SEMINAR COURSE: VICTIMOLOGY

SEMESTER &PROGRAM: 8th SEM, BA LLB ENERGY LAW

TITLE OF SEMINAR PAPER- “PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON

RAPE VICTIMS”

NAME OF THE STUDENT: RISHAB KUMAR, R450217095,

500060365

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: MR. NAVIN PAL

University of petroleum & energy studies

School of Law, Dehradun

(April, 2021)

1
 DECLARATION/UNDERATAKING OF THE ORIGINALITY

I RISHAB KUMAR Having Enrollment no. R450217095 SAP ID.

500060365, declare that Seminar Paper titled “PSYCHOLOGICAL
IMPACT ON RAPE VICTIMS” is the outcome of my original work
conducted under supervision of Mr. NAVIN PAL at school of law,
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun.
I undertake Full responsibility of this seminar paper by complying with
‘Academic integrity’ policy of UPES and I understand that if this work
is found in the violation of the same, this may result in rejection of my
seminar paper and appropriate disciplinary proceedings as per Rules of
University.
Word count for seminar paper:
RISHAB KUMAR
Signature
(Name of the student)
Date: 18 April, 2021
Place: Dehradun
Endorsement by the Mentor
Date of Final Submission:18th April, 2021
Similarity Found:
Late Submission: NO

Signature
Name of Mentor: Mr. NAVIN PAL
Date: 18 April, 2021

2
ABSTRACT

This research paper inspects rape victims’ involvements seeking post assault support
from the legal, remedial, and mental health systems and how those acquaintances impact
their mental well-being. This literature recommends that although some rape victims have
positive, helpful involvements with social system workforces, for many victims, post
assault assistance seeking becomes a "second rape," a secondary victimization to the
initial suffering. Most reported rapes are not prosecuted, victims treated in hospital
emergency departments do not receive complete medical care, and many victims do not
have access to quality mental health services. In response to growing concerns about the
community response to rape, new interventions and programs have emerged that seek to
improve services and prevent secondary victimization. This study also shows the
recommendation to improve the secondary victimization.

Key words- victim, women, rape, psychological, assault.

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SYNOPSIS

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study specially designed to identify the treatment faces by the rape victims. In Some
of the situation victims have positive experience and some of the victim it becomes a
secondary rape so it makes a very bad impact on the victim.

HYPOTHESIS

This paper tested the certain assumptions which were made in the beginning of the
research. That the what kind of problems faced by the rape victims from the legal and
mental health system.

SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE

An examination of the current body of research includes Books, Newspaper Articles,

Debates, Official Websites and Government Publications Therefore, self- developed
Questionnaire was used for data collection.

OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

The objective of this research is to know

- the legal position of rape in India.

- Experiences of rape victim from legal and medical systems.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research methodology for the project is non-doctrinal, analytical and descriptive in
nature. The source of the knowledge for the project will be including Primary and
Secondary resources such as text books, journals, web reference, Government reports etc.
Relevant material and information are collected from legal sources only.

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CHAPTERIZATION

1. Introduction

2. Historical Perspective
3. Laws against rape in India
4. Amendment in legal position
5. Current legal position
6. Tribulation faced by victims
7. Social Impact: Secondary Victimization of victims
8. Psychological Impact on Victims
9. Recommendations
10. Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

Rape is the most terrible and ruthless act of violating physical Veracity and decency of a
woman, it abolishes the whole physical and mental health of the victim and also rape is
the most severe of all traumas, causing multiple, long-term negative outcomes such as
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, substance abuse, suicidality, repeated
sexual victimization and chronic physical health problems1.It is crime against basic
human rights it is a clear violation of the Right to life. 2 Rape victims have wide postnasal
needs and may turn to multiple social systems for aid. When victims are reach out for
help, they get a great deal of trust in the legal, medical and mental health systems as they
risk disbelief, blame and refusals of help 3. The manner in which these systemic
interactions occur can have profound consequences for the recovery of victims. If victims
can receive the services they need and are treated in a compassionate and caring way,
social systems can help facilitate recovery. Conversely, if victims do not receive the
necessary services and are treated insensitively, system staff can increase victims'
feelings of helplessness, shame and guilt. Seeking help after the attack can become a
"second rape", a secondary victim of the initial trauma. Victims postnasal help seeking
experiences are not uniformly bad or retraumatizing. But there are many reasons to be
concerned about what happen to victim when they seek community help. Although some
victims have positive experiences, secondary victimization is a pervasive problem that
occurs, to varying degrees, with most survivors seeking post-assault care. Who receives
services and how they obtain them reflects privilege and discrimination? Women
belonging to ethnic minorities and low socioeconomic status (SES), for example, are
more likely to have difficulty obtaining help. In addition, our social systems do not treat
all violations the same. Persistent and stubborn myths remain about what constitutes “true
rape”: assaults by strangers with a weapon, causing visible physical injuries to the
victims. Social systems respond to these attacks with the greatest attention. However,
1
Kilpatrick and acierno, 2003.available at https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?
journal=Human+Rights+Q&title=Human+rights:+A+feminist+perspective.
2
INDIA CONST. art.21,1949.
3
Jennifer s, ‘rape, racism and the law’, Harvard J law Gend (1983) available at
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Harvard+J+Law+Gend&title=Rape,+racism,
+and+the+law.

6
prevalence studies consistently show that rape by non-strangers is much more common.
Our social systems are less likely to respond to the most common types of aggression. In
times of great vulnerability and need, rape victims turn to their communities for help and
are at greater risk of suffering. The trauma of rape goes far beyond the actual assault and
intervention strategies must address the problem rape survivors encounter when seeking
Community aid. While prevention efforts to eradicate rape are clearly needed, it is also
important to think about how to prevent further trauma among those who are already
victims. A growing literature is emerging on seeking help after assault and its impact on
the mental health outcomes of victims. The purpose of this article is to review existing
research on trapped victims' experiences with the legal, medical and mental health
systems and how these interactions affect the psychological well-being of survivors. and
social systems are being tested everywhere. In response to growing concerns about the
community's response to rape, new interventions and programs have emerged to improve
services and prevent secondary victimization. These innovative alternatives are also
examined to explore strategies to create more consistently positive post-assault assistance
to find experiences for all rape victims.

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

In ancient time the generic term of rape was Raptus which means violent theft apply on
both the property and the person in the roman culture. This crime was same as the women
abduction or a sexual assault, it was the crime which is against the consent of the
guardian or legal guardian of the women.This harm was treated wrong against her father
or husband of the women. 4 Also roman law in the historical period they were familiar
with the rape as a crime, rape of women is common theme in the mythologies and
legends of ancient Rome5. Meaning of rape in english sense is forced sex which means a
sexual offense committed through violence or coercion (cum vi or per vim)6.

Rape additionally to war dates back to past , when Greek, Persian or Roman troops
took the mass rape of girls as a punitive measure committed by armies after forcibly
entering a city. Rape, additionally to war, was banned by the military codes of
successive rulers, and this ban formed the idea for convicting and executing rapists
during the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)7.

In some cultures, rape is viewed less as a criminal offense against a specific woman

than as a criminal offense against the breadwinner or against chastity. Therefore, the
rape of a virgin was often a more serious crime than that of a non-virgin, even of a
wife or widow, and therefore the rape of a prostitute or other woman wasn't . not
belonging to a caste wasn't , in some laws, a criminal offense because his
chastity wasn't . damaged. additionally , in many legal systems the consent of the
lady isn't a defense. In 17th-century France, even marriage without parental consent
was called rape. The penalty for rape was often a fine, payable to the parent or
husband whose "property" had been "damaged".

4
Gillian C, ‘oxford university press’(1993) available at
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10606433/.
5
Moses DC. Dumbarton, ‘livy’s lucteria and the validity of coerced concent in roman law’(1997)
available at
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Gardner+JF+Women+in+roman+law+and+society.

6
Gordon P. Baltimore; johns Hopkins university press, (2002).
7
Odahl CM, london; Routledge 2004.

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In Islamic criminal law, most Muslim scholars believe that there is no punishment for a
woman forced to have sex.8 According to a Sunni, the punishment for committing rape
is death, there's no sin for the victim, and no worldly punishment is attributed to him.
In some laws, the lady can marry the rapist rather than receiving legal sanction. This
was especially prevalent in laws where the crime of rape didn't include, as a
necessary element, that it had been against the woman's will, thus dividing the crime
into the present meaning of rape, and a way for a few to coerce their families to
permit marriage.9

LAWS AGAINST RAPE IN INDIA

History of Rape Laws in India begins with enactment of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) in
186010 comes under section 375 and 376. According to the provision mention in the
section 375 of IPC, a man is said to committed a rape who except in the case which is
mention hereinafter,

- Man has sexual intercourse with a woman comes under following descriptions
i) Against the will of the women
ii) Without the consent
iii) With consent but consent has been taken under the fear of coercion or
death
iv) With her consent when the person knows that he's not her husband,
and her consent is given because she believes that  he's another man to
whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married, and

v) With or without her consent when she is under 16 years aged

This definition explains that penetration is sufficient to constitute the sexual relation
necessary for the crime of rape. One exception is that sexual intercourse between a man
and his wife, who is not less than 15 years old, will not constitute rape.
8
Vol.10 beirut; Dar al-kitab al- Arabi p.159.
9
Aquilia L, ‘Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome’, Oxford: Oxford University Press (1998)
available at https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Aquilia+L+McGinn+TA+Prostitution,
+Sexuality+and+the+Law+in+Ancient+Rome.
10
Forsythe DP, ‘Encyclopedia of Human Rights’, Oxford: Oxford University Press (2009) available at
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Forsythe+DP+Encyclopedia+of+Human+Rights+2009.

9
section 376 provides for the sanction of rape. consistent with this text , anyone who
commits rape are going to be punished with captivity , or both sorts of imprisonment
for a period, which may be extended to 10 years, and can even be susceptible to a
fine, unless the raped woman is his wife. and not but 12 years, during which case
he are going to be punished with a custodial sentence consistent with one among the
2 methods of a duration which may be increased to 2 years or a fine or both.

AMENDMENT IN LEGAL POSITION

Rape law in India had gone through a lot of amendments because some time definition of
rape not cover actual thing done with the victim which led to injustice to the victim and it
had a very bad impact on the psychological condition of the victim.

Some of the amendment11 are in 1983, an amendment was made and section 376 (2)
meaning rape in custody, section 376 (A) meaning marital rape, and l Section 376 (B to
D), has been added. not like rape. consistent with the Criminal Law Amendment Act
(1983), revealing the identity of a rape victim may be a crime. While this law retains
more or less an equivalent definition of rape, it introduces many new categories of
offenses involving sexual relations by inmates, like directors of hospitals, detention
centers, prisons and cops , with women. in custody. within the case of rape in prison,
the burden of proof is on the lads and if a female victim states that she didn't consent,
the court will determine that she didn't consent.
The penalty for "prison rape" or gang rape is  like a minimum sentence of 10
years and therefore the crime is knowable and non-refundable.
The relationship between a person and his wife, who lives separately from him by
virtue of a separation decree or any custom or use without his consent, is punishable
by imprisonment which may be increased to 2 years. This offense is knowable and
refundable.

The 2012 Supreme Court verdict 12

establishes that rape trials must be completed within
two months, as required by law. The Supreme Court also ordered the courts to “strictly
respect” the prevailing rules, asking them to exclude the likelihood of “maneuvering”
11
Gaur KD, Indian Penal Code, Universal Publication (2003).
12
Meenakshi Ganguly, ‘India: Rape Victim's Death Demands Action’, Human Rights Watch available at
http://www.Hrw.org.

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by excessively long deadlines. Article 309 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
provides that in any investigation or trial, the method must be administered as
quickly as possible and once the questioning of witnesses has begun, it must continue
daily until such time. that each one witnesses be questioned. within
the cases mentioned in Article 376 (rape) and therefore the related offenses of
Articles 376 A-D of the IPC, the CrPC establishes that `` the investigation or trial
shall, as far as possible, be completed within a period of two months from the date
of the beginning of the examination of witnesses. "The rape victim suffers a mental
and psychological trauma, which must be addressed to supply her a hand that
permits her to deal with the trauma suffered and to supply for her immediate and
long-term needs in order that you'll perform a dignified and meaningful life. the
supply of rape laws within the IPC (Articles 375 and 376, IPC), echoes very archaic
sentiments, when it mentions as an exception clause: "Male sexual relations  together
with his wife, woman no. is not any but 15 years old. it's not a rape. "The law gives
the husband absolute immunity from his wife, solely on the idea of
the marriage . this is often a non-consensual act of violent perversion by a husband
against his wife during which he's physically and sexually abused. Marital rape
is only too common in Indian society. The United Nations Population Fund13 states that
more than two-thirds of married women in India, aged 15 to 49, have been beaten, raped
or forced to have sex Article 2 of the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against
Women14 explicitly includes marital rape in the definition of violence against women.

The roots of 'marital rape' can be traced to the statement of Sir Mathew Hale, the English
Chief Justice in the 1600s, 'The husband cannot be guilty of a rape committed by himself
on his legitimate woman, because by their mutual marriage and contracted consent, the
woman has given herself in kind to her husband, whom she cannot retract ”.15

The revolution against marital rape began with activists within the us who raised
their voices within the 1970s for the removal of the waiver of marital rape clause and

13
The united nations population fund, assault on the world’s people, (2008) available at
https://scholar.google.com/.
14
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women. General assemble resolution, 1993.
15
Barton JL, ‘The story of marital rape’, (2003) available at https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
q=Forsythe+DP+Encyclopedia+of+Human+Rights+2009.

11
therefore the extension of the guarantee of equal protection for ladies . The
importance of consent to every individual decision can't be underestimated. a
lady can protect her right to life and liberty also as her body even in marriage. As a
result, most Western countries have banned marital rape.16

Article 376 on sexual violence, in a very narrow context, establishes that a crime of rape
in marital bonds only exists if the woman is under 12 years old, if she is between 12 and
15 years old, the crime is committed. on the other hand, less severe, leading to lighter
penalties. When the age surpass the legal limit then no legal protection is granted to the
wife in violation of human rights standards.17

Current legal Position

After the recommendation of the 172-law commission report in which it was

recommended by the commission-

1. Rape should be replaced by the term ‘sexual assault ‘

2. Sexual intercourse as contained in Section 375 of IPC should include all forms of
penetration such as penile or vaginal, penile or oral, finger or vaginal, finger or
anal, and object or vaginal
3. In the light of Sakshi v. Union of India and Others 18 , sexual assault on any part of
the body should be construed as rape.
4. Rape laws should be made gender neutral as custodial rape of young boys has
been neglected by law
5. A new offence, namely section 376E with the title ‘unlawful sexual conduct’
should be created.
And the protest done by the general public after the gang rape of Delhi girl in 2012 19the
Indian parliament introduced the criminal law (Amendment) Bill,2013 which was
approved by both the houses in March and received the President's assent in April 2013. 20
It provides for the amendment of the IPC, the IEA and therefore the 1973 Criminal
Procedure Code on related laws sexual offenses. The crime of rape under section 375
of the IPC made it a criminal offense to insert a penis and not a penis into the orifices

16
Women Rights activists- worldpulse.com.
17
Gonsalves rape, crime Law J. 2005 available at http://www.c-fam.org/docLib/20080624_UNPF.pdf.
18
2004 (5) SCC 518
19
Mandhana N, ‘The New York times: archived from the original’ (2012) available at
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
q=Mandhana+N+Trivedi+A+Indians+outraged+by+account+of+gang+rape.
20
President signs ordinance to effect changes in laws against sexual crimes.

12
of a adult female body by a person . The definition is widely explained in some
respects, with acts like penetrating the penis, or any object or a part of the body to
any degree, into the vagina, mouth, urethra or anus of  a lady , or forcing her to try to
to so with another person or the appliance of the mouth to the sexual organs without
the consent or the desire of the lady constitutes the crime of rape.21

The section also clarified that penetration means "penetration to any extent" and that the
absence of physical resistance is not relevant to constitute a crime. With the exception of
certain aggravated situations, the penalty will be imprisonment for at least 7 years, but
which can be extended to life imprisonment, and will also be punishable by a fine. In
aggravated situations, the penalty will be strict detention for a period of at least 10 years,
but which can be extended to life imprisonment, and will also be punishable by a fine.

A new section has been added, 376A, which establishes that if an individual who has
committed the crime of sexual abuse inflicts an injury which causes the death of the
person or leaves him during a persistent vegetative state, he must be punished with a
imprisonment strict, for a period, which must not be but 20 years, but which may be
extended until captivity , that's to mention the rest of that person's natural life, or
with death. within the event of gang rape, the people involved, no matter their
sex, are going to be punished with a custodial sentence of a minimum of 20 years,
but which may be extended to life and must pay compensation to the victim, who
must be reasonable. to hide the medical costs and rehabilitation of the victim.

Some changes have been introduced in the CrPC, 1973 and the IEA, such as the
recording of the victim impact statement has been made more user-friendly and easier,
the character of the victim is not relevant for consideration, the presumption non-consent
during sex and the victim's claim in court that there was no consent, etc. The age of
consent has been increased to 18, which means that any sexual activity, whether their is
the presence of consent with a woman under the age of 18, will be a violation of the law.
The Criminal Law (Amendment) Order 2013 was severely criticized by various human
and women's rights organizations for not including some recommendations which is
recommended by the Legal Commission report, such as marital rape and age reduction.

21
Indian Evidence Act, 1872,s.8, no.1, Act of Parliament (1872).

13
Consent, modification of the armed forces (special powers) Take measures so that no
sanctions are required to prosecute armed forces personnel accused of a crime against
women.22

TRIBULATIONS FACED BY VICTIMS

The belief that "it is better to die than to be raped" prevails in our society and rape
victims are considered living corpses. In Tulsidas Khanolkar c. case23 Judge Arijit
Pasayat said that "while the murderer destroys the physical makeup of his victim, a
rapist degrades and contaminates the soul of a defenseless woman." The
crime isn't only limited to physical injuries, but also results in  aggravating phobias.

In Shakespeare's "Titus Andronicus", Lavinia is raped and her tongue and

hands stop . Counting features a high price and thus not telling. A study of
allegations of rape in Delhi found that forty percent of the allegations of rape filed
were actually from fathers once they discovered that their daughters were engaged in
consensual sex and motivated the court to show their daughters and their lovers a
lesson. this is often only one of several cases where the breach is getting used as a
tool for something else that only affects the credibility of real cases and increases the
complexity of this overwhelming problem. Seeking justice seems to be a
heartbreaking experience for the survivors. within the report "Everyone Blames Me"
"Barriers to Justice and Support

Services for Survivors of sexual assault in India", it had been found that girls and
girls who are victims of sexual violence face severe humiliation
in police stations and hospitals. In most cases, police personnel are unwilling to
register their complaints, victims and witnesses receive little protection, and medical
professionals still impose degrading evidence with two fingers. These impediments
are followed by a series of embarrassments and mortifications faced during criminal
trials at the hands of defense attorneys.
They kill the character and condemn the intentions of the prosecution, which not
22
Women groups protest anti-rape ordinance,2013 available at
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-anti-rape-law-comes-into-force/articleshow/19359543.cms.
23
Tulsidas khonolkar vs state of goa, AIR 2014 SC 320.

14
only causes fear of the victim but also makes them question his existence.
Even within the 21st century, courts follow a group of prejudices in determining the
perfect rape victim

. In a recent decision of the Karnataka case 24

the Supreme Court, the State granted
advances to the defendants and stated "the complainant's explanation that she was
tired and asleep after her act and is detrimental to the Indian woman;
women don't react to rape "This clearly shows the judge 's stereotypical view of the
matter. The credibility of the phrase “stick and stones can break my bone, but words
never hurt me” is questionable. i feel words are even as valid for piercing and
shaking the human soul and creating room for aggravated phobias and uncertainty.

For a prosecutor to be credible and trustworthy, he or she must be faithful and not
sexually active. This is the result of the constant care of people in our misogynistic
society and the lack of sex education for which female sex is not something enjoyable.
There are still many deep-seated prohibitions associated with female sexuality.

Social Impact: Secondary Victimization of victims

Sexual assault is not like any other crime. Unlike other violent crimes, most incidents go
unreported despite evidence suggesting that the rate of sexual violence is on the rise. And
despite the physical nature of the act constituting the crime, much of the damage is
psychological or emotional. The prosecution of sexual violence is different from the
prosecution of any other crime. Much attention is paid to the character and motivation of
the complainant. Traditionally, this attention has resulted in a concern for certain aspects
of the complainant's behavior, which are not immediately related to the circumstances of
the crime. The culprit is subjected to humiliation which aggravates the offense.

Rape is particularly stigmatizing, a rape victim (especially one who was previously a
virgin) may be viewed by society as “aggrieved”. Victims can be isolated, disowned by
their friends and family, forbidden to marry, divorced if they are already married or even
murdered. This phenomenon is known as secondary victimization.25

24
Sri rakesh B. vs state of Karnataka AIR 2020.
25
Campbell R, ‘victimization of rape victims: Insights from mental health professionals who treat survivors
of violence’, Violence Vict. (1999) available at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10606433/.

15
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON VICTIMS

Victims of rape in childhood and adulthood are more likely to attempt suicide or commit
suicide. The association remains same even after the verifying gender, age, education,
PTSD symptoms, and the presence of psychiatric disorders. The experience of rape can
lead to suicidal behavior as early as teenage years. In a study of raped school-age girls,
6% reported attempting suicide. Rape victims are embarrassed to talk about what
happened to them. A study in teenagers found that prior sexual abuse is a determining
factor in the prediction of various health risk behaviors, including suicidal thoughts and
attempts.26

Rape and other forms of sexual violence against a child can cause both short-term and
long-term harm, including psychopathology in old age. Psychological, emotional,
physical, and social effects include depression, PTSD, anxiety, eating syndromes, low
self-esteem, dissociative and anxiety disorders; general psychological distress and
disorders such as somatization, fixation, lingering pain, sexualized behavior, school
problems and behavioral problems, including substance abuse, destructive behavior,
delinquency, and suicide.27

The risk of lasting psychological harm is greater if the perpetrator of the sexual assault is
a relative or if threats or force are used. Incestual rape has been shown to be one of the
most extreme forms of childhood trauma, a trauma that often causes serious and long-
term psychological damage, especially in the case of parental incest. 28

In addition to the judicial emergent what is mainly required is the generation of

consciousness. "Educating people to see women as valuable partners in life, in the
development of society and in the achievement of peace is as important as taking legal
measures to protect the human rights of women." Men have the economic, moral,
political, religious and social responsibility to combat all forms of gender discrimination.
In a country rife with rape misconceptions, deeply ingrained cultural and religious

26
Anteghini M Fonseca H, ‘Blum RW Health risk behaviours’, Brazil. J Adolesc health.
27
Whealin J., ‘child sexual abuse. National center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder’, US department of
veterans Affairs,(2007) available at http://www.Hrw.org.
28
Courtois CA. New York: W.W. Norton and company; 1988.

16
stereotypes, and altering social values, globalization must quickly change the letter of the
law.

RECCOMENDATIONS

Justice for a rape survivor is still a dream due to the hardships faces by the survivour. In
2014, the Department of Family Health and Welfare published Guidelines for Medical
and Legal Assistance for Survivors of Sexual Assault to standardize the investigation and
treatment of victims of sexual violence by health professionals. The rules clearly rejected
the serious "two-finger test" as well as the use of medical findings to further deteriorate
the victim's character to check whether the prosecutor was used to sex. Human Rights
Watch found that health officials do not follow the guidelines even in the states in which
the guidelines are adopted. Some plausible suggestions in this area could be:

First, you need to check whether the guidelines are followed or not. The medical
examination should be free as it is not only therapeutic for the victim but also provides
solid evidence for the study.

Second, it often happens that the victim is ostracized by his neighbors and fights with
feelings of guilt, self-loathing and insecurity. Rape survivors (warriors) should be
supported by psychologists in therapy. A study shows that most suicides are committed
by victims of sexual violence and assault.

Third, victims of poor and marginalized communities should receive effective legal
assistance. Most cases go unreported thanks to police officers' corns and these
officers are severely punished.
Fourth, the functioning of the rapid courts should be checked regularly  to make
sure that rape cases are resolved quickly, but these haven't any effect.
Fifth, in most cases, relations , friends and victims face retaliation for filing and
reporting rape crimes. Appropriate witness protection law should be enacted  to
guard witnesses.
sixth, but in particular , "sex education" should be a priority in schools. It plays a
crucial role in shaping an individual's psyche.

17
CONCLUSION

Rape victims encounter significant difficulties obtaining help from the legal, medical,
and psychological state systems, and what help they are doing receive can leave them
feeling blamed, doubted, and revictimized. As a result, survivors’ post rape
distress could also be due not only to the rape itself but also to how they're treated by
social systems after the assault. The community response to rape  isn't haphazard:
Certain victims and certain sorts of assaults are more likely to receive systemic
attention. ethnic group and low-SES victims and people raped by someone they know
are at particularly high risk for having difficult post assault help-seeking experiences.
Some victims are virtually missing within the research on this issue and indeed could
also be missing in our social systems also. What happens to immigrant victims, to
survivors living in rural areas, to lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered victims, and to
survivors with disabilities is essentially unknown, but as long as privilege and
discrimination so strongly influence system response, there is quite enough reason
to worry about highly marginalized and vulnerable victims. This review has
highlighted the experiences of victims who sought help from formal social
systems and therefore the difficulties they encountered. But one must remember that
many victims, indeed most, don't seek help from the le-gal, medical,
and psychological state systems. When these survivors are asked why they are
doing not, they assert that they're concerned about whether or not they would even
get help and that they are worried about being treated poorly. Unfortunately,
empirical research suggests that this apprehension is probably warranted. At  an
equivalent time, for a few victims, social system contact is beneficial and healing.
The challenge, then, is to deal with the underlying problems in our social systems in
order that excellent care is more consistently provided to all victims, who have
survived all types of assaults. We need interventions and programs that victims will
trust and that will help them through the healing process. Several promising
innovations have emerged to improve the community response to rape. For
the system, SANE programs seem to be making a positive difference in prosecution
rates, but the criminal justice system re-mains inherently adversarial—as  it had
been designed and in-tended to be. Restorative justice programs offer how to “restore

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survivors” (Koss, 2006) by creating an alternative setting that focuses on
victims must speak of the as-sault and to be heard and recognized. Offenders are held
accountable for his or her actions and must make amends. This is what many
survivors say they need, and it are often done without a grueling, drawn-out court
battle. Although legal issues still garner an excellent deal of attention from
researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, the medical and psychological
state needs of victims are also paramount. A founding goal of SANE programs was
to provide more comprehensive medical aid and to try to battle. so in a way that
addressed victims’ emotional needs for respect, privacy, and control. Emerging data
suggest that these pro-grams are successful in these aims, but there's still a need for
more specialize in victims’ psychological state needs. Developing central roles for
psychologists and allied professionals in the immediate post assault community
response to rape could be instrumental in preventing secondary victimization and
preventing further distress. Psychological first aid provides one approach for creating
linkages between the mental health community, victims, and other social system
personnel. Collaborative, multisystem innovations, in-formed by science research,
are changing the com-munity response to rape. The trauma related to negative post
assault help seeking are often prevented, and our communities are often simpler in
helping survivors heal from rape.

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