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    © All Rights Reserved
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    19 views33 pages

    AWP Unit 1 Notes

    Uploaded by

    Aakriti

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 33
    UNIT-L+ Trteauchkon of Antcnra: Antona wi adefrved as CY To roctite oF receive eechomagneti. waves an antenna cE negutted > Aa antenna or aenal a 4ysem 7, elvara conductoa whik wuples or matches the bancmitkr or revityer to fre space. Frememitting antenna connected te a baasmttr by a trarsmessvon Che , cforces eteshomagnetit wares Hrto pre space whack travel & space wth Aaa A of Me Stmitarty, reining antenna connected to a vas nestwer , veeeives or Htcrecfte trough face: Pius the a portion of cleehoma: ynebie waves braver on of transition qe the shuctire assoatit with : re 7acko antenna ots lefirek apace mare 07 bebween & 4g wave between a guitled wave or fre S pace on aud eA, ‘a = Ei FREE SPACE wave. Fianemission kine: A transmission Cine As a dutee which transfer or Meee mds Ping coeny frm one point to another vith minimer attenuation anol yadintion losses. Cay Nase nS eat ol anetkes Phrough transmicsin C05 , the ony 4 confined within transis Lins and go die the Gen waves which —forlow ae Che. Fe one Climendenal and cou not Afrad out space. — Inhhe a : inffehite lasses transmission tine 1% connected to a ource or generator, a uniform ener wave apfears Cor lnecent wave) ale’ the the (7 foword cliection frm source Powers Coad and maximum 77 i Baia to be transfered from Source te loc. > Same condition can be achiwed if a tranemtesion Cte finite length i termthated by a toad eptat to charactenete tnpedance 9 the the (=e) Y at fen end from Aeune enc. ratio 9 ambituae § voltage t curred § astyll wave e Che, A wave travelling in one direction of absence ft fan in off cLirectin) 7 4 bansmizsin Cine 1 terminated by a load ether than charactenitit “impedance (22) (weather highy oy Cowes) mamatek occurs and a backward wave Cor wfleclid wove) affears on the Cire th The backword ctirection from toad te Aource end- o> Due to taterference tn these frrweret anc backward waves, stancting wave ocean which & mer desirable and measure 4 eneyy tors. Co. Stehomea, wa Coom kinahi, tsi wroring tn off diteet cach fas rire am leo > Thus, the vine Ce loccters 9 Lnftrete fength or a finite transméissim Une is terminated with, charactrrictic Capedance Z, (cuifined a4 cnfut tmpedance of tofirite ctransenesion Une) , Then att acy gent through foreared or Lreident w ls ahcorbed by The toad anct hence no backward er reflicli waver ancl there loss acewes the line, be ati the ence at transferred from source te (a without ary docs « n Saf heigote & “7 hin (teas oe rectits) then Petiad J current or we ny express Be erent in wire f 2- clireehon as Jz= ye where 9, = fave jer anit lengrh fn colour) iow, Cnatead q Seer au Cire current densities we may concenbratian Very Win cotre 0 Fe Te sae or ale 2 qu Se at dé 2 90% where, Gs Ae eterakng th 2-4? @ 2 = ce nee, 2-ctir hm mJs Fy wire Iu L Can be written as Ade - tog, O% ae. oe) ee eh 42 Anespectore J Cay clirection, &g” oon be written Qt #e- oh qe Ly * Total chore 9) Patue. 927 chorge per unit feng & voomblm ee = Time Cao wuneat én z-airechon Arnp)sce 8 View Pyfesntiatery wwe time be aeecleration 9 charge © m)s* aet (*) ores ae meant gigrueg ath respect to time a4 cual. Ze statu “at fa order te create radiation, hoe mut be time a7 cunent ov acecleration of chowge + To create cherge aceebration (or decetrablen) He wire must be eurreal benk , auzeootinuces or terminated - 3 Be fe thear antenna whose tength & bee ther , 4 Hatf- wave Dipole Bee Yo and The currant cixbietien & asm to be Sinusoidal . Tus antenna & nee) fed at Ue cenbe ae d Calud a a cenbe-fed antenna 5. Buarter- wove Kono, Tt ts Unear artena with a denghi equate 7 iy. Here, the cement a&bibution «= acsumed b be sinuswidal . Tt fed at one end with refer to corth or he Meekanizm of Elechomagnetie Radiation or KFadietin WMeckanion ae whe (hs a hource of Fadiation) J lonsitles a Angle wise of crose-Aecttonal aren (A) and toy wth (4) » Conductire ¢ : were are the! materials whose prominent chovactenstie 1 the motion we Cleckric eg and the creaboa 9 gurene fav: ket ts asdume That an elece volume nae density (Y cotoumbs/mn') ds Aspibited uncformy +7 & ceular whe. § ores section areaCA) and youumey as dhkown. The with uniform ad ¥y (m|s) » Maen the cement rows ae wire, The. Conrent ng) Tz amp)m?) over the cress-deetion of wire & ye 4 epuation % > gu % (Amp/m*) L tharge within volume V 4s moving én the 2-dir” 9. 7f the wlre us made ofan ideal techie concluctor, The eument dens Te (amperes) reides on surface if wore. Tt c& age ey 7 = 4_:% Amblem cep tigi s Tt nek on ects as an antnna bet abo as a seconant cteuit & resonator because oy & softecel om end A&B of cépole which grt gee ents 77, wave and the ce GY antenna. Preperticn of Antenna. 2 An antenna has Bentical tmpedance ehen wed for Sreenernstttig and etobe The propery (known as aquaciy of ypedance > An antenna Aas ‘aenttcal charatkenttics | pattern, when Used for transmittig ard receiving . Thi freperty £3 known a4 ty of Dixetionat Sean antenna Aa Vanes cleo hh, when used fr trarsmiet ad “ere «Thin Fated és known as rappel of oftative tengthe 2 An antenna fas the dame Abechvities, whether Calculated from antrna’s transmiati fatten or rete prc, Déiechivdty can be pptied. te beth transmitthg and rel antenna , if the value of ee du fame on beth cases This pees, &% known as aps of Dore ctihes: ee propatia con be proed Ca Sd Wes Baur faterna Etemerts’ + Atsenatiy Canat- Elemente !- te fe & Short Unheor antoina where the current iy ch tong th 4 atsumed we be Conitant - 2. Short Difote:- Te (2 a short ines anterna whose tn fy Ae eunrené clabibution 4 chost dipole & Assumed to be Lt ters Chon ae . chert Monopole 74 (% alio a Linear antenna wthase length ts tens hen fg The curcent- cudbibution & assumed to be pat: 5 Let Us now auume that a two wife transmisio bnew Connectid with a transmitter. gr t& allo assumed that Cransmizsim lime 6% perfeey matched Avthat onty perword wave (or treelent weave) travels th forwerdt FT transmission the t% tae, a7, the te amma iad 4 tine EL the Clstance between The > 2h transmission Line spreads but grace ee two tines && Saueral wauntungth , then , in Wes Ie the wav, & Coe by transmission tine (5 racdiatid thio fre space as free face wave, Tt f thie regien of Une between feised conve anct free space wave, whith Qc as an antenna: A pe ee ie A]s, Dibete Antenna. TRANS) S510" LINE nye Pree ANTENNA > let the transmiksiop Line be wonected a transmitter atone end porn and te a dipole antenna at other end: A half eure aipote or Kg atipole or Herts! antenna ex haf wave doublet ui the —fandamental saaib antenna of metal rod or tubing bavi Pyseat cength of da, A ie wavetingth A fredpace at the prguen of operation. ¢ Dole antenna ti cifphed ax yc antena tn whih hee enc are a qual fotertial selatic to mnie parire. The etipele amtenna 62 feo at eenke ) the tramnsméssion the. This aipote atts as an anknna as tt radiates a pre space eave , yet tb can. treated at a section of terminated -transmtzcion Line o as am ofened outline Truss, 3 © Tf charge 2s mot eee peureent & net created and hence Gere boor't be cH racation: © af eae a ae, with uniform ee @ Ther & ne raciabon ,)f the wire chnight ancl trftrite én extent © Were & ractintin if wire & curved, bent ,ctitesnbruows, tcrminatid ov teancated @ 7f We howe a ey 7 atime -motion | (¢ radiata even if The wir a Sashes ( 8) Bent wire J ae ld >todtiaeaiiie Gores dite (4) Terminatd were en 2D (of Truncated were . A peas a 9 ractiation meg be pees eonudhiying a fle source attacherl te an ofen-endid conducting ate which ee Cennectad -lo ground through a ctiscret. Load at EW ofen end as shown in Ca when the wre 2 ttt energised ,the chorges 0 votre are dette motion by the elechic Lins 9 Created by dource. wher changes are aceelsrala ative accelerate wore the Aource-end & ire (re. ee os Y. The wit and decelratid 7 Mmotisn) cturchg reflectim frm y f from tu end ib & sug pelea that racuatin fietd are Produced at “each end and ay, aoe port of we * Stronger radiation with ri ore broad pregueney dfeckum occurs ,/ff The patie * ave Short pa P = mor worbact duration while “ntinuous time-harmonte charge $6 3 ora ee of <0 a eae aletormined b ppg of oseitakion: t : G r > aceompusked by extemal Source ausdalrd with trasced Prete wie. acelsratin deceleration > acuompushed by enteral forces clue to build ap FP) a Ie concentration 9 She ends 9 the feetd and dekeleration clue te cehanism yefonsible for to an excite Hhene, 72 acceleration Aue impedence ixcontinustics oF mech cxerres f woe are mi elecramagnet “Tue -wire (AS 2soure Radiation) (fee EE ee gil ieee (D toniaw a voeenge donee ponected to a with ome cnd coonceteH radiation hoo — conductor franemisstan line +o voutag € source. 08, oth aend & connected 60 +e antenna ' Sf bah of Etna ‘ Chace wave) 5S 2 on appty fh yelens aewee Q-conctuchy fansizaim line an clechrc faelol / creatid . “74 the applied vetege re gouswidal ,then some forts i raver -lesin Ure are posttre ena and some nage cycke. 2 fe Bi peak points, elech’e fila es maximum , sine at far cnd of transmission tine c& wnnected to antenna, Baretine bends ard the pemain J te flare sech'on of ankana. The movement ¥y chorges creates acunnt Chat chtun creat mmecgpette put wtmnity “Magy ht Lines dpe on anou'aliol with mag nett frud and an eye te them stich ts Or eles frud 2 gorerated # klechis field dine aterts on tre aharge anol end on ~ve charge but TH can alo stort on tre chorge and end at Oey | stare at thfencly anc end on ve ters er form elesed (eoks neither oy or mae en se) a fs Magnet Hie rales fim closed loops mee7 cement “iy? py -trs sine there U ne ict chy pe O Luca lines fap to onjit Be diehibutin 9 charges: If &b ts assumed that vournge serves 4: siruoidal ther it % expectid that elechnit field bfo Conctutetogs ali pouundal wih a. feria eel Te pant source 7 Creatin 9 time eye etechnt £ magnetic Fetolt b/w concuctom forms tu nebe wows whit trards Alon tranumiccion Che Ord hence Called td wave: As dren as Bae woe ents Be antenna, carne @ chorges arsovaled wtth them alio enter b Tf we mmoe pat q anterna un The ehucture , spree apace wove con be od 9: Siace, Charge a% mot availble There over The removed fort , sper gf clecdie Uhes ave connected -lo close Loops as Ahown oo fy as ho dashed tine: fo. free space woves ane alin ferivdic hut a tonstaat phase pornt f, mov oubuc 4 wtth Apeed 7 tight ana tras a clatenee di (4) tn the time of. one ha: if of pert Kt Madane oder ptipcripst Dhaee aeoie he One fos ten ae but approaches the dpeed f Snes mes from antenna a Lia Charges ar needed ke axel Th Ait A meg ped to Surteth / 4 as haffer 1) CASE oader wAues them ar ‘may e the absence ¥ chorye haffiert Types of Arenas shapes 6) wire antennas ach as Aheughe (+) Were Antenna ;- There are various « 4. Levf antennos may not be wore (aitpole) , Loop ant heli ay eijeulor bet ea, may take the form 9 ehrasor, Aguare, ulipse ete — i (a) dipde ontenna (b) Square & fred tar lovps Ley Hetital Shape # Loation 9 te fed oi “the ctitection 9 The Cobe ane ontentation ve Jolor'cction « Ls Boteana with cengths more Than dp. are Gity ptacecl th aeec7 9 ong wite antarnal- 2 Tf the wire wed & an anterna a termiraead at an na; Ktanatiig wave fomnation poh place auerle reflection « Hence antenna Can e. ctasblnel a Btsonont and mn~ Kesonant . torresfonots to a relonane prapsm/esion Ube fea Resmant Ariennas- “Thee amet & opened Ot boll cxeut amber 9 hath woucting th These one ued for pd Te oferotins. Non-Resenent- Antennas - Thise are aliw called as pavelling wave antenna, Operdaur a@rtnna. Fr these ontenna’s no steanet!s at the wawe ar frocluced. Te t& excited at oreend and krmthated wree Other cnc co that no rftections an Ir ond All theictent waves are Pheer ~edl- Tt a witle band antknna wet ec nee, tuned to one Prguency peal Manon, the name aperodit. Since a are ereeee terminata by cheractenthic Gnpedence, tery have anieliectional radiation patteen. Aecf antennas :- Gmat 2 Large lwo Circular £ Square op Werpe with single @ multiple tume debs with turn wound aa a shigle wire or mattiple worex Amat ciraclar oop ayy, conaitim gh OP Conver Gorvex . Slot bp tennas Stee manne iy anna cue a sheer Hf toriducter which & omer A goog geifon reonen aa eraninl, oak or envepabets, \ A baaiz ot haw a tength of Ya anc 4 wittth & much Lees than ff. | A fat chet with dy set vacates que a bah sites of sheet, Sot antenna makes use Y the peut that energy & ractiatied ciben a radio~ ata (ee ie ee rae nt a eae: nine Coat Zt is 2 reaiabr, whkeck rackatesr i. Dank * déectinu. ‘ Te & also called Gaiateyepe Aource or eornisiectinat radiator ao \ AGRI biG anak, sili An totwbic radiater fe a fy frees fesetess radiator. or + eS GNRe th Waa Yew. which Wy At se Sosa naan fie Senta uiaeal ‘oan Sass SiON ROT Kam leancileel i AY rs Directional Prtenna: 0 P diedonal antenna tas the proper f re or ma elechornagnetic wanes moe ately eh dome Wreblord 2 odes The atndin 4 hfe gain catted Fe majer bbe (mait) » alt other are atti pide lobes (and sub classifiad as mine, site ¢ back wba) ey Slds lobe te vadliation tke. ba any uch sther Baan shtcneden adjaunt te main lobe~ repeat aminer lobe 11 Bho that © Pack lobe that / The twee yang lobe La expressed pp that of main lobe (AB) -: (O. ormictirectbnal Prana Ps uth) wnat fai men- clivectional fatter th aagher Wana aa nat fuatkro im "4 ov thge mat plone (euvetin plane) Rasen £ steradéen sats eas nen wih rnin sepa Foe} yealiuy shat & setnd iy om phe tts # Ne ‘ (Va we ds =~ ashe dedg re Coe, aga = Ea = stnededp os) fodaten oe Tt dou not aafenal on the ciztanee prow The radiator, Ft Uor p . gt ts afined a “Power per wit ener Ce aud Bue do & ye 4 as da= ds a: of ds = dn phoe, ds= clument surface aren da = difenrhel sod angle - an” avo aon surface denoted 7 4 oa 2 Jlee-™ Hane & = phase angle bio Zena Pav = heat fort 9 2 Cermpux) = Re P Po = phe pexiey Tt ¢s known as vadéahen fritd E84 ore wrthagenal op i vacius yeclor and fox thu bing B= pon Be nF ‘ 4, > Inbindit Impedance 7 space Poaer ptoes fet unit ana Can be writkn as ps Bie PLE a wrap MeL Sie) Fated AB In fe fla , Pyne vector & ent’ ‘ ‘ a taterat) & bhatipercant transvese and FSH ry as ty ae that, recliaion y 4 distance, Znitead it cuipendsan ange bep. 2 , 2S se fet rd D Yo > (0,8) © a aw, = pao wee far e [ae > te Wy = ae watts flso for (Hebrpie radiatey, totet Kol angle conten ¥n Steradan. Wy * | PRIA pats: = Ynl [07 barley)] Wr eo 4K Pay o,, = aa wotts|sr- an tohapie omtenne paiat wh Pons epee 4 “the came potest power Wye Py, = yactiator , rade ea Antenna gain S clefined as Ge vatiog the radiatim O Dinctive Gain 9 frockeal antana fe radlitad fovser Directive _—- Gn that ciimchion to average Dipeetive oe > fadlation Intornity oo particular Ca packed fosser > Zt) Day = BO) | HxD(er) Vy |e Arn G4l8.4) = AR Ble) (Hae 94C%)$) In deibals, dfvetive gain b expuased os G, (de) = Mebetre 64 (69) Gylde) > (tate [ a #] eatin measere The extent: to which a Pa antenna eencentratis ts radiated eneag ylatix to hot poe Atandard antmna, The din gar an etonn 2 eiffct ® arnt irr Power Gain = Power aia compares the raciatid fewer cerity § the ackal ankma and that of- an Gobople antrra vn The bast Sai Spat power both he, Gp = Power cunsity radlated th porbiceular dir? male A fos en ne Power vadlatad i that: Abreckiny by an teobapie. antenna. bower Dyference ble atfiectte and Geolpiz gain te That Jor otinchire gas The vaaialid power & consictoned or atreabie antenna, whereas for power eo Ren Ying Anibss qn fooot fel Cao rea ES NSN, @ 2 1% Y to e hen a ig ptr (0% <4) + NEAT bagey ) Th terms § power input, / but supplied te subject antenna tn The ctir9 mer. yadiakm DH power input -cypbiiced to ae antenna Power geiun eliferde d if (9 sharpress 4 lobe :- sharper the tobe tater witt be-the power gain CO Yetume ia ractiztion pattem: Power gain is expresied ma Accibals + We no] ateibals omespencting 0 orf foser ratio & equal do Lo tima The twommon ori 4 Power rahd- GpldB) = 10%4n Gp Gp (AB) * (on ge . Z 2 \> Gp (a8) = 10 dro 2) > ote I ( ¥) », . secre ( it) antenna , io a given einetion te a gain: - Déective gain ga rattteal alefiined 2 s rots of Che. vactiation oy & that directinr tr The ancrage vactistud over ane radiatd power gilet)= Bet) Ba peer The maximum diveetire Ge called a eek Jt? orbona and ¢&& aenottd ty D. Matimum Kamation fntensity § test anterna oo, (bd) Arroyo acacia of the antwna = a= Files) Bay when, oy & covertid to duibal , we cal (+ antenna gain relabre 4 bobfic The cee 4 Eobopit radiator ff. Fes alsr etifined 2 De Matinun Racker wey 7 ee Witwne. Racahin iy Gee enteona FB EC) rex (est atone) : —— Beay (éeotrpte) : or BL Power yaaitated sfrom a tert antenna Pore vaciiatid fam Catvipie amtnna In (sila d= Bran az P(d8) = Jo ap P aay 25 also written ab D

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