Gradation

Quiz(s) 20 marks
(For Hydrology Section it could be assignment)

Assignment(s)/Reviews 20 marks
(including field report)

Presentation 10 marks

End Semester Exam 50 marks

75% Attendance Compulsory

 Hydrology
• Hydrology and hydrologic cycle
• Rain gauges
• Evaporation
• Flood
• Water supply
• Water Conservation
• Water quality
• Water harvesting
Structures
Unit I: Fundamentals of Archaeology & Culture Sequence
• Stratigraphy, • Archaeological Methods, • Cultural Periods in Archaeology
Unit II: Emergence of Architectural Features
• Cave Shelters and making of Temporary Structures, • Neolithic Revolutions,
• First Urbanization, • Second Urbanization
Unit III: Architecture: Matrix of Civilization
• Indus Civilization, • Contemporary Architecture, • Major Architectural Schools
Unit IV: Pre-Mauryan and Mauryan Periods
• Citadel, Palace and Embarkments, • Emergence and evolution of religious structures
Unit V: Emergence and Development of Rock-cut-Cave and Brick Architecture
• Regional variations: Viharas and Chaityas, • Hinayana and Mahayana schools,
• Early Hindu and Jaina temples, • Water Management
Unit VI: Sources for Structural Reconstruction
• Archaeological Records, • Ancient Texts, • Arthasastra, • Traveler’s Account
Unit VII: Societal Reconstruction from Structures
• Stupas, • Janapada and Palace, • Rock Edicts, Pillars, Rock-cut Chambers
Unit VIII: Indigeneity, Post-Mauryan and Culture Contacts
• Signatures beyond India, • Emergence and co-existence of different schools of art
Madhusudan Amilal Dhaky (31.07.1927
– 29.07.2016) was an avid reader of
history, archaeology, art history, and
many more disciplines. Dhaky did his
B.Sc. (Geology & Chemistry) in 1948,
from Fergusson College, Pune, then
affiliated to the University of Bombay.

A Gujarati monthly, Kumar, used to

feature a many articles on Egyptian,
Indian and Sumerian archaeology and
young Dhaky would read them all with
interest. This is how he got interested in
archaeology, architecture and art history.
In Pune, in his student years he visited
the justly famous rock cut caves near the
city and his interest in architecture
deepened.

In his youth he lapped up the

Archaeology of Gujarat written by the
doyen of Indian archaeologist, H.D.
Sankalia, who was also a Guajarati.
Dhaky also read the archaeological reports on the temples of Kathiawar and Gujarat
by Cousins, Burgess, et al. This tempted him to visit these temples and thus was
formed the Archaeological Society of Porbandar. This he founded with like-minded
friends in 1953. His investigations, along with his friends, in the region were soon
appreciated. Subsequent discoveries and his first-hand knowledge of art architecture
of the region resulted in his posting as Curator first at Museum of Antiquities,
Junagadh, and then at Museum of Antiquities, Jamnagar.
From 1966 he joined the American Academy of Benares, Varanasi as Research
Associate and finally retired as the Director, American Institute of Indian Studies,
Centre for Art and Archaeology.
He was invited there primarily to work on what later become Encyclopaedia of Indian
Temple Architecture. Apart from majorly contributing to the Encyclopaedia, he has
published more than two dozen books and monographs and nearly three hundred
articles in English, Gujarati and Hindi languages.
A trained classical singer—he took training in both the traditions of Indian classical
music, Hindustani and Karnatak—Dhaky has written extensively on the history of
music and its appreciation. Born a Jaina, Dhaky’s contribution to the history of
Jainism, its literature—written in Ardhamagadhi, Sanskrit and Apabhramsha—, and
its iconology and architecture is equally notable. Dhaky had received a number of
medals, plaques, and awards for his astonishing contributions to various fields of
knowledge; some of these are: Kumar Gold Medal, 1974; Prākr̥t Jñānapīṭh Award, 1993;
Campbell Memorial Gold Medal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, 1994;
Hemacandrācarya Award & Gold Medal, 1999; Padmabhūṣaṇa, Govt. of India, 2010.
Stratigraphy
 Most Commonly used Terms

BP Before Present
AD Anno Domini (in Latin mean Year of the Lord)
CE Common Era
BC Before Christ
BCE Before Common Era
Circa About
Time & Space
Chronology: Relative and Absolute
Tradition
Similarity of elements over considerable time in a
delimited area
Horizon
Similarity of elements over a large area during a “short”
time span
 Percy Brown (1872-1955) was born
in Birmingham. He was a renowned British
scholar, artist, art critic, historian and
archaeologist, well known as an author
on Indian architecture and art, especially for
his studies on Greco-Bactrian art.

Brown began his studies at a local art school

and then studied at the Royal College of Art,
where he graduated in 1898. He was part of
the Indian Education Service from 1899 until
1927. He became principal of the Mayo School
of Arts (today the National College of Arts)
in Lahore and curator of the Lahore Museum.

In 1909 joined as principal of the Government School of Art in Kolkata. He

retired in 1927 and became secretary and curator of the Victoria and Albert
Museum, the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design.

Brown was one of the first writers to have concentrated exclusively on Indian
and Buddhist architecture. He wrote several important books on architecture
and art, including the two-volume Indian Architecture (Volume I: Buddhist
and Hindu Periods and Volume II: Islamic Period) in 1940.
 Stone Age

Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic

(Old Stone Age) (New Stone Age)

Lower Palaeolithic till 1,00,000

(Early Stone Age) years ago

Middle Palaeolithic 1,00,000 –

Middle Stone Age 40,000 years ago

40,000 –
Upper Palaeolithic**
10,000 years ago
Mesolithic
Late Stone Age
10,000 – 5,000 years ago
Human colonization is divided into two: Prehistoric and Historic

The prehistoric period is divided into stone, bronze and iron ages.

The stone age is further divided into Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic
periods. The technology in these periods was primarily based on stone.

Economically, the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods represented a

nomadic, hunting-gathering way of life, while the Neolithic period
represented a settled, food-producing way of life.

Subsequently copper was introduced thus started chalcolithic period.

The invention of agriculture, which took place about 8,000 years ago, brought
about dramatic changes in the economy, technology and demography.

Human habitat in the hunting-gathering stage was essentially on hilly, rocky

and forested regions.

The introduction of agriculture saw it shifting to the alluvial plains which

had fertile soil and perennial availability of water. Hills and forests, which
had so far been areas of attraction, now turned into areas of isolation.
The first urbanization (3500–1500 BCE) took place in northwest India. The rest of
India during this period was inhabited by Neolithic and Chalcolithic farmers and
Mesolithic hunter-gatherers.
With the introduction of iron technology
about 3000 years ago, the focus of
development shifted eastward to Indo-
Gangetic divide and the Ganga valley. The
location of the Mahabharata epic, believed
to have had set in the beginning of the first
millennium BCE, in the Indo-Gangetic
divide and the upper Ganga-Yamuna doab
(land between two rivers). With evidence of
Sinauli in Bagphat district of Uttar Pradesh
not far from Delhi, this theory is challenged.
Iron technology enabled pioneering farmers
to clear the dense and tangled forests of the
middle and lower Ganga plains. The focus of
development now shifted further eastward
to eastern Uttar Pradesh and western Bihar
which witnessed the events of the
Ramayana epic and rise of the first political
entities known as Mahajanapadas as also of
Buddhism and Jainism.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8reCjzBkfY