ASSIGNMENT- 3

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PRIYANSHI MISHRA
STUDENT ID - BTBTC21314
ROLL NO. - 2114263
EMAIL - btbtc21314_priyanshi@banasthali.in
SECTION - E
SUBMITTED TO - AJAY KUMAR MAURYA SIR
Working principle and construction
of DC Machines, synchronous
machines and induction motors.
 DC MACHINES :
THE WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principle of a DC machine
is when electric current flows
through a coil within a magnetic field, and
then the magnetic force generates a torque
that rotates the dc motor. The DC machines
are classified into two types such as DC
generator as well as DC motor.
construction :
The construction of the DC machine can be
done using some of the essential parts like
Yoke, Pole core & pole shoes, Pole coil &
field coil, Armature core, Armature winding
otherwise conductor, commutator, brushes &
bearings. Some of the parts of the DC
machine is discussed below:
 PARTS OF DC MACHINE
1.Yoke Another name of a yoke is the frame. The main function of the yoke in the machine is to offer mechanical support intended
for poles and protects the entire machine from moisture, dust, etc. The materials used in the yoke are designed with cast iron, cast
steel otherwise rolled steel.
2.Pole and Pole Core The pole of the DC machine is an electromagnet and the field winding is winding among pole. Whenever
field winding is energized then the pole gives magnetic flux. The materials used for this are cast steel, cast iron otherwise pole core.
It can be built with the annealed steel laminations for reducing the power drop because of the eddy currents.
3.Pole Shoe Pole shoe in the DC machine is an extensive part as well as to enlarge the region of the pole. Because of this region,
flux can be spread out within the air-gap as well as extra flux can be passed through the air space toward armature. The materials
used to build pole shoe is cast iron otherwise cast steed, and also used annealed steel lamination to reduce the loss of power
because of eddy currents.
Field Windings In this, the windings are wounded in the region of pole core & named as field coil. Whenever
current is supplied through field winding than it electromagnetics the poles which generate required flux. The
material used for field windings is copper.

Armature Core Armature core includes a huge number of slots within its edge. The armature conductor is
located in these slots. It provides the low-reluctance path toward the flux generated with field winding. The
materials used in this core are permeability low-reluctance materials like iron otherwise cast. The lamination
is used to decrease the loss because of the eddy current.
 Armature Winding The armature winding can be formed by interconnecting the armature conductor. Whenever an
armature winding is turned with the help of prime mover then the voltage, as well as magnetic flux, gets induced
within it. This winding is allied to an exterior circuit. The materials used for this winding are conducting material like
copper.

Commutator The main function of the commutator in the DC machine is to collect the current from the armature
conductor as well as supplies the current to the load using brushes. And also provides uni-directional torque for DC-
motor. The commutator can be built with a huge number of segments in the edge form of hard drawn copper. The
Segments in the commutator are protected from the thin mica layer.

Brushes Brushes in the DC machine gather the current from the commutator and supply it to the exterior load.
Brushes wear with time to inspect frequently. The materials used in brushes are graphite otherwise carbon which is in
rectangular form.
 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
THE WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The principle of operation of a synchronous
motor can be understood by considering the
stator windings to be connected to a three-phase
alternating-current supply. The effect of the stator
current is to establish a magnetic field rotating at
120 f/p revolutions per minute for a frequency of f
hertz and for p poles.
 CONSTRUTION
A synchronous motor has a unique feature that is it runs at a constant speed equal to the synchronous
speed at all load provided that the load on the motor does not exceed the limiting value. If the load on the
motor exceeds the limiting value, then the motor willcome to rest and the average torque developed by
the motor becomes zero. Because of this, a synchronous motor is not inherently self
-starting. A synchronous motor is a doubly -excited machine. Its
stator winding or armature winding is connected to
the AC supply while the rotor winding or field winding
is excited by a DC source.
 A synchronous motor has the following two parts :
Stator

The stator is the stationary part of the machine and is built up of sheet steel laminations
having
slots on its inner periphery. A three-phase winding is placed in these slots which is called
armature
winding and receives power from a 3-phase supply.
Rotor
The rotor of the synchronous motor has set of salient poles carrying a field winding which
is supplied
with direct current through two slip-rings by a separate DC source to form alternate N and
S poles.
The DC source is generally a small DC shunt generator mounted on the shaft of the motor.

 INDUCTION MOTORS:
THE WORKING PRINCIPLE

The motor which works on the principle of electromagnetic induction is known as

the induction motor. The electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon in which the
electromotive force induces across the electrical conductor when it is placed in a
rotating magnetic field.
 CONSTRUCTION
The three phase induction motor is the most widely used electrical motor. Almost
80% of the mechanical power used by industries is provided by three phase
induction motors because of its simple and rugged construction, low cost, good
operating characteristics, the absence of commutator and good speed regulation. In
three phase induction motor, the power is transferred from stator to rotor winding
through induction. The induction motor is also called a synchronous motor as it runs
at a speed other than the synchronous speed.
3 Phase Induction Motor
Construction
Like any other type of electrical motor induction motor, a 3 phase
induction motor is constructed from two main parts, namely the
rotor and stator:
Stator: As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of
induction motor. A stator winding is placed in the stator of
induction motor and the three phase supply is given to it.
Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is
connected to the mechanical load through the shaft.


Stator Frame It is the outer part of the three phase induction motor. Its main
function is to support the stator core and the field winding. It acts as a
covering, and it provides protection and mechanical strength to all the inner
parts of the induction motor. The frame is either made up of die-cast or
fabricated steel. The frame of three phase induction motor should be strong
and rigid as the air gap length of three phase induction motor is very small.
Otherwise, the rotor will not remain concentric with the stator, which will give
rise to an unbalanced magnetic pull.
 Stator Core The main function of the stator core is to carry the alternating

flux. In order to reduce the eddy current loss, the stator core is laminated.
These laminated types of structure are made up of stamping which is about
0.4 to 0.5 mm thick. All the stamping are stamped together to form stator
core, which is then housed in stator frame. The stamping is made up of
silicon steel, which helps to reduce the hysteresis loss occurring in the motor.
Stator Winding or Field Winding The slots on the periphery of the stator
core of the three-phase induction motor carry three phase windings. We
apply three phase ac supply to this three-phase winding. The three phases of
the winding are connected either in star or delta depending upon which type
of starting method we use. We start the squirrel cage motor mostly with star-
delta stater and hence the stator of squirrel cage motor is delta connected.
We start the slip ring three-phase induction motor by inserting resistances
so, the stator winding of slip ring induction motor can be connected either in
star or delta. The winding wound on the stator of three phase induction
motor is also called field winding, and when this winding is excited by three
phase ac supply, it produces a rotating magnetic field.