilities Guard, a force
under the direct authority of the Defense Ministry, but made up largely of former militia
members who have often fought among themselves.

E. Industry insiders say a key reason for that decision revolved around security concerns.

F. In the latest disruption, security guards re-imposed a strike they called off over the weekend,
forcing the closure of Libya’s two main crude oil export terminals.

G. Libya’s transitional authorities were quick to encourage foreign oil companies and the Libyan
National Oil Corporation to resume production quickly after fighting stopped. In the autumn of
2011, to the surprise of foreign oil experts, they claimed production almost matched pre-war
levels.

The Libyan oil industry is in the midst of its worst crisis since the 2011 civil war because of
lawlessness and strikes at major petroleum facilities.

(1) Operations had resumed on Sunday at the ports of Es Sider and Ras Lanuf after a two-
week stoppage. The two ports have a combined export capacity of around 600,000 barrels per
day.

(2)

Last week, Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan warned of the economic consequences of the off-
and-on disruption to oilfield, production and export terminals. He said oil exports had plunged by
70 percent - a devastating financial setback for Libya, which relies on oil exports for nearly all of
its foreign revenues.
Oil industry officials said the export terminals at the Es Sider, Amna and Sirtica oilfields had
already filled up their storage tanks to capacity and had to shut down production.

Libya's oil minister said Monday the government was working to end the disruptions by meeting

with the protesters and appointing a new head of the Petroleum Facilities Guard - (3) .

“Groups closed the ports of Ras Lanouf, Zeuitina, Al-Sedra and Al-Hariga, forcing a drop in
production to less than 30 percent of normal levels,” Zeidan told reporters.

Over the past few months the oilfields and export terminals have been affected by everything
from striking security guards to militias fighting over who should get security contracts. There
also has been criminal looting at petroleum service centers and production facilities and fears of
terrorist activity by al-Qaida or other jihadist groups. A surge in bombings, assassination and a
mass jail breakout in the country’s second-largest city, Behghazi has added to the insecurity.

According to the country’s oil minister, Abdelbari al-Aroussi, Libya is now only exporting

330,000 barrels through the port at Zawiya, (4) .

Oil accounts for more than 80 percent of Libya’s gross national production and more than 95
percent of exports. The country’s oil production stood at 1.6 million barrels a day just before the
2011 uprising that toppled Muammar Gaddafi. During the NATO-backed uprising oil production
it shrunk to just 60,000 barrels a day, according to the International Energy Agency.

(5)

But oil industry insiders told VOA they thought the numbers were exaggerated and output was at
least a quarter of a billion barrels a day short of government claims. Some still remain skeptical
about government figures.

“It isn’t that hard to play around with the numbers,” said a foreign oil consultant, who declined
to be named, fearing to do so could jeopardize his future work for Libya’s National Oil
Corporation. “Production did resume quite quickly because everyone took a short cut when it
came to repairs and delayed replacing pipelines and equipment that are past their optimum life
spans.”

Security issues and the resulting supply disruptions plaguing Libya’s oil industry are deterring
some major foreign oil companies from competing for contracts to manage the fields, say oil
analysts. Industry experts say some oil majors such as Royal Dutch Shell have been cautious
about bidding for contracts or expanding operations in Libya.
Although denying it was pulling out of Libya, late last year Shell suspended some exploration

projects in the country, arguing the results had been disappointing. (6)

“Shell wants a stable security environment - and they aren’t the only ones worried about strikes,
opportunistic gun attacks and spotty security. No one wants to see a repeat of the al-Qaida attack
earlier this year in Algeria,” said a foreign oil consultant, who has reviewed the workings of the
recently created Petroleum Facilities Guard.

“The Libyan government is still a long way from consolidating control of the country’s oilfields,
pipelines and ports,” he says.

Question 1 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: f.

Question 2 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: d.

Question 3 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: b.

Question 4 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: a.

Question 5 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: g.

Question 6 - Incorrect. Actual Answer was: e.