12/23/2020

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

ĐẶNG NGUYỄN TƯỜNG VÂN

Content
1. Describe conduction system of the heart
2. Explain the ECG & its correspondence to the cardiac action potential
3. Describe the structure and function of the heart chambers & associated
valves
4. Explain systole & diastole
5. Explain the cardiac cycle & associated heart sounds
6. Describe the functions of arteries, arterioles, cappilaries, venules & veins
7. Describe the relationship between pressure, flow & resistance in
regulating peripheral circulation
8. Define systolic, diastolic & mean arterial pressure

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Heart electrical activitiies

Heart chambers

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Conduction system
 Sino-atrial (SA) node
fires at 100 beats/min
 Atrial-ventricular (VA)
node pauses electrical
signal; fires at 40-60
beats/min
 Bundle of His & Purkinje
fire at 25-45 beats/min
 Repolarization occurs in
reverse order

Pacemaker action potential

1. Slow depolarization
 Closing of voltage-gated
K+ channel
 Transient opening of Na+
& Ca2+ channels
2. Rapid depolarization
 Opening of Ca2+
channels
3. Repolarization
 Opening of voltage-gated
K+ channel

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Action potentials

Electrical activity of whole heart

1. SA node fires → atrial
depolarization
2. Delay at AV node → AV
node fires
3. His bundle & Purkinje
fibers fire → depolarization
of septum & ventricles
4. Depolarization of heart
wall from inside to outside
5. Repolarization is in
opposite direction

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)

ECG
 P wave = atrial
depolarization
 QRS = ventricular
depolarization
 T = ventricular
repolarization
 PR = time between SA
& AV node firing
 ST segment = plateau
of fast action potential
 R-R = heart rate

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Heart as a pump

Cardiac valves

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Cardiac valves
 4 valves prevent
backflow
 Response to
pressure gradientt

Cardiac cycle

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Circulatory system

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Circulatory (CV) system

Rules for CV system

1. Bulk flow form high → low
pressure
2. Resistance opposes blood
flow
3. Flow rate = volume/unit of
time (L/min) → pressure
gradient & resistance
4. Velocity of blood = how
far/unit of time (mm/min) →
cross sectional area if
constant flow rate

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Blood pressure (BP)

 Lateral pressure
exerted by the
moving column of
blood on the wall
of the blood
vessels

Diastolic pressure (DP) & Systolic pressure (SP)

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Pressure & pulsatility

 Blood pressure
(BP) maintained in
diastoles by
compliance of
elastic arteries
 Pulsatility & BP
diminish in
arterioles due to
resistance

Blood pressure

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = DP + 1/3 (SP-DP)

Pulse pressure (PP) = SP - DP

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Measuring BP by a sphygmomanometer

Measuring BP by a sphygmomanometer

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Factors affect BP readings

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Sphygmomanometer
1. Sphygmomanometer
 Cuff
 Hand bulb
 Rubber tubes
 Release valve
 Gauge
2. Stethoscope
 Diaphragm
 Tubing
 Earpieces

How to measure BP

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The end

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