1.1 Why did the British divide Indian history into the Hindu, the Muslim, and the British time periods? They wanted to show that India was ruled by outsiders like the Muslims before. They wanted to divide Indians based on their religion.1.2 In your opinion, why does the old British classification of time periods in Indian history not work? This is a sample answer. Your answer may vary. In my opinion, the old British classification system does not work because it only looks at religion. It does not look at people and their lives. It only focuses on kings.8. What does the term pan-regional empire mean? A pan-regional empire covers many regions. This means that the empire includes people from different regions. These people have different languages, geographies, and cultures. Therefore, a pan-regional empire is diverse and difficult to control.2.1 Compare the maps of India between 1000-1200 ce with the current map of India. (You may refer to the NCERT Geography book for the current map). Identify and write the names of the kingdoms in which the following cities would have been located back then. (a) Mumbai Chalukyas (b) Bengaluru Chalukyas (c) Delhi Chahamanas (d) Chennai Cholas4.1 What are jatis? Why were people grouped into jatis? Jatis are sub-castes based on people’s backgrounds and occupations. People were grouped into jatis because a large number of occupations had emerged.4.2 Which were the important political groups in this period? What values did they uphold? One of the important political groups in this period were Rajputs. Valour or courage and a sense of loyalty were the values associated with them.4.3 Fill in the blanks using appropriate words from the box given below. Hariraman was a scribe in medieval India. He would copy texts written on the life of the people in his town. Historians were able to translate and interpret his writings easily even though they were in an old language. He wrote about the forest-dwelling population that had to move out of forests because they were being cut down for agriculture. He also wrote about the changes that were seen in the lives of people because they were now part of a pan-regional empire.5.1 Who were the different people who paid taxes as resources to the king? Resources and taxes were collected from producers, such as peasants, cattle-keepers, artisans, and traders.5.2 List three taxes that were imposed on the people in those times. Three taxes that were imposed on people were as follows: on agricultural produce or crops. on artisanal products like pots and idols. on merchants and traders when they travelled from one city to another.5.3 ‘Producers were often persuaded or compelled to surrender a part of their produce.’ What do you think is meant by ‘persuaded or compelled’ in this sentence? What makes you think so? This is a sample answer. Your answer may vary. ‘Persuaded or compelled’ means that they were forced to give a part of their produce. | think this because the kings had the power to force people to do as they commanded.6.1 Complete the table given below. Administrative Bodies/Units eT under the Cholas P (a) Ur Council of peasants (b) Nadu Village (c) Nagaram Council of traders (d) Brahmadeya Council of prominent Brahmana landowners —6.2 How could people join the sabha? People could join the sabha if they were brahmanas.6.3 What were the functions of the village council and the nadu? The village council and the nadu performed the following functions: + They were responsible for collecting taxes. They were also responsible for dispensing justice.6.4 In each box, of the table given below, list an accomplishment of the Cholas in art, agriculture, and architecture, and state why that achievement was important for ordinary people. Agriculture Paley Bronze sculptures + The Cholas were + Big temples were were popular in responsible for built by Rajaraja temples. extending large- and Rajendra. scale cultivation. Many artisans and Channels were + These temples had craftsmen started used to ensure that marketplaces. making bronze river water reached sculptures. fields.6.5 Why were temples the hub of social, economic, and cultural life? Kings and other members of the royal family often came to the temples. Many rituals and ceremonies were held here. There were many artists and craftsmen who stayed or worked in the temple. Bronze images were popular and many craftspeople sold their products in the markets around the temple. Food from fields was also brought to temples. Thus, Chola temples were centres of great social, economic, and cultural activity.Practice Question 7.1 7.1 Read Concept Time 9 and NCERT Pg. 30-31, and name the following: (a) The dynasty under which Delhi first became the capital city Tomaras (b) The Turkish ruler who invaded Delhi and died in 1206 CE Muhammad Ghori (c) The first Delhi Sultan, who began his rule in 1206 CE Qutbuddin Aybak (Continued)Practice Question 7.1 7.1 Read Concept Time 9 and NCERT Pg. 30-31, and name the following: (d) Any three dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate The Khaljis, the Tughluqs, the Sayyids, the Lodis7.2 Imagine you are Raziyya Sultan. Write a response to Minhaj-i- Siraj’s thoughts that a queen’s rule is against the ideal social order created by God. This is a sample answer. Your answer may vary. | disagree with your thought that a queen’s rule is against the ideal social order created by God. This is because: * |have the power to control the rebels, just like my father. + |can ride a horse and come to the court every day. * Most nobles know that | am powerful and the powerful has the right to rule.ce Let us check at the answer. First Set of Military Second Set of Military Campaigns Campaigns (a) Occurred along the internal (a) Occurred along the external frontiers frontiers (bo) Cleared forests to (b) Military campaigns in encourage agriculture Southern India (c) Established new forts and _ (c) Captured elephants, horses, towns and slavesPractice Question 8.2 8.2 Look at the map of the Delhi Sultanate in Concept Time 10, and answer the following questions: (a) According to the map, in which time period did the Delhi Sultanate have the maximum area under its control? The Delhi Sultanate had the maximum area under its control in the reign of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq’s who ruled from 1324 to1351. (b) Under which ruler did it have the smallest area under its control? The Sultanate had the smallest area under the reign of Sultan Balban. (Continued)Practice Question 8.2 (c) What does the map tell us about the expansion of the Delhi Sultanate? The Delhi Sultanate expanded into the Indian subcontinent. In the time of Balban, the Sultanate had a small area under its control. Sultan Alauddin Khalji expanded the empire. He captured the internal frontiers of the Sultanate. Areas like Ganga-Yamuna doab were under Sultanate control. Muhammad bin Tughuq captured the external frontiers of the sultanate. This included areas like South India.rave mug vet 9.1 Fill in the table with the roles played by the different officials in the Delhi Sultanate. Officials Muatis * Provided military service to the Sultan * Governed the jgta or territory under their} control Accountants * Checked the amount of land revenue collected by the iqtadars/muati Samantas * Assessed the amount of revenue that could be collected from the land * Collected the land revenue9.2 People in the Delhi Sultanate had to pay three kinds of taxes — a tax on cultivated produce, a tax on houses, and a tax on cattle. Imagine you are a peasant living in the Delhi Sultanate, growing vegetables and raising cattle. Write a paragraph stating how these taxes affect you and your family. This is a sample answer. Your answer may vary. My wife and | have been planning our son’s wedding for the last year. All our hopes were on this year’s harvest. The harvest was small this year due to untimely rains. With so many taxes to pay, | am left with little to even feed my family.10.1 Who were the Mughals? How did they come to power? The Mughals were descendants of two great lineages. Their ancestors had descended from Genghis Khan and Timur. During the reign of the Lodi dynasty, the subcontinent was going through an economic crisis. Babur along with his family used this opportunity to come to India. He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the Battle of Panipat in 1526 and established the Mughal Empire in India.Practice Question 11.1 11.1 Read about the major campaigns and events during the reigns of the Mughal emperors on Pg. 48-49 of the NCERT book, and complete the table. Mughal Emp: eo me) Babur 1526-1530 CE Humayun 1530-1540 CE 1555-1556 CE Akbar 1556-1605 cEPractice Question 11.1 11.1 Read about the major campaigns and events during the reigns of the Mughal emperors on Pg. 48-49 of the NCERT book, and complete the table. Mughal Emperor Years of Reign Jahangir 1605-1627 CE Shah Jahan 1627-1658 CE Aurangzeb 1658-1707 CEPractice Question 11.2 11.2 On the outline map of India given here, label the following places: (a) The place where Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi to establish the Mughal empire in India Panipat (b) The place where Humayun was defeated by Sher Khan (Sher Shah Suri) in 1540 cE Kanauj (c) The place that was annexed to the Mughal empire by Shah Jahan in 1632 CE Ahmadnagar (Continued)Practice Question 11.2 (d) The place that was seized by Akbar from the Safavids between 1585-1605 CE Qandahar (e) The place annexed to the Mughal empire by Aurangzeb in 1687 CE GolcondaPractice Question 11.2 Qandahar —- Panipat Kanauj Ahmadnagar GolcondaPractice Question 11.3 11.3 Read the section ‘Mughal Traditions of Succession’ on Pg. 50 of the NCERT book, and fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph. The Mughals did not follow the system of primogeniture in which the eldest son inherits his father’s estate. They followed the system of coparcenary inheritance, where the empire is equally divided among the sons. Although this system might seem fair, it resulted in many fights and rebellions within the family.Practice Question 13.1 13.1 Read ‘A Closer Look: Akbar’s Policies’ on Pg. 53-55 of the NCERT book, and fill in the blanks to complete the paragraph. Akbar’s administrative policies have been recorded in a book titled Akbar Nama, written by Abul Fazl. He explains how the empire was divided into provinces known as subas. These subas were governed by subadars with the help of many other officials like the diwan (financial officer), the bakshi (military paymaster), the sadr (officer for religious and (Continued)Practice Question 13.1 charitable matters), the faujdar (military commander), and the kotwal (town policeman). Around the 1570s, Akbar started religious discussions with the ulama, Brahmanas, Jesuit priests, and the Zoroastrians. He developed the idea of sulh- i-kul or universal peace based on the principles of equality, honesty, justice, and peace.Practice Question 12.1 12.1 Match the following: zabt mansabdar a person holding a rank zat numerical value determining rank sawar cavalrymen jagir zamindar a type of revenue or taxation system Le revenue assignments local headmen/powerful chieftainsPractice Question 12.2 12.2 Describe the main features of the Mughal administration in not more than 80 words. This is a sample answer. Your answer may vary. The main features of the Mughal administration are as follows: + Itwas headed by the king. * Those who joined Mughal services were enrolled as mansabdars. (Continued)Practice Question 12.3 12.3 Imagine that you are a Mughal ruler. Which administrative policies would you introduce to help the peasants in your empire? This is a sample answer. Your answer may vary. If | were a Mughal ruler, | would introduce a common tax policy that would replace the system of zabt. Under zabt, peasants paid taxes to the me through the zamindars and different tax rates were levied on different crops in different provinces. (Continued)Practice Question 14.1 14.1 Why did the Mughal empire decline? Answer in not more than 80 words. The Mughal empire declined because of the following reasons: Attacks from neighbouring rulers drained the resources of the empire and weakened it. Wars of succession that happened after the death of every emperor further weakened the empire.+ As the powers of the Mughal emperor declined, nobles started gaining power in provinces like Hyderabad and Awadh. They slowly emerged as independent powerful rulers. + As the British saw the weakened state of the Mughal empire, they were motivated to establish their rule.Practice Question 14.2 14.2 If you were a Mughal emperor, what steps would you have taken to prevent the decline of the empire? Answer in not more than 3-4 sentences. This is a sample answer. Your answer may vary. If | were a Mughal emperor, | would have tried to control the high revenue rates. | would have controlled the power of the nobles. | would have also attempted to resolve the succession wars by giving the empire to my eldest son.