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General Economics
Cost
Cost may be defined as the monetary value of all
sacrifices made to achieve an objective i.e. to
produce goods and services.
Outlay Cost
Fixed Cost
&
Cost &
Variable Cost
Concepts Opportunity
Cost
Money
& Real
cost
General Economics: Theory of Cost 3
Accounting Costs
• Accounting Costs are those Costs which are
actually incurred & recorded in the Books of
Accounts by the Firm in Payment for Various
Factors of Production.
• For Example, Wages to workers employed; Rent
for the Building he hires; Prices of the Raw
Materials; Fuel & Power, etc.
• Also Called as Explicit Cost.
Money cost
The amount spent in terms of money for the
production of a commodity is called money cost.
Short Run
Long Run Cost
wCost
Function
Function
C = f(Q, T, Pf, K)
C = f(Q)
General Economics: Theory of Cost 11
Short Run Costs
Fixed Total
Cost Variable Cost
Cost
TC = TFC = TVC
General Economics: Theory of Cost 15
Short Run Total Cost Curves
Y
Price TC
Cost VC
FC
Fixed
Cost
X
O
Output (Q)
Average
Average Average
Fixed
Variable Total
Cost
Cost Cost
AFC
X
O
Output (Q)
2 20 18 38 10 9 19 8
3 20 24 44 6.67 8 14.67 6
4 20 29 49 5 7.25 12.25 5
5 20 33 53 4 6.6 10.6 4
8 20 60 80 2.5 7.5 10 13
AC = Minimum AC.
General Economics: Theory of Cost 26
Long Run Average Cost Curve
• Long Run is a period of Time during which the
Firm can vary all of its Inputs.
• The Firm moves from one plant to another in
Long Run. To Increase the Output, Firm acquires
Big Plant & vice versa.
• Long Run Cost of Production is the least
possible Cost of Producing any given level of
Output when all Individual Factors are Variable.
• The Minimum Point on LRAC Curve is the
“Minimum Efficient Scale”.
General Economics: Theory of Cost 27
Short Run Average Cost Curves
deriving Long Run Average Cost Curves
Y SAC2
Average SAC1 SAC3
Cost H
J R
Q
L
K
O X
AB C D Output (Q)
General Economics: Theory of Cost 28
Long Run Average Cost Curve
Y
Average SAC7
SAC1
Cost SAC2 LAC
SAC6
SAC3 SAC5
SAC4
F
G T
K H
P
O X
M N V Q W
Output
b) Marginal Cost.
c) Fixed Cost.
d) Variable Cost.
General Economics: Theory of Cost 32
Q2
Which of the following Cost Curves is never
‘U’ shaped?
a) Average Cost Curve.
b) Decreases.
c) Remains Constant.
b) Physical Cost.
c) Real Cost.
d) Opportunity Cost.
General Economics: Theory of Cost 37
Q7
With which of the following is the Concept
of Marginal Cost closely related ?
a) Variable Cost.
b) Fixed Cost.
c) Opportunity Cost.
d) Economic Cost.
General Economics: Theory of Cost 38
Q8
Which of the following statement is correct?
a) When Average Cost is rising, Marginal
Cost must also be rising.
b) When Average Cost is rising, Marginal
Cost must be falling.
c) When the Average Cost is rising, Marginal
Cost is above the Average Cost.
d) When Average Cost is falling, Marginal
Cost must be rising.
General Economics: Theory of Cost 39
Q9
Which of the following is an example of an
“Explicit Cost”?
a) The wages of a Proprietor could have made
by working as an employee of a large firm.
b) The income that could have been earned in
alternative uses by the resources owned by
the Firm.
c) The Payment of Wages by the Firm.
d) The Normal Profit earned by the Firm.
General Economics: Theory of Cost 40
Q10
Which of the following is an example of an
“Implicit Cost”?
a) Interest that could have been earned on
Retained Earnings used by the Firm to finance
Expansion.
b) The Payment of Rent by the Firm for the
Building in which it is housed.
c) The Interest Payment made by Firm for funds
Borrowed from a Bank.
d) The Payment of Wages by the Firm.
General Economics: Theory of Cost 41
Q11
Marginal Cost is defined as:
a) The Change in Total Cost due to a One
Unit Change in Output.
b) Total Cost divided by the Output.
c) The Change in Output due to one Unit
Change in an Input.
d) Total Product divided by the Quantity of
Input.
General Economics: Theory of Cost 42
Q12
Which of the following is true of the relationship
between the Marginal Cost Function & the
Average Cost Functions?
a) If MC is greater than ATC, the ATC is falling.
b) The ATC curve intersects the MC curve at
minimum MC.
c) The MC Curve intersects the ATC curve at
minimum ATC.
d) If MC is less than ATC, then ATC is increasing.
General Economics: Theory of Cost 43
Q13
Which of the following statements is true of
the relationship among the Average Cost
Functions?
a) ATC = AFC – AVC.
b) AVC = AFC + ATC.
c) AFC = ATC + AVC.
d) AFC = ATC – AVC.
General Economics: Theory of Cost 44
Q14
Which of the following is not a determinant
of the Firm’s Cost functions?
a) The Production Function.
c) Taxes.
Theory of Cost