INSTITUTIONAL

CORRECTION
INSTRUCTOR: RAMOS, BLESSIE B.
PENOLOGY PENAL SCIENCE

• LATIN WORD “POENA” – PAIN OR SUFFERRING / “POENALIS” -

PUNISHMENT

• THE STUDY OF PUNISHMENT FOR CRIME OR OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS. IT

INCLUDES THE STUDY OF CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF CRIME THROUGH
PUNISHMENT OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS.

• DIVISION OF CRIMINOLOGY THAT DEALS WITH PRISON MANAGEMENT AND

THE TREATMENT OF OFFENDERS (REPRESS CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES)
THREE DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLOGY
• SOCIOLOGY OF LAW – DEALS WITH THE UNDERSTANDING OF CRIMINAL LAW AND ITS
PROCEDURE OF ADMINISTRATION.
• CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY – CONCERNED WITH DETERMINING CAUSES AND FACTORS OF CRIME
OCCURRENCE
• PENOLOGY / PENAL SCIENCE – DEALS WITH MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF
INMATES.
PENAL MANAGEMENT – REFERS TO THE MANNER OR PRACTICE OF MANAGING OR
CONTROLLING PLACES OF CONFINEMENT
CORRECTION
• BRANCH OF CJS CONCERNED WITH THE OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS.
CUSTODY, SUPERVISION AND REHABILITATION

• IT IS THE STUDY OF JAIL/PRISON MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION AS

WELL AS THE REHABILITATION AND REFORMATION OF CRIMINALS.

• (PROCESS) REFERS TO THE REORIENTATION OF THE CRIMINAL OFFENDER TO PREVENT

HIM OR HER FROM REPEATING HIS DEVIANT OR DELINQUENT ACTIONS WITHOUT THE
NECESSITY OF TAKING PUNITIVE ACTIONS BUT RATHER THE INTRODUCTION OF
INDIVIDUAL MEASURES OF REFORMATION
 INSTITUTIONAL
VS
NON-INSTITUTIONAL
CORRECTIONAL
ADMINISTRATION
• THE STUDY AND PRACTICE OF A SYSTEMATIC MANAGEMENT OF
JAILS OR PRISONS AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS CONCERNED WITH
THE CUSTODY, TREATMENT, AND REHABILITATION OF CRIMINAL
OFFENDERS.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
ON CORRECTION
IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENT
• 13TH CENTURY – SECURING SANCTUARY
- A CRIMINAL COULD AVOID PUNISHMENT BY CLAIMING REFUGEE IN
A CHURCH FOR A PERIOD OF 40 DAYS.

BENEFIT OF THE CLERGY – A COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE CHURCH AND THE

KING, WHEREIN ANY MEMBER OF THE CLERGY BROUGHT TO TRIAL IN THE KING’S
COURT SHALL BE CLAIMED FROM THE JURISDICTION BY THE BISHOP OR
CHAPLAIN.
IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENT
• 13TH CENTURY – SECURING SANCTUARY
- A CRIMINAL COULD AVOID PUNISHMENT BY CLAIMING REFUGEE IN
A CHURCH FOR A PERIOD OF 40 DAYS.

BENEFIT OF THE CLERGY – A COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE CHURCH AND THE

KING, WHEREIN ANY MEMBER OF THE CLERGY BROUGHT TO TRIAL IN THE KING’S
COURT SHALL BE CLAIMED FROM THE JURISDICTION BY THE BISHOP OR
CHAPLAIN.
IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENT
• 1468 (ENGLAND) – TORTURE AS A FORM OF PUNISMENT BECAME
PREVALENT.
• 16TH CENTURY – TRANSPORTATION OF CRIMINALS IN ENGLAND WAS
AUTHORIZED. IT PARTIALLY RELIEVED OVERCROWDING PRISONS. (1835
TRANSPORTATION WAS ABANDONED)
IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENT
• PIRACY ACT OF 1717 – WAS AN ACT OF THE PARLIAMENT OF
GREAT BRITAIN THAT ESTABLISHED A 7 YEARS PENAL
TRANSPORTATION TO NORTH AMERICA AS A POSSIBLE
PUNISHMENT FOR THOSE CONVICTED OF LESSER FELONIES.
• 17TH TO LATE 18TH CENTURY – DEATH PENALTY BECAME
PREVALENT AS A FORM OF PUNISHMENT.
 GAOLS

(JAILS) PRETRIAL DETENTION

FACILITIES OPERATED BY ENGLISH
SHERIFF.
 GALLEYS
LONG, LOW, NARROW, SINGLE
DECKEDSHIPS PROPELLED BY
SAILS, USUALLY ROWED BY
CRIMINALS.
 HULKS
FORMER WARSHIPS USED TO
HOUSE PRISONERS IN THE 18TH
AND 19TH CENTURY.
“FLOATING HELLS”
 GULAGS (IGOROT)
• REFERS TO A WOODEN-FENCE WHERE CONVICTED FELONS WERE
IMPRISONED BY THE ELDERS.
 GULAG OF GERMANY
• THIS IS INFAMOUS GULAG PRISON OF ALEKSANDR SOLZHENITSYN IN
GERMANY, WHERE THOUSANDS OF JEWS WERE MAN-SLAUGHTERED
DURING THE REIGN OF ADOLPH HITLER.

GULAG OF RUSSIA
• THIS IS SYNONYMOUS FOR CORRECTIVE LABOR CAMP, A PENAL
INSTITUTION ESTABLISHED IN 1918 AFTER THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF
PENOLOGY
THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL
• DOCTRINE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL HEDONISM OR FREEWILL

BASIS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY: ABSOLUTE HUMAN FREE WILL

PURPOSE OF PUNISHMENT: RETRIBUTION

THE NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL
• MODIFIED CLASSICAL SCHOOL

• CHILDREN AND LUNATICS CANNOT CALCULATE THE DIFFERENCES OF

PLEASURES FROM PAIN, THEY SHOULD NOT BE REGARDED AS
CRIMINALS, HENCE, THEY SHOULD BE FREE FROM PUNISHMENT
THE POSITIVIST/ITALIAN SCHOOL
• IT ADHERES THAT CRIMES, AS ANY OTHER ACT IS A NATURAL
PHENOMENON.
• CRIMINALS ARE CONSIDERED AS SICK INDIVIDUALS WHO NEED TO BE
TREATED
• PURPOSE OF PUNISHMENT IS TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION
COMPENSATION OF
WRONGFUL ACTS
COMPENSATION OF WRONGFUL ACTS

• RETALIATION (PERSONAL VENGEANCE) – THE CONCEPT OF

PERSONAL REVENGE BY THE VICTIM’S FAMILY OR TRIBE AGAISNT THE
FAMILY OR TRIBE OF THE OFFENDER, HENCE “BLOOD FEUDS” WAS
ACCEPTED IN THE EARLY PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES.
• FINES AND PUNISHMENTS – ACCEPTANCE OF VENGEANCE IN THE
FORM OF PAYMENT.
EARLY CODES
1. BABYLONIAN AND SUMERIAN CODES
• CODE OF KING HAMMURABI (HAMMURABIC CODE) –
CREDITED AS THE OLDEST CODE PRESCRIBING SAVAGE
PUNISHMENT.
• DOCTRINE OF LEX TALIONES (LAW OF RETALIATION)
• TIT FOR TAT
EARLY CODES
2. ROMAN AND GREEK CODES
• JUSTINIAN CODE–EMPEROR JUSTINIAN OF ROME WROTE
HIS CODE OF LAW.
• AN EFFORT TO MATCH A DESIRABLE AMOUNT OF
PUNISHMENT TO ALL POSSIBLE CRIMES.

• THE TWELVES TABLES (XII TABULAE), (451 – 450 BC)

EARLY CODES
2. ROMAN AND GREEK CODES
• GREEK CODE OF DRACO – A HARSH CODE THAT
PROVIDES THE SAME PUNISHMENT FOR BOTH CITIZENS
AND THE SLAVES.
• EQUALITY – ALL CRIMES MUST BE PUNISHABLE BY DEATH

• CODE OF SOLON– LAW THAT REPEALED CODE OF DRACO,

ABOLISHED DEATH PENALTY BUT NOT FOR MURDER.
EARLY CODES
2. THE BURGUNDIAN CODE (500 A.D.)
• SPECIFIED PUNISHMENT ACCORDING TO THE SOCIAL
CLASS OF OFFENDERS.

• NOBLES
• MIDDLECLASS
• LOWER CLASS
EARLY CODES (PHILIPPINES SETTING)
• THE SPANISH CIVIL CODE BECAME EFFECTIVE ON THE PHILIPPINES
(DECEMBER 7 1889)
• 1930, THE CONQUISTADORES AND THE KODIGO PENAL WAS
INTRODUCED BY THE SPANIARDS.

A. THE CODE OF KALANTIAO (1433) – THE MOST EXTENSIVE AND SEVERE

LAW THAT PRESCRIBES HARSH PUNISHMENT IN AKLAN AND PANAY
ISLANDS

B. THE MARAGTAS CODE – DATU SUMAKWEL OF ILOILO

C. SIKATUNA LAW - BOHOL

EARLY PRISONS
1. MAMERTIME PRISON /
CARCERE MAMERTINO
• THE ONLY EARLY ROMAN PLACE OF CONFINEMENT WHICH IS BUILT
UNDER THE MAIN SEWER OF ROME IN 64 BC
2. BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE

• 1557 BUILT IN LONDON FOR THE EMPLOYMENT AND HOUSING OF

ENGLISH PRISONERS
3. WALNUT STREET JAIL

• ORIGINALLY CONSTRUCTED AS A DETENTION JAIL IN PHILADELPHIA. IT

WAS CONVERTED INTO A STATE PRISON AND BECAME THE FIRST
AMERICAN PENITENTIARY.
 4. SINGSING PRISON
• SHOWER BATH WAS A GADGET SO CONSTRUCTED AS TO DROP A
VOLUME OF WATER ON THE HEAD OF A LOCKED NAKED OFFENDER.
5. ALCATRAZ (THE ROCK)
• SAN FRANCISCO BAY
• THE HARDEST PRISON IN HISTORY WHERE NUMBER 1 PUBLIC ENEMIES
ARE IMPRISONED LIKE ALCAPONE
• FRANK MORIS
• CLARENCE AND JOHN ANGLIN
• OLIN GUY BLACKWELL – LAST WARDEN