UNIT II DIPLOMACY AS A CAREERDiplomacy as a Career 105 UNIT II. DIPLOMACY AS A CAREER STEP I. THE ART OF DIPLOMACY Topical vocabulary 1, to authorize v. authority n. authorities n. (pl.) authorization n. authoritative adj. (ly) adv. authoritarian (rule) adj. 2. to appoint x. (to a post) appointment n. appointee n. 3. economic adj. Do not confuse with: economical adj. Distinguish between the nouns: economics n. economy n. economist n. to economize v. HaJENAT BUACTHIO, TOpyyaTb, CaHKUMOHMpoBaTs, OMO6paTD 1. asroputer, BaacTb, pyKOBOACTBO; 2. JoKyMenT opraHbt ynpaBenus, pykosognTem cana, paspemenne aproputernpiit (10), BxacrHbttt (110) aBroputapHoe (npasnerne) Ha3HauuTd (ua zomKHOCTS) Ha3HaYeHHe, OCT, ROMKHOCTS HasHaveHen, Ha3HaveHHbllt Ha AOJDKHOCTb SKOHOMHYECKHEL SKOHOMMUNDIit 1, skonoMuKa Kak HayKa; 2. 3KOHOMMKa OTpaciM 1. skoHOMMKa Kak cucTeMa, rocyzapcTBoO; 2. coco6 akoHomuH cpencTs 9KOHOMHCT SKOHOMMTS106 UNIT Il to involve v. (sth, doing) to be / get involved (in) involved adj involvement n. to maintain v. (at some level) maintenance n. policy n. national / public / domestic / home / foreign policy to conduct / to carry out (a policy) policies n. (pl.) Do not confuse with politics n. (with a singular verb in general terms) to get into / to engage in politics to get out of / to give up / to quit politics big politics politics n. (with a plural verb) politician n. political adj to relate v. relation n. 1. BkmOuaTb B cea, TpeSoBaTD; 2. BOBAeKaTb yuacrBopaTb, ObITh 3aMeniaHHbIM 1. cnoaubrit, sanyrannerit; 2. paccmaTpupaembii, yanmpti yuacTHe, BOBTedeHHe, BMEMIaTeIbCTBO 1. mogaepxuBath; COXpaHATD; 2. yrBepxKqaTb 1, noqep»xaHne, coxpanenne; 2. yrnepajenne TOJMTHKA, NOMMTMMECKMIL KYPC; MeTO((bI) yOpaBeHHA, DAH rocyyapersenuan / Bayrpennsis / BHEWHAT MOMMTHKA TpoBoguTs (rosmMTHKy) uporpama, Tia, AMHMA TOBeeHUA TOAUTHKA, HayKa ynpaBleHHa, nomrnueckue jena 3aHATHCH MONMTHKOH 6pocutb nommTuKy 6oubulad nonMTUKA MONMTHYECKHE B3PIAAbI NOAWTHK, HOAMTHYECKHI LeATeb nlowMTHuecKuit 1. cBA3BIBaTb, COOTHOCHTE (cA); 2. pacckasbiBaTb, coobulaTa 1. caa3b, orHomenne; . poycTBeHHHK; 3. paccKasDiplomacy as a Career 107 10. ll. relations n. OTHOMeHHA, POACTREHHHKH relationship(s) (B3aMMo)oTHOMeHHe(s), CBA3b relative adj. (ly) adv. OTHOCHTEbHBIM (HO) relative(s) n. poacrsenHnK(1) to present sth to sb mpegcrapasirh (41), BpyyaTb to present sb with sth Aapura presentation n. npeacrapienne, spyvenve, Tpesenrayust present n. Aap, WonapoK present adj. wacrosujuii, mpucytcrayiomit presently adv, B HacTosmee BpeMsa to represent (sb) v. TMpeqcTaBAsTh (K-1), BbICTYMaTb OT HMeHHT representative n., adj. mpeqcrasnretb, NpescrasuresbHbit representation n, TIpeAcTaBUTeAbCTBO to respond v. (to) orpeyatb, pearuposath response n. OTBET, OTKIMK, peakiua responsive adj. OTSbIBUMBDIH responsible (to sb. for st.) adj. oTBeTCTBEHUbIMt (3a) responsibility n. OTBETCTBEHHOCTS, O613aHHOCTS, NOT to lay responsibility (on) BOSIOKUTH OTBETCTREHHOCTE to handle / to take / assume / B3ATb / IPHHsTh Ha ceOa to accept responsibility OTBETCTBEHHOCTH to share responsibility pasqeiMTb OTBeTCTBeHHOCT to execute responsibilities HCHONHATh O613AHHOCTH to negotiate v. BeCTH MeperoBopEI, AOroBapHBaTECA negotiations n. teperosopbl to conduct / to carry out / on / BeCTH NeperoBopbt to hold negotiations negotiator n. TleperoBopmyuK, MocpenHMK108 UNIT Il Exercise 1 Study the use of the topical vocabulary in the context, Translate the sentences into Russian. authorize, authority, authorization, authoritative(ly), authoritarian The signing of the resolution is to be authorized by Parliament. The Ambassador’s authority dominates in the embassy. An authority to handle such matters is to be established. I would like you to show me your authority to act on his behalf. The authorities of the community refused to consider our needs. His authoritative opinion was taken into consideration. It was authoritatively claimed that the taxes would not be raised. No arrest of a person is possible without a court authorization. No democracy can exist under an authoritarian rule. eee eee ere reper feeb appoint, appointment, appointee British prime-minister is officially appointed by the Queen. The appointments to the Cabinet are made by the Prime-minister. You can be received only by appointment. Any appointee to a diplomatic post must possess certain important qualifications. a oe hon involve, involved, involvement The organization was deeply involved in worldly affairs. To know the language well involves a lot of practice. The job of a diplomat involves traveling a lot. The task is too involved for him to manage it alone. The organization denied its involvement in the terror act. The issue involved is to be considered later. pee eee eee ee eeeDiplomacy as a Career 109 maintain, maintenance 1. Many career diplomats maintain that their job is too challenging. 2. Relations between the two countries should be maintained at the same friendly level. 3. Maintenance of peace is conducted by the UN forces. 4. Maintenance of the equipment is going to be costly. 5. A foreign office is responsible for the maintenance of foreign affairs. negotiate, negotiation(s), negotiator . The terms of the contract are yet to be negotiated. Their willingness to negotiate was doubtful. The negotiators are expected to start work early next week. The two countries have been negotiating peace for a long time. Negotiations are to be held at a very high level. This involved problem needs negotiating. SOR pe relate, relation(s), relationship, relative(ly) 1. All these problems are related to the economic ones. 2. He was asked to relate the events in their sequence. 3. An important purpose of diplomacy is to promote good relations be- tween states. 4. Many other ministries are engaged in our bilateral relationship. English is relatively simple to learn at the beginning. 6. The relative value of political alliances is to be estimated. respond, response, responsive, (ir)responsible, responsibility 1. The authorities were not certain how to respond to the criticism.110 UNIT II Diplomats must be flexible in handling diverse responsibilities. The attack was a response to the death of two Israeli soldiers. The question remains: who is to be responsible for the deal? Teachers are happy to have responsive students, willing to learn. A fundamental belief is that the poor tend to be idle and irrespon- sible. OT REL Exercise 2 Fill in the gaps with the right derivatives. authorize, authorized, authority, authorization, authoritative(ly), authoritarian 1. The governors had almost absolute : Everyone waited for an opinion of the Chairman. The communist and fascist dictatorships were different from the n ee regimes of Latin America. Discipline and power were most important. These two ___ complimented each other. One has to have an to take pictures in the palace. The need of the age is rather than liberty. The editor refused the publication. An official to investigate these complaints. 10.__ agents of a foreign ministry conduct various jobs abroad. Sonor appoint, appointment, appointee In the organization each had his place and function. Non-professional diplomats are referred to as political The real power of ministers lies with the president. The way diplomats in the USA is often criticized. In the US the to diplomatic posts often receive them as a grati- tude from the elected president for their financial support. gok geDiplomacy as a Career 111 6. One can get to his office only by 7. In the US most ambassadorial are gained through financial contributions. 8. The prime minister has the power ministers. involve, involved, involvement . The job is monotonous and attention but no initiative. The conduct of the talks will require the of all the staff. . The new appointment will moving from place to place. | Their relations are too much . The arrested denied any in the robbery. In some instances regional interests and this will also de- mand consideration. Oo Rw De negotiate, negotiation, negotiator 1. help improve state-to-state relations. The terms of the contract are to be studied carefully. Rapid communication now enables a to remain in constant touch with the government throughout. In ______ both parties demonstrated their willingness to cooperate. The treaty is before being signed. The ____ were dominated by the mediator’s authority, and arbitration skills are necessary for a diplomat. = bs Set EEE en ERE relate, relation(s), relationship(s), relative(ly), unrelated The links between persons or states are referred to as . These two developments were closely . After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Europe experienced almost a century of peace. 4. The revolution was accomplished with little bloodshed. erp112 UNIT Il 5. Those were four central ideas closely to each other. 6. The intricate between state and church may be studied in England on a large scale. 7. The decision was delayed by an dispute over the procedure. 8. The Senator was accused of having given posts to his 9. For centuries, maintaining between nations through the ex- change of representatives has been the task of diplomacy. 10. These two events are hard to each other. respond, response, responsive, responsible, responsibility 1. The uprising was people’s to the government reforms. The trade union leaders waited for the authorities to their bad demands. The defence secretary is for the armed forces. All the. for the decision is to be laid on the leader. Children are to kindness. students do not need to be forced to study. Considerate people are always to other people’s misfortunes. All of us should share the for what has happened. . In to the criticism some arguments were produced. 10. The for the failure of the reform is to be laid on the government. PRAMS Mw present (ly), presentation, presence; represent, representation, representative ___ of credentials is held officially. Foreign service work also involves the functions of He was as an official of the company. One of the rewards that careers in the Foreign Service offer is the pride fer ee eet ee and satisfaction of your country abroad. 5. Presidents and chairpersons of international institutions are drawn from the ranks of member states’Diplomacy as a Career 113 6. The question is whether economic difficulties. 7. Learning a language may difficulty when there is low or no moti- abroad should reflect a country’s vation. 8. The community in which the UN diplomat operates is composed of ______ of other governments. 9. The features of the typical diplomat 10. The congress was very __. The heads of all major powers were ___. 11. The tradition leading to the world system of international rela- an infinite variety. tions originated in ancient Greece. 12.____, you must accept the of others or they would not accept you. 13. Public diplomacy activities often many differing views as by private individuals and organizations. 14. Textbooks science as a noble search for truth. Exercise 3 Read the text below and find answers to the following questions. How is diplomacy defined? How much did Greece contribute to the development of diplomacy? What was French diplomacy like? Who managed foreign affairs in the16th century in France, England eee ee er and Spain? What institutions preceded modern embassies? . What key features did contemporary diplomacy inherit from French oe diplomacy? 7. What changes has the character of diplomacy experienced? 8. What tasks does modern or multilateral diplomacy include? The Art of Diplomacy Diplomacy is ‘the art of conducting international negotiations’. Nation- states, through authorized agents, maintain mutual relations, communi-114 UNIT II cate with each other, and carry out political, economic and legal transac- tions. Diplomacy as a uniform system based on generally accepted rules and directed by diplomatic hierarchy having a fixed international status is of quite modern growth. The history of diplomacy dates back to ancient times when tribes, city-states and other communities sought ways of communicating and establishing relations with one another. But the tradition leading to the present world system of international relations originated in ancient Greece. The Greek developed a diplomatic vocabulary, principles of in- ternational conduct and elements of international law. In brief, there already existed an international system of multilateral diplomacy. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries ‘the French system of diplomacy’ began to emerge and dominate international relations. Diplomacy was then a game of wits played in a narrow circle, and etiquette took an incredible amount of time. It appeared as a process of exalted haggling, conducted with an utter disregard of the ordinary stan- dards of morality, but with the exquisite politeness and in accordance with more and more elaborated rules. At the time in France, England and Spain royal secretaries were ap- pointed, whose responsibilities included the management of foreign af- fairs. Resident missions in other countries, staffed by secretaries, can be regarded as the forerunners of the modern embassies, France was the first European state to establish a modern foreign ministry in 1626. Russia followed in1720, when Peter the Great created College of Foreign Affairs and Russia too acquired its own ministry. Britain was to be a late starter. The French diplomacy developed several key features of contempo- rary diplomacy - resident ambassadors, the art of conducting secret ne- gotiations, ceremonial duties and protocol. Since then the character of diplomacy itself has undergone a great change. This change is threefold: firstly, there has developed a greater sense of community of interests between nations, with a number of inter- national_institutions being set up; secondly, owing to the rise of democ- racy diplomacy finds its expression in parliament assemblies and in theDiplomacy as a Career 115 press; thirdly, the position of the diplomatic agent has changed and the modern means of communication have contributed a great deal to the change. As a consequence, the tasks of the new multilateral diplomacy have been broadened. Diplomacy now involves not only presenting credentials and participating in the diplomatic circuits and various functions of a na- tional capital, but also it requires special art of explaining and defending national policies at a global level in a variety of international organiza- tions. Diplomats working both in foreign offices and international orga- nizations contribute to gathering information, laying the groundwork for new initiatives of their governments, reducing interstate friction, cre- ating and amending international rules. (from On History of Diplomacy) Exercise 4 Answer the questions. 1. What or who are the authorized agents through which international relations are maintained? Why was old diplomacy dominated by the French system? Why was Britain ‘a late starter’ in establishing resident missions? ‘What are the tasks of a resident ambassador? What international organizations were set up in the twentieth cen- tury? 6. What role do they play in international relations? Soe eee ee ee Exercise 5 Explain the word combinations from the text in English. legal transaction; diplomatic hierarchy; presentation of credentials; proto- col; diplomatic circuits; information gathering; laying the groundwork for new initiatives; reducing interstate friction.116 UNIT II Exercise 6 Give the English equivalents from the text to the following. HCKYCCTBO BEACHUs NeperoBopoR Ha MEXKAyHaPOAHOM ypOBHE; ToAlep2KUBaTh B3aHMOOTHOMEHUs; oOuIenpHHSATHIE NpaBwsia; Ha3HaYMTb Ha OCT; CHHTATb MpepecTBeHHUKOM; coBpeMeHHas AuTLIOMaTHA; CO3faTb MHHMCTEpCTBO MHOCTpaHHBIX AEN; Mperepnenatb H3MeHenus; pocr AemoxKpatun, kak CreqcTBue; pacimpuTp saqauH AMNOMaTHY; yaactue B AMIWIOMATHYeCKHX payTax; 3alMWaT POCyapCTBeHHy!O MOMMTHKy Exercise 7 Suggest the Russian for the word combinations from the text. through authorized agents; commercial conventions; a game of wits; utter disregard; elaborated rules; management of foreign affairs; resident mis- sion; a royal secretary; ceremonial duties; a threefold change; diplomatic agent; to lay the groundwork; Exercise 8 Translate the sentences from the text, pay attention to the infinitive and gerundial forms of the verbs. 1. The history of diplomacy dates back to ancient times when tribes, city- states and other communities sought ways of communicating and es- tablishing relations with one another.Diplomacy as a Career 117 2. The French diplomacy appeared as a process of exalted haggling, con- ducted with an utter disregard of the ordinary standards of morality, but with the exquisite politeness and in accordance with more and more elaborated rules. 3. Britain was to be a late starter in establishing its Foreign Office. 4. Diplomacy now involves not only presenting credentials and participat- ing in the diplomatic circuits and various functions of a national capi- tal, but also it requires special art in explaining and defending national policies at a global level. 5. Diplomats working both in foreign offices and international organi- zations contribute to gathering information, laying the groundwork for new initiatives, reducing interstate friction, creating and amending international rules. Exercise 9 Match the definitions in A with the words from the text in B. A B 1. deal a, elaborated 2. quarrel, argument b. incredible 3. living at the same time c. consequence 4, extraordinary d. owing to 5. absolute, complete e. feature 6. developed in detail, complicated f. disregard 7. because of 9g. exquisite 8. ignorance h. contemporary 9. unbelievable i, haggling 10. result j. utter 11. characteristic k. transaction118 UNIT Il Exercise 10 Complete the sentences with one of the words in the right-hand column of exercise 9. 1. Nation-states ...carry out political, economic and legal 2. Asa, the tasks of the new multilateral diplomacy has been broad- ened. 3. The French diplomacy appeared as a process of exalted , con- ducted with an ___ of the ordinary standards of morality, but with the politeness and in accordance with more and more rules. 4. ... etiquette then took an amount of time. 5 the rise of democracy diplomacy finds its expression in parlia- ment assemblies and in the press. 6. The French diplomacy developed several key___ of diplomacy. Exercise 11 Find English equivalents from the text to the following words and word combinations. Point out the sentences where the respective verbs or their derivatives are used. to hold / to carry out; to keep at the same level / to state or affirm; to start, to come from; to appear; to rise above; to consider as; to create / to organize (2); to experience / to go through; to include / to require / to participate; to act on behalf; to name for a post; to connect; to give permission; to produce / to hand over Exercise 12 Replace the underlined words by the vocabulary from the text. Make use of Exercise 11. Make changes in the sentences, if necessary. 1, An ambassador who is sent to work in an embassy abroad very quickly realizes the value of languages.| Diplomacy as a Career 119 2. The Conservatives were above all other parties for over ten years, 3. Before being named for a higher post foreign officers are to serve in various regions of the world. 4. A special commission was organized to find out who had given permission to introducing the troops. 5. The job of a diplomat may require traveling a lot. 6. Nowadays the United States rises above all other countries, 7. The ties between our countries have strengthened lately, and it is im- portant to keep them up at the same level. 8. Our country refused to take part in the conflict. 9. The Prime Minister was the one who acted on behalf of his country and appeared as a talented orator. 10. On arriving in the country the ambassador produces his credentials, that is, formal papers giving him the right to act for his government. 11. English is considered as the most spread language in the UN. 12. These two events are easy to connect with each other, 13. Before being named for a higher post foreign officers are to serve in various regions of the world. 14. The economy of the country has experienced a decline lately. 15. The present world system of international relations started in ancient Greece. Exercise 13 Substitute the nouns from the active vocabulary list for the underlined equivalents in the sentences. 1. Russia insists on all countries receiving a permission or approval of the UN to any use of force in the region. The power of the United States in the world is unquestionable. . The actions that the local government takes are ineffective. The Foreign Office is waiting for an answer to its note. ‘The obligations of a foreign service officer are all-embracing. St ge bo120 UNIT Il 6. The situation in all fields of industry and agriculture is steadily improv- ing. What are his political views? - He is a Conservative. Such methods may lead to the reduction of work places. His participation in the riot is to be proved. 10. The Foreign Secretary invited the new officer assigned for the post for a briefing. . The one for the post stated that he was determined to learn the lan- guage of the country. 12. I would like to show you a document to act on his behalf. rere 1 Exercise 14 Sum up the text in writing. Before writing consult the hints for a summary in Unit |, Step |. Be ready to reproduce it in class. Exercise 15 Learn collocations with the words below, explain them and suggest their Russian equivalents. ~ diplomacy ~ unilateral ~ ; bilateral ~ ; multilateral ~; shuttle ~ ; kid-glove ~ ; gunboat ~ ; shirt-sleeves ~; public ~ ; ~ of a big stick; stick-and-carrot ~ diplomatic ~ : ~ corps; ~ circuit; ~ circles; ~ function; ~ intercourse; ~ service; ~ sources; ~ immunity; ~ privileges ~ ambassador ~ ~ Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary; ~ at large ; the newly appointed ~ ; to accredit an ~ to another government;Diplomacy as a Career 121 to confer the rank of ~ on ; to exchange ~ s; to raise to the rank of ~ ; to recall an ~ ~ ambassadorial ~ ~ rank; ~ talks; at the ~ level ~ negotiations arms-control ~ ; peace ~ ; separate ~ ; top-level ~ ; a new round of ~; a breakdown in ~ ; in the course of ~ ; through ~ ; to complete ~; to delay ~ ; to enter into ~ ; to resume ~ ; to suspend ~ to negotiate ~ ~ a treaty; ~ terms of peace; ~ for a cease-fire; ~ for peace; ~ from a position of strength ~ relations to maintain ~ ; to keep up ~ ; to conduct ~ ; to expand ~ ; to break off ~ ; to suspend diplomatic ~ ; to enter into ~ ; to strengthen ~ international ~ ; diplomatic ~ ; foreign ~ ; friendly ~ Exercise 16 Translate the sentences using the word-collocations above. 1. Teperosopsr 10 Kourposio 3a Boopy2xxeHHeM Obit HEOIKULAHHO mipe- | PBaHbI M BOSOGHOBHINCH Mecary crycTs. 2. Tleperosopst mpoucxogusm Ha ypoBHe noci0B. 3. Hapoguas quniomarua - sto yacrs mponarangucrcKoii Mammnpt CILIA. 4. Bpuranus yacto oGpamazacn k AunomaTan ‘KHyTa H mpsHKa’. 5. B xoge meperosopos a BbICIIIeM ypoBHe yuacTHHKH O6MensIHCh MHe- HUAMH 10 psy BAKHbIX BOTIPOCOB.122 UNIT Il 6. TosKo Monquas ep2xaBa MoxKeT NOSBOMMTD CeGe BECTH MeperoBopsl C TOSMIQMM CHIBI. 7. Taxyio AMILIOMATHIO TpyqHO HasBaTb AMMIOMaTHelt ‘B nalixowbix mep- waTKax’. 8, Panr nocna mpucBauBaetca MHHMCTpOM HHOCTpaHHBIX Je. 9. Dror KON¢bAHKT MOXHO y1aqHTb MPH MOMOUIM AByCTOpOHHHX Mepero- Bopos. 10. Humiomarua ‘6e3 rancryxos’ vacro OpmaeT oveHb ocpcpexTHBHOit (fruitful). 11. Mocoa wim quMIOMaT MoxKeT 6bIT OTOSBAH, ECM OH OyZeT OObABIEH nepcoHolt HOH-Tpata. 12. JlesremHocth AMTLIOMATH4eCKOTO COTPYAHHKa MOET ObITh MpHocra- HOBMCHA, CCIM OH He BEITIOMHAeT CBOM O6s3aHHOCTH. 13. Muorve Aumiomarb! CaMTaioT AMILIOMaTHYecKMe payTbI M MepompHs- ‘Tus CKyYHO, HO Heorpemmemoit (unalienable) yactbio cBoHX O6s3a1- Hocteit. 14. Teperosops! m0 mpekpamenuio orHa OTKMaAbIBAIMCh HECKOABKO pas. Bropas cropona orkaspipanach O6cy2NaTb YCIOBUA salONeHMA Mupa. 15. Bo spema soiirbt corosnuxn (allies) o6menamcb ocramu Co BCeMH coi3HMueckn (allied) rocyzapcrBamn. Exercise 17 Read the text ‘What is Public Diplomacy?’ and (a) answer the question in the title; What is Public Diplomacy? When early in their careers, Anwar Sadat, Valery Giscard d’Estaing, Helmut Schmidt, and Margaret Thatcher, among other national leaders, visited the United States under the educational exchange programs of the United States Government, U.S. public diplomacy was at work. When Latin America viewed a film called The Trip, depicting the dangers of ilDiplomacy as a Career 123 legal narcotics trafficking to all societies, including their own, they were watching the product made by USIA, the U.S. Government’s public diplo- macy information agency. When a student or a scholar in a developing country conducts research in a US. information center in his capital city, he is utilizing one of the popular services provided by U.S. public diplomats in his country. When a newspaper correspondent in a country that has diplomatic relations with the U.S. asks for clarification of a statement allegedly made by a high- ranking U.S. official, he contacts the U.S. Embassy's press attach ~ a U.S. public diplomat. When a U.S. performing artist is on a foreign tour sponsored by the U.S. Government, U.S. public diplomats in the cities the artist visits will publicize the tour and make arrangements for her or his performances. These are but a few of the various activities with which the practitioners of public diplomacy become involved, but they demonstrate the scope and variety of modern public diplomacy. Public Diplomacy is to be distinguished from Public Affairs because the latter provides information to the domestic public, press and other institutions concerning goals, policies and activities of the U.S. govern- ment. Public diplomacy differs from traditional diplomacy in that public diplomacy deals not only with governments but primarily with non-gov- ernmental individuals and organizations. Furthermore, public diplomacy activities often present many differing views as represented by private American individuals and organizations in addition to official U.S. Gov- ernment views. Traditional diplomacy actively engages one government with another government. In traditional diplomacy, U.S. Embassy officials represent the U.S. Government in a host country primarily by maintaining relations and conducting official USG business with the officials of the host government whereas public diplomacy primarily engages many diverse non-govern- ment elements of a society. Public Diplomacy refers to government-sponsored programs intended to inform or influence public opinion in other countries; its chief instru-124 UNIT Il ments are publications, motion pictures, cultural exchanges, radio and television. (b) prove that: 1. The U.S. public diplomacy is dependent on the US Government. 2. Public diplomacy differs from traditional diplomacy. 3. Public Diplomacy is not the same as Public Affairs. c) discuss the following: Does public diplomacy work in your country? How? Who is engaged in it? Is public diplomacy in Russia independent of the government? In what areas does public diplomacy seem to be most effective: publi- cations, motion pictures, cultural exchanges, education or radio and television? eMprs Exercise 18 a. Study the difference between economics / economy 1. Economics is the study of the way that goods and services are pro- duced and sold and the way money is managed. 2. Economics are conditions that affect the economic success or failure of a product, company, county etc. 3. A specialist in economics is called an economist. 4. The economics of the heavy industry has improved lately, 5. Today some special knowledge of international economics can be a very useful asset. 6. The new economics of production offered unprecedented opportu- nity at home and abroad. 7. Economy is the system by which a country’s trade, industry, and money are organized.Diplomacy as a Career 125 8. Economy is the whole of a country's business, industry, and the money that they produce. 9. Economy is also a careful use of money, products, or time so that very little is wasted. 10. Economy is a country considered as an economic system. economic / economical - The economic situation in the country was worsening quickly. The world economic crisis embraced many countries. For a decade or more the slogan in the country was “Economics must be economical”. Uneconomical ways of spending the fund led to its elimination. 5. The government was considering most economical ways of managing the staff. 6. The economic problems demanded economical management. eee b. Choose the right alternative economics /economy (ies) 1. Politicians still argue over the relevance and usefulness of ‘Western’ to ‘non-Western’ . 2. It can be said that an early definition of Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations’, 3. The campaign is gaining ground. 4. The national is the system of the management and use of re- sources of a country. 5. The first introduced by the government involved the reduction of fuel consumption. 6. The developing countries are mainly agricultural producers whose is based on relatively primitive farming methods. 7. The emergence of a global is to be welcomed because it con- tributes to international harmony, was ‘An Inquiry into the126 UNIT II 8. influences politics at every level. 9, National have increasingly been integrated into a single, global 10. In the early sixteenth century the European with unprecedented rapidity. was expanding economic / (un)economical (ly) Inflation may cause a country to be in a bad state. to buy large quantities of a product. It is usually more First we need to improve our situation. . We must be more if we want to overcome our difficul- ties. 5, The US. ambassador is known to communicate a lot with people ee eae ” on the side. 6. The ties between our countries are strengthening. 7. He insists that the budget for the next year is very 8. The question is whether representation abroad should reflect a coun- try’s difficulties. 9. The United States dominates all other countries not only but also politically. 10. policy in this branch of industry has led to its decline. c. Translate the sentences. Use economy, economics, economic, economical, economist Dru nHcppbl ykasbiBalor Ha CHayl OMHOIt M3 CAMBIX YAAYHBIX 9KOHOMHK. SkoHOMuKa rocyfapcTBa ~ BaxkHat OTPacmb sHaHuA. SKOHOMUCTHI 3aMBIMIOT, ITO 9KOHOMHKA BBIXOAMT H3 KPH3HCa. Haina skOHOMMKa pasBHBaeTCaA OUCHb MCICHHO. SP oN Camuiit 6oxbutoit Kpusuc B aKoHOMuKe CILIA Ha6uoqancs B 30¢ rospr TIpouuioro Beka H NOVY HasBaHHe ‘Bexuxoit Jenpeccun’. 6. BoKonomwueckolt JesTenbHOCTH HaOMoMaeTCA CAA, H BCE KAYT, KOTAA SKOHOMMKa BHOBb HauHeT SbIcTpO pasBUBaTHCA.Diplomacy as a Career 127 7. QkOHOMM4HOe HICTOAZOBAHME GlomKETHEIX CpesCTB - STO mMepBoe, YTO HEOGXOAMMO WI NOLHATHA SKOHOMMKH. 8. Sxoromuxa cexbcKoro xosaiicrsa Tpe6yer npucramsHoro BHMMaHHA mpaBurembcrBa. 9. Skonomuueckue caHKuMH He MpHBenH K XeTAeMOMY pesymBTaTy. 10. Kaxerca, crpatia crour nepey akoHoMMYeCKHM KpH3HCOM. Exercise 20 a. Study the difference between policy / politics . Politics is the art and science of governing a country. He has chosen a career in politics. If you do not care for politics, politics will take care of you. We are always so quick to criticize American politics. A diplomat is not to publish any writing on international politics. His politics were a pragmatic mixture of socialism, radical Liberalism SAR wre and trade union demands, 7. Policy is a plan of action taken by a government, political party, busi- ness, etc. 8. The government must have policies to run the country. 9. This means an economic policy for economy, and foreign policy for actions taken by the country in other parts of the world. 10. Karl Marx wrote that “politics is born of economics”. b. Choose the right alternative policy / politics 1. An ideal diplomat is to share his government’s 2. He is a democrat that is why I can’t share his 3. What principles in defence is your country guided by?128 UNIT Il 4. Home should be guided by the interests of the people. 5, PC. is initialism for Politically Correct, a term for taking a position in or otherwise, which is offensive to no one. 6. We expect all employees to follow the company code. 7. He is much concemed with the specific details of public ___- is a way of conducting 9. One of the main of the government is to reduce unemploy- regarding dress ~ ment. 10. He has been thinking for some time of getting out of il. is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend rules under which they live. 12. In practice his was always to choose whatever course would benefit Britain. 13. From the dominant, aggressive power in European international France almost overnight became a victim state. 14, Religion became again a dominant factor even in for another century and a half. 15, Public bills include measures relating to public c. Translate the sentences. Use policy or politics 1. Tocyaapersentiat nomutuKa Ho sTOMy BOMpocy He orlpeyesena. 2, Boabmoit nommuxoit sanumaerca orpanMueHHblit Kpyr moze. 3, Tloauraxa orevecrsentioi aBroMOOWIbHOH MpOMBINLICHHOCTH OCTAB- aser 2KeNaTD ayMMero. (leaves much to be desired) 4, Wsyyarp noauTuKy sHa4uuT, 10 cyTH, M3ydaTb HayKy yopapsenua wm ocyukecTBeHMst BuACTH. 5, Bremmas noxmruia crpaHibl craita DiaBHbIM BOMPOCOM jis OOCyAKMEHMA. 6. “ro pmser Ha nomntuueckne Bariaabl moe? 7, Onna v3 3aya4 qumtomara ~ OODACHSATb HOMMTHKY CBOETO rocymapcTBa 3a py6exKoM. 8. Yerexy Takoro MonHTHYeCKOrO Kypca MOTyT cmoco6cTBoBaTb pasamy- bie (paxTopsi.Diplomacy as a Career 129 Exercise 21 Distinguish between the verbs: to lie (lied, lied, lying) - nrarb; to lie (lay, lain, lying) - nexkatb; to lay (laid, laid, laying) - knacte and complete the sentences with appropriate ones in the right form. 1. Which country the foundation of diplomacy? 2. The secret documents on the table. 3. The committee down the rules of the protocol. 4. Diplomats are said to have to a lot. 5. Just because the official before the commission he was dis- missed from his post. 6. Nobody knows what future ahead. 7. In the tropical climate a diplomat runs the risk of being ___ down with malaria or some other exotic disease. 8. The whole country below. 9. The responsibility for the failure of the reform is to, on us. 10. Our interests in doing what the President wants to do. Exercise 22 a. Turn the adjectives wide, long, deep, light, strong, short into nouns and verbs following the model. Consult a dictionary. MODEL: broad - breadth - to broaden b. Translate the sentences into English. 1. BsaMmMoorHomeHua Mex~y HalllMMM rocyfapcTBaMM TOCTOAHHO oj leprkMBAIOTCA, YKperIAIOTCH HM pacmmMpsOTCs. Cpox npe6nianma nocaa CIIIA 8 Poccun 6bu1 Npomien Ha roy. Cospemennas MIMIOMATHA 3HaTHTeTbHO pacMiMpwia CBOM paMKH. PasHomiacua Mealy ABYMs CrpaHamn Bce yrayOnsMCh. Dro comamenne 3HayvTembHo O6seryWIO satay yCTAHOBEHHA MApa B perMone.130 UNIT Il 6. Ceccus napsamenta Oba coKpamiena Ha HETeII0. Exercise 23 Look up the words of the same root in a dictionary. a. Make up sentences to illustrate their meaning, give their Russian translation. Credit: to give credit /credence (to); to do sb. credit; credentials; (in)credible; to accredit; to discredit; credo; credulous b. Translate the sentence. Use one of the words or word- combination from those above. Hago ormaTh JowKHOe ero IpesaHHOCTH CBOeMy AeNy. Ycnex B neperoBopax Obi HEOXKHjaHHbIM H HEBCPOATHDIM. Tlozepure 8 ero o6bacHEHHA ObLI0 TpyAHO. BpyveHvie BepuTeNDHBIX PPaMoT — BarKHAL YaCTh MPOTOKOMA. Hapog Maso Bepur oGemaHHsaM MOAMTHKOB. 2Kenraa mpecca cnoco6wa AMCKpeAHTHpOBATh 1060T0. Emy 6b110 oKasaHo Gombilloe JOBepHe ~ MpeACTaBAATh Hauly CTpaHy Ha mleperopopax. Jleru, kak M crapuku, Over ZOBEPYHBHI. 9, Bopp6a 3a cnpasesMBocTD ~ 970 FO 1KH3HEHHOE Kpeno. oe heres ox ee ~ 10. Koamuectso 2kypHaMcToR, akKpewHTOBAHHBIX Ha BCTPpeue B BEpXaX, 6bi0 crporo orpaHu4eHo. Exercise 24 Make nouns of the verbs to appoint, to maintain, to dominate, to negotiate, to authorize, to establish, to relate, to contribute, to involve and distribute them according to the suffixes - ment; - tion; - ity; - ance.Diplomacy as a Career 131 Exercise 25 Complete the sentences with correct derivatives. 13, 14. a 16. 17. 18. (authorize) agents maintain mutual (relate). Secret (negotiate) have always been a key feature of diplomacy. Britain became one of the first major powers to reopen diplomatic (relate) with Russia. The (appoint) secretaries are (respond) for the (manage) of foreign affairs. ‘The conduct of (relate) in old diplomacy was on the bilateral bias. (negotiate) with governments and defence of national policies is one of the tasks of diplomacy. (establish) of international organizations broadened the tasks of diplo- macy. An (authorize) for search is to be given by court. The basis of bilateral diplomacy is (maintain) of state-to-state (relate). |. The (appoint) of ambassadors is the (respond) of the Foreign Secretary. . They decided, even at the loss of several days, to wait for the new (ap- point), who was highly recommended to them. . He thought that a Canadian Prime Minister might have more influ- ence in a joint (relate) than under total independence. He could become a mediator, with (authorize) and power which could be fostered and enlarged. Public diplomacy is as necessary for (maintain) and strengthening of friendly (relate) with other countries as traditional diplomacy. . The Prime Minister insisted that (economics) Canada will have big op- portunities. Non-career diplomats are often called political (appoint). One of the main problems of modern international intercourse is the increasing (respond) of diplomacy to public opinion. In the international organizations diplomats serve not only as (repre- sent) and (promote) of their country’s interests guided by the instruc: tions of national (authorize) and as their political advisers but also as (contribute) to the interests of the global (communicate).132 UNIT II Exercise 26 Supply appropriate English equivalents for the Russian words. 1. Various types of (noamruyeckux) forums are to be distinguished from the UN’s own regional (akoHommaeckux) commissions. 2. Diplomacy is the method by which nation-states, (uepes yroaHOMo- yeHHBIX) agents, (1loqepxuBaior) mutual (oTHOMeHus), (o6uyarores) with each other, and (sbmomusior) political, (akoHommueckue) and legal tasks. 3. The new diplomacy (noqpasymevana) the (cosgaune) of an interna- tional organization to act as a forum for peaceful settlement of dis- putes. 4, (oGmenne ocymectBaaerca pu HomMouyt) verbal exchanges. 5. Special knowledge of international (noxwtuxe) can be very useful. 6. A diplomat is expected to have an out-going personality and a capacity (loggepxkuBats) strong personal (cBa3H). 7. Much of the Foreign Office's work (pegetca) in secret. 8. When Churchill (6s11 Hasaen) a secretary for the colonies he worked toward the (co3qauve) of new Arab states. 9. Churchill insisted on Hitler’s unconditional surrender - peace (mytem meperozopos) never entered into his (ruaxt). 10. Secretariat staff (sanmmaerca) in surveys of world (akoHomuueckux) and social trends and problems. 11. Political (wasnauenupt) gain their (asropmter) in science, culture, (nomTHKe H aKOHOMMKe). 12. The (nasnauenne) as an ambassador to the U.S. does not often depend on the qualifications of the (Hasrayenna). 13. ({Ipegcrasurempcrso) of the country in this international organization pe was very limited. 14, (IIpu ocymyecrsnenmu) her (ommtuxu) Margaret Thatcher (orsewaa) by force to force. 15. We try (nopnexarb) many of other ministries to have active roles in our (aByXCTOPOHHMX OTHOUIeHMAX).Diplomacy as a Career 133 Exercise 27 Work in class. Read the text below. Find arguments ‘for’ and ‘against’ diplomacy to be open to public criticism. Do the tasks that follow. Vocabulary notes to the text: . glare - severe look; scrutiny ~ close look - to veil - to cover up . eloquence - the art of speaking or writing beautifully personal fascination — personal charm, attractiveness reticence ~ silence, reserve to take into confidence - to make people believe Dm go Ne Diplomacy and Public Opinion One of the main problems of modern international intercourse is the increasing responsibility of diplomacy to public opinion. The question is how far has the public discussion of international affairs affected the legitimate Junctions of diplomacy: for the better or for the worse? To the diplomat of the old school the answer seems clear. For him diplomacy was too delicate, too personal an art to survive the glare and confusion of publicity. A master of the old diplomatic art of intrigue, of veiling his purpose under a cloud of eloquence, moreover, of the art of personal fascination was Metternich. Public opinion to him was only a dangerous force to be kept under control. Distinct from him was George Canning, who may be called the great prototype of the new diplomacy. He saw clearly the immense force that would be added to his diplomatic action if he had behind him the force of public opinion. The success of the policy of a foreign minister in a democratic state must ultimately rely on the support of public opinion, but the necessity for its support in the conduct of foreign affairs has its peculiar dangers. In the difficult game of diplomacy a certain reticence is always necessary. Thus, even in Great Britain, the diplomatic correspondence laid before134 UNIT Il parliament is carefully edited. The appeal to public opinion may be used as a diplomatic weapon. Bismarck, whose statesmanship was at least as cynical as that of Met- ternich, was a master of the art of taking the world into his confidence when it suited him to do so; and the reptile press, hired to give seemingly independent support to his policy, was one of his most potent weapons. So far the only necessary consequence of the growth of the power of the public opinion on the art of diplomacy has been to extend the sphere of its application. a. Answer the italicized question put in the text. b. Support or challenge the following ideas with a partner. 1. Diplomacy is too delicate, too personal an art to survive the glare and confusion of publicity. The success of the policy of a foreign minister in a democratic state must ultimately rely on the support of public opinion. 3. In the difficult game of diplomacy a certain reticence is always neces sary. no Exercise 28 Complete the text with the words given below. Advancing, representatives, unlikely, ambassadors (2), relations, public, promoting (2), politicians, management, appears, fluently, major, engaging(2), current, certain The British Foreign Office in the 21st century. One thing we can say for (1) ___ about the future Foreign Office is that it will not be immune to change. And it will always have its critics as well as admirers. In 2000 the Foreign Policy Center, a New Labour think-Diplomacy as a Career 135 tank, proposed replacing traditional (2) and diplomats, business- men and foreign nationals by computers. The same year Robin Cook, the Foreign Secretary, voiced his desire to see the Foreign Office staffed by more (3) of ethnic minorities, more women, and fewer products of Britain’s elite (4) ____ schools. The main role of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office will continue to be the (5) of Britain’s foreign (6) on a day-to-day basis, and running of Britain’s embassies abroad. The work of the overseas missions ~ (7) trade, (8) in dialogue with local (9) and (10) British interests, (11) ____ cultural, social and educational links, and (12)__in ‘public’ diplomacy ~ is (13) to become redundant. Today's (14) abroad are visible, high-profile figures - Francis Bertie, Ambassador to France in the early twentieth century, gave only one or two speeches in his thirteen years in France, whereas Michael Jay, the (15) _____ Ambassador, (16) frequently on French news programmes, speaking (17) in French, Britain may not have been able to resolve its position with Europe and its place in the world, but it nevertheless remains true that Britain’s history and its ambitions ensure it will play a (18) _____ role in the world well into the twenty-first century. Exercise 29 Look through the service record of Alexander Vershbow, 49, former American Ambassador to Russia. Do a two-way translation of an interview given by him to a Russian correspondent. Learn the interview and role-play it in class. Name: Alexander Vershbow Place of birth: Boston, Massachusetts Family: Wife Lisa, sons Benjamin and Gregory Education: B.A. in Russian and East European Studies from Yale University (1974), Master’s degree in Inter- national Relations and Certificate of the Russian136 UNIT Il Institute from Columbia University (1976). Diplomatic rank: Career Minister Previous posts: 1998 - 2001: US Ambassador to NATO 1994 - 1997: Special assistant to the President and Senior Direc- tor for European Affairs at the National Security Council. 1993 - 1994: Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Eu- ropean and Canadian affairs. 199] - 1993: USS. Deputy Permanent Representative and Charge d’Affairs of the US mission to NATO. 1988 - 1991: Director of the State Department's Office of Soviet- Union Affairs. 1985 ~ 1988: Served in the U.S. Embassy in London. 1981 - 1985: Served in the Office of Soviet Union Affairs. 1979 - 1981: Served in the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. http:/ / usembassy.state.gov /Moscow, ‘/wwwha.html Interviewer: Kax Bu: cnompume na eauy poas nocaa? Ambassador: First of all, I am here to represent US interests, which lie in doing what President Bush wants to do. L. Kan 60 Bu efopryauposau yeau, xomopele npecaedyem zocnodun Byw 6 naweii empane? A. President Bush is seeking to transform the Russian-American relation- ship into something that approaches not just a partnership but an alli- ance. So my role is to play an active part in trying to explain - to what ig still a rather skeptical Russian elite of public opinion ~ that we do have common interests. Ymo ace, xax nocon, Bur nparmuneciu deaaeme daa smozo? A. Thave been deliberately active in engaging with the Russian Press and doing public speaking events in order to get our side of the story into circulation. And I’m also trying to promote goodwill by taking an ac- tive-part in cultural activities and social events, bringing a lot different x people into our great national resource, Spaso House.Diplomacy as a Career 137 I. Cxen 6 Poccuu Bot o6maemece Goavme acezo? A. Obviously as a diplomat I deal, first and foremost, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - with the minister and the deputy ministers primar- ily - but we also have regular contacts with people in the presidential administration and the Russian Security Council. I also have a lot of interaction with people on the economic side. We try to engage many of the other ministries to have active roles in our bilateral relationship — atomic energy science and technology, finance, labour. I try to spend a lot of time with the print and broadcast media, and involve think- tankers who are influential one way or another. So it’s a busy job. Exercise 30 Discuss the following in pairs or with the class. What are the aims of a resident ambassador abroad? How does she try to achieve those aims? What are his responsibilities as the host of an embassy? Who does he deal with most in the host country? What are his relations with the government he represents? oP oN Exercise 31 Render the text into English. Use the active vocabulary for the underlined words. SuaunrembuDiit Biola, B CraHOMIeNNe Mi yKperienne jep»xapbt, o6pe- TeHME C10 NPOYHbIX MEX VHAPOAHDIX CBAseli M NOSHUMi BHECTM NepBbIe poccuiickme mocap. OnpenetenHas NOcieqoBAaTeAbHOCT AuNOMaTHMGeC- KUX OUKHOCTeM_M_paHron ynOMMHasach B sHaMeHUTOii eTpoBCKOit “Ta- 6ean 0 panrax”: arramie, TpeTuii cexperapb, BTOpoit cexpeTapb, TepBbiit ceKpeTapb, COBETHHK, MOCTaHHMK, Toco. Haszanusa y gouxuocreit 8 MJ] raxue xe Kax uy panros. Ho yacto Ha MpakTuKe paHr orctaeT oT qo KHOCTH. PaHTM NpuCcBaMBaloTCA MOKH3-138 UNIT I HeHHO HM COXpaHsIOTCA, Hake ECAH YEAOBEK YXOAMT C aummomarnyeckolt caryaxOnt. Tlocoa - Bbicumit parr, HO He CaMas BbICOKas AOJUKHOCTD. Tex, xTo npomien Bce CTYTeHDKM JHTUIOMaTHYeCKolt cIyKOpI, HaSbIBAIOT KAPbePHbI MH 7umoMatamu. Toc1amy wim nOcAaHHMKAMM MoryT CTaTb H Hermporpec- cHOHambl. Takux AMMIOMaTOR Ha3bIBalOT NOJMTHYCCKHMM HasHayveHlaMn. Croii apropurer OHM 3aB0eBAII B HayKe, KyABTYpe, HOMMTHKE HIM SKOHO- MuKe. OGmeuszecrHo, uTo m3 coTeH cTpaH Mupa SoubMyIo NOMTUKY Bep- at He Gonpme yecaTKa. EcrecrBeHHO, 3Ha4MMOCTb M aBTOPUTET y MOCIOB B OTHX CTpaHaX BBIMNe, 4eM y APYTHX. CIA spea0 nonaTHe HaposAHO! WUNIOMATHN, KoTOpas OCyulecTBINeT CBASH MEX MpaBMTCISCTBEHHbIMM YUpexTeHAMM POCyHApCTBA C HETOCY- JApCTBCHHDIMM YUPEKIEHMIMM YIM rpakyjanaMn APyTHX cTpaH. Exercise 32 Discuss the following statements in class; choose one and write a comment on it of about 80 words. “An ambassador is one official the state cannot do without”. “Ambassadors are eyes and ears of states.” Diplomatic methods are often more effective than forceful actions. Many people maintain that diplomacy is one of the black arts. ae oP Remember that writing a comment is expressing your opinion on the subject, which is similar to writing a composition, but in which you produce your own arguments supporting or rejecting the idea stated. You may begin with: ‘J (don’t) support the statement / the idea expressed because or ‘I (don’t) quite agree with the statement involved because .. orTo my mind / In my opinion there is a lot of / little truth in the Statement ...Diplomacy as a Career 139 In developing your idea use such words as: First (ly), second(ly), third(ly) ... Furthermore, moreover, however, though, on the one hand .. on the other hand ... ete. When finishing your writing use: To conclude, To sum up, In conclusion, Summing up I'd like to repeat /to emphasize / to point out again that ..., It is worth repeating / emphasizing /pointing out again ... STEP 2 CHALLENGES AND REWARDS OF A DIPLOMATIC CAREER Topical vocabulary 1. to challenge v. 1) 6pocurs Berson, ocapuBars, BBISbIBATH Ha COCTA3AHME; 2) nogBepraTb comHeHMIO challenge n. BBIZOB, TPYAHOCTD, MpensTcTBHe to pose a challenge HpeqcTaBAAT TpyAHOCTb to face a challenge CTAMKMBATLCA C TPyHOCTBIO, pHEMT BoIs0B challenger n. nperesment, coneprux 2. to be committed (to do) / (to sth /doing) — 6sirb npuBepakeHHEIM, IpHaBanHpiM, mpeqanupim to commit (a mistake, a crime, etc) COBepIIHTb to commit oneself (to) MOCBATUTD ce6s HII, B3ATb Ha CeO O6s3aTeMbCTBO commitment n. TOTOBHOCTS, IIpHBepKeHHOCTD, O6s3aTeIbCTBO, COBepuleHHe140 UNIT II 3. to distinguish v. pasmmuaTs, OTMYATb to distinguish oneself OTIHYNTDCA, MpomBUTD CeO distinguished ad. Boyaiouyniica distinguishing adj. / distinctive ormmanrenbHbtii (in) distinguishable ad onmranenit, pasmranmetit distinct adj. uerkuit, acHbIli, oTYeTIMBbIt (as) distinct from B OTAMUME OT distinction n. ommmane 4, to be guided (by) PYKOBOCTBOBATBCA UT to guide v. BECTH, PYKOBOAUTS guidance n PykoBoACTBO guide n. Beaynyuit, pykoBoquTeNb, rH, 5. to handle (sth) v 1. o6pa6arsimars, (correspondence, information, etc) to handle people or things 2. o6pamiateca c to handle responsib BEIMOTHAT OGASARHOCTH 6. office n. cayx6a, JOWKHOCTD, KaHYenApHA, BeAOMCTBO, MHHMCTepcTBo to be in office 3aHMMaTb MOCT, AODKHOCTS to hold / to leave / to quit office 3aHMMatb / NOKMAaTb OCT to get / come into office BCTYMMTh B ONKHOCTb to run / to manage an office YHpaBlATb BeAOMCTBOM, MMHMICTepcTBOM, public office roc. yapeayrenme good offices AoGppie yearn, mo6esHocTh officer n. (senior / junior) caykalyii, w4HOBHUK (BpICuIero / Hu3mero aneHa / patra) official n. AOMKHOCTHOE THUO, COTPYAHHK acareer official / officer miTaTHbiit COTpyqHHK official adj odulmanbubit, popmanbubtit, cayxeOubiitDiplomacy as a Career 141 Exercise 33 Complete the sentences with the right words. challenge, challenging, (un) challenged, challenger 1. The Government and the Immigration Minister have powers which it is useless ___. The career of a diplomat poses a number of. No one the authority of the speaker. All former diplomats admit that their profession is If there is any at all to the dominance of English, it may come from inside America itself. Domination of Britain in the sea was at the time. 7. Among the that service in a ministry of foreign affairs offers are being able to report and interpret events and trends in a variety of cultures and political systems. 8. There will be expected several to the mayor’s post. 9. With her limited forces Britain simply could not guarantee to meet all the possible by herself. 10. Sooner or later the dominant position of the English language can be successfully oR > commit (oneself) , (be) committed to, commitment (s) 1. His_____ to the common cause was challenged. 2. The mistake that you ____ may appear to have far- reaching conse- quences. 3. Tam sure other ______ could be put off. 4. A foreign service officer is expected to promote his country’s interests abroad. 5. Mother Theresa, who died recently, is known to charity. 6. Though some of its candidates were socialists, the party as a whole was not to socialism. 7. Britain avoided giving binding ___to join in a war.142 UNIT Il 8. Britain decided to abandon her traditional naval strategy in favour of a massive to a land War. distinguish, distinguished, distinguishing / distinctive, distinct, distinctly, distinction 1. ___ from those who work in a foreign office, a diplomat working abroad is on duty in the front line all the time. 2. is to be made between ‘economic’ and ‘economical’. 3. There are a number of ___ Russian diplomats whose biographies are worth reading. 4. Itis hard not _____ between these two notions. 5. Honesty, dignity and professionalism are the features of a good diplomat. 6. A diplomatic interpreter should speak in a______ voice. 7. The ‘new diplomacy’ is from the ‘old’ one. 8. In all serious and cultured speech and writing there is very little by which the two can 9. The Financial Times may tent. 10. There are some interesting examples of the between British and American English. 11. He is known himself in the diplomatic service. 12. The employee has a record of service. 13. Brevity is a characteristic of the author. 14. Public Diplomacy is from Public Affairs. 15. A____ feature of modern diplomacy is that it has become more open to the public at large. from the Times by its colour and con- handle 1. One of the arts a future diplomat must possess is the art of people. 2. In his job a foreign service officer has a lot of things.Diplomacy as a Career 143 The responsibilities were such that he was not able Any government must ___ the immigrants with extreme caution. Diplomats must be flexible in diverse responsibilities. ____ various responsibilities, especially in smaller posts, is one of the challenges a foreign service officer faces. 7. He the opportunity with considerable skill. eee eee eee office, officer, official(s) 1. Foreign are staffed with of different ranks. 2. The embassy communicate their government views on political issues to foreign 3. Briefing a visiting senior is one of the jobs a political does. 4. His twice-extended term in is due to expire next year. 5. You should stop letting your having their own way. 6. The mansion was an residence of the prime-minister for his term in 7. The UN Secretary General may participate in resolving a conflict through his 8. In his job a foreign service has to carry out a lot of responsibilities. Exercise 34 Read the text and make up 10 questions to cover its contents. The Challenges a Future Diplomat May Face Foreign Offices or Ministries of Foreign Affairs in national capitals are staffed with officers of different ranks exercising their duties in. various departments. They analyze and report to their seniors on political matters that may affect the national interests of their country. They communicate their government views on political issues to foreign officials, negotiate agreements and maintain contact with political leaders, third country dip- lomats and other influential people.144 UNIT Il Among the challenges that service in a ministry of foreign affairs offers are being able to report and interpret events and trends in a variety of cul tures and political systems. Foreign officers must also be able to communicate rapidly and concisely, and be flexible in handling various responsibilities, es- pecially in smaller posts. In more specialized areas they are expected to know the language, history, culture and politics of a nation or a region in which they specialize. As distinct from those who work in a foreign office, a diplomat working abroad is on duty in the front line all the time. He must be committed to pro- mote and defend his country’s policy abroad in various ways. His first and fore- most duty is to keep the authorities in his country constantly informed about the current events taking place in the country of his residence related to not only political but also economic and cultural issues. His job may involve reporting and analyzing the events and changes in the host country, briefing and suggest- ing remarks for a visiting senior official, and perhaps, escorting the official, while handling the daily flow of cables and correspondence relating to the visit. Besides the most important duties, there is in every Embassy and Lega- tion an immense amount of routine work, and many monotonous subjects may crop up. One of the chief functions of the head of the mission is to train the junior members of the service in the right performance of their duties, espe- cially in the preparation of reports on subjects of interest, in drafting dispatches and paraphrasing the text of ciphered telegrams. Serving in various countries abroad diplomats and their families may face various challenges ranging from harsh climates to lack of jobs for the spouses and schools for the children. In the international organizations diplomatic work is distinguished by the fact that diplomats serve not only as representatives and promoters of their country’s interests guided by the instructions of national authorities and as their political advisers but also as contributors to the interests of the global community. In diplomatic life at home and abroad success in the Foreign Service re- quires a strong command of the mother tongue as well as of a foreign lan- guage since language problems crop up at every step. All ES. officers must be able to speak and write clearly, concisely, persuasively and correctly. (from On Diplomatic Practice)Diplomacy as a Career 145 Exercise 35 Discuss the text in pairs. Make use of your questions. Exercise 36 Say what you think of the following: 1. Why are reporting and interpreting events and trends in the world political systems referred to as challenges for a political officer? 2. What do various responsibilities in smaller posts involve? 3. What are the ways in which a diplomat may promote his country’s in- terests? 4, Why is it necessary for a diplomat to have a strong command of the mother tongue as well as a foreign language? 5. How important is good knowledge of the history and culture of the country a diplomat specializes in? Exercise 37 a. Sum up the duties and responsibilities of a Foreign Service officer in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in overseas missions. b. Imagine you are a juniour foreign officer at the Foreign Ministry. Speak about your responsibilities. Exercise 38 Find in the text English equivalents to the following: BDITONHATD pasiH4Hble 0613aHHOCTH; 3aTparvBaTb HalMOHAIbHBIe HATEpecel; MuopMuposarh npeycrasuTeneit MHOCTpaHHbIX TOCymapCTB O NOAHTH- MeCKAX BSTIAaxX CBOETO NpaBUTeNbCTBA; OObACHATS COOLITHA M TEHAeHIHH,146 UNIT Il MponBastr» rHGKOCTb NPM BEINOTHEHUN OGasaRHOCTEMK; HaxoquTbca Ha NepeqoBoit amHMH; ObITb FOTOBLIM NPOABHYAaTb Hi salHUlaTh NOAMTHKY cBoel Crpatibl; TOCTOSHHO AepxKaTb CBOE MpaBMTETDCTBO B Kypce coGprTuli u usMeHeHMit 8 crpaHe mpeOsinanus; KpaTKo HHCTpykTMpoBaTD; CONPOBOXKLaTb BHICOKOMOCTABIEHHOTO UHHOBHHKA; TIpHHMMaTp u O6pa6aTbIBaTh exeANeBHDI NOTOK KoppecnoHyeHtHH; YUMTb MANX COTPYAHMKOB NpaBHWIbHO BBINIOMMATD CBOM O6s3aHHOCTH; COCTaBAATh [MIIOMATHYeCKHe jeTIeIIH; MaJaraTb TeKCTHI WMcpoBaHHBIX TexerpaMM; CTONKHYTHCH C TPyAHOCTbIOS pa6orarh Bb kavecTBe NOAMTHYeCKOrO COBeETHHKA TOCA; TOBOPHTb H HMCaTb HpaBHJIbHO, KpaTKo HW yOequUTenbHO Exercise 39 Complete the sentences with the words from the text and the vocabulary list of STEP 2. The first letters are given in ‘a’. a. 1, One of a diplomat’s tasks involves h correspondence. 2. Diplomats in their decisions are often g by their national a . 3. Foreign Service staff are c ___to support their country’s p___ pub- licly. 4. The imposed mobility of a foreign o___p. c. to family life. 5. The ability to speak p and c at meetings is important for a diplomat at the United Nations. 6. B a visiting senior o__ is one of the jobs a political 0. does. 7. Junior diplomats are expected to be flexible in h ___their r. and_to be able to communicate r___and ¢. 8. Older people are often g by outdated principles.Diplomacy as a Career 147 9, Embassy 0 m, their r. with the o. of the host country. 10. An embassy’s press attach is ¢ to convey his country’s p___ to the p__. 11. The r. of a diplomat abroad are d from those at the foreign office: they are much wider. 12. A number of political figures d___ themselves in big p, 1. This matter requires delicate 2. The US Government’s public diplomacy agency _____ itself to pro- mote the national interests. 3. In its work the UN is by the UN Charter. 4. Work and life in developing countries may be too 5. A career diplomat is expected to display his___ to his country. 6. Diplomats are to influence political leaders, 7. No country the US authority in the international arena. 8. The art of people is of little significance without the gift of un- derstanding others and seeing from their point of view. 9, The that a diplomat may face in a foreign country may turn out to be unbearable. 10. One of the junior officers’ __ is. correspondence. Exercise 40 Supply an appropriate word from the active vocabulary of STEPS 1 and 2 for the Russian words in brackets. 1. A diplomat (mpuszax) to influence political leaders, 2. Though the career of a diplomat is (rpy;maa), it is interesting. 3. The tasks of a diplomat (skmouaior B ce6a Bpyyenue) of credentials, protocol and (yuacrue) in diplomatic circuits. 4. Political, (skonomuueckue) and social issues require diplomats’ in- creased (yyacrue) in external affairs of domestic ministries.148 UNIT Il 5. Multilateral diplomacy (nepegasa orsercrsennocrs) of managing the increasingly complex national system to the diplomats’ traditional function of (samumarts rocyqapcrBeHny!0 TOMTHKy). 6. Some languages cannot (o6pa6arsiBarpca) by most computers. 7. Among others a Foreign Service officer's duty is (paGora c) correspon- dence. 8. It is undesirable for the country (sasabrBaTeca) in this conflict. 9. (Ioropnocrs samumars) the interests of his country is the most impor- tant quality of a diplomat. (rpyanocra) a diplomat may face in a foreign country are unpredict- able. . The head of the country offered his (qo6psre ycayru) in settling the conflict. 1 S 1 Exercise 41 Replace the underlined words by the topical vocabulary and the words from the texts. 1, As members of the alliance we must keep our defence promises. 2. Many career diplomats say that their job is too difficult. 3. The president is facing a threat to his leadership from his deputy. 4. He devoted himself to the idea of improving the economy. 5. A dutiful diplomat cannot be dependent on his feelings. 6. 7. 8. 9. . After the election the Conservatives appeared as the largest party. . The government is not always the highest power in a state. . The task is to carry out the election campaign successfully. . He has no formal position in the party. 10. Who is expected to investigate these complaints? 11. The imposed mobility of the profession brings a lot of hardships. 12. Foreign Service staff is supposed to support their country’s line. 13. Foreign affairs are governed by the FO. 14, The protocol of meetings is dealt with by secretaries. 15. Nobody questioned his influence and power.Diplomacy as a Career 149 16. The task is too complicated for us to manage. 17, He devoted his life to the cause of peace. Exercise 42 Turn the verbs ‘to promote; to contribute; to guide; to defend; to challenge; to analyze; to serve; to represent; to advise; to maintain; to present’ into nouns and personal nouns according to the model. Consult a dictionary, when necessary, translate the words. MODEL: to conduct - conduct - conductor Exercise 43 Look at the service record of the Russian Ambassador to the U.S. and do a two-way translation of the interview given by Yuri Ushakov, 55, at the Embassy in Washington. Use the active vocabulary. Role-play the interview in class. Name: Yuri Ushakov Place of birth: Moscow Family: Wife Svetlana, one daughter Education: Moscow State University of International relations (1970). Later defended a thesis on the foreign pol- icy of European countries for a Ph.D. in history. Diplomatic rank: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. Previous posts: 1998-1999: Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. 1996-1998: Ambassador, permanent representative of the Rus- sian Federation to the OSCE in Vienna, Austria. 1992-1996: Director of the department of all-European coop- eration for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.150 UNIT Il 1986-1992: Deputy Chief of Mission and Minister-Counsellor in the Embassy of the USSR / Russian Federation to Denmark. 1979-1986: held various posts in the Soviet Embassy to Denmark, L pr in the Scandinavian Department, in the Secretariat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in the departments of post-graduate studies of the Diplomatic Academy. “http: / /www.russianembassy.org/” www.russia em- bassy.org/ Mr. Ambassador, tell us about being the Russian Ambassador in Washington. How have you been spending your time? Dro HuTepeciasi, HO TpysHwas pabora, KOTOPy!0 OVE TpyqHO TiaHMpoBaTb sapaniee, Bcerga BosHuKaet KaKolt-To Bompoc, KoTOpbIii Halo CpouHO pe- mar. Celtyac Bce MOM CHIIbI H MOMX COTPyIHHKOB HalpaB/leHbl Ha TO/POTOB- Ky BCTPeuH Mey HalIMMM 7ByMa npesHmeHTamu B Mockse u Terepbypre. As ambassador, do you have a proactive agenda of people to meet and policies to advocate? What’s your vision of your role? Kakosa poh nocia? OH MoyepKuBAeT KOHTAKTbI C HpeycraBuTeaMu cTpaubi, B Koropoli pa6oraer, 8 Moem cayuae c npasutemcraom CILIA u uguaraet iM TOUKy 3peHua PoccHu. TaloKe on ocTosHHO HApopMupyeT Mockxsy u ee pykoBoguTeneli 0 ToHKOCTaX AMepuKaHCKOlt NOJMTHKH. Who do you deal with the most in the American community? EcrectBewHo, 4 BCTpevaioch He TOBKO C MOAMTHKAMM M OcpHIHAN HBIMH JAM, HO HC O6ujecTBeHHOCTIO. Mui oprannsyem IpHeMbl, BBICTABKH H KYJIBIYPHBIE MepONpUATHA, NpUTAAMIaeM XyLOKHMKOB My3bIKaHTOB M3 PoccHM (Vis BbICTYTLICHHM B MOCOAbCTBE Hi B pesHseH- uuM nocia. 3aprpa # Jey B yauBepcuter Ceseproit Kapoauun, me BBICTYTUIO Tepeg CTyZeHTAMK. OTOT YHUBEPCHTET UMEeT TECHIE CBAIH ¢ moeii alma mater - MTHMO. What do you see as most important in ambassador’s work? . BaxkHee BceTO, KOHEYHO, TO, ITO MOCOM JOWKEH padoTaTb B NOMORH- TenbHoM Kuoue (for the positive). Ox JomKen pa6oraT» At pasBuTHA TMOMOKUTEASHDIX KOHCTPYKTHBHBIX OTHOMCHHH MOK LY HALIM AByMADiplomacy as a Career 151 IL > 1 > CTpaHaMH, He OCJOXKHATS, a peltaTs Npobemel. Bor npHHyMnb!, KOTO- PbIMM 51 PYKOBOACTBYIOCb B CBOE! pabore. When it comes to foreign policy decisions, do you consult often with the Foreign Ministry? Do you ever consult directly with the President of your country, or receive instructions from him? Kakyprii Beyep 1 mocburaio Texerpammoi (cables) 8 Mocksy, KoToppie OTPAKalOT BCTPeYM H pasrOBOpbI B TEIEHME AHA, a TAKE Halll KOM- MenTapuit o pasamunpix cobprruax B CIA u naum pexomenjanuu. A yTpoM Tomyyaio orpomHoe KomMYeCTBO TemerpaMM OT TOCOB Apy- THX CTpal, HHCTpyKUMH H MpHKasbl OT Moero HayAIBCTBA. How can you compare the work you are doing with ambassadorial work of the Cold War period? Cpapnmsars Henpaa. Panpie Bca MHcpopmanua mua (to be funneled) TONBKO Yepes Nocna. CeroqHA AHJepbl CTpaH MOryT OGmaTSCa Hanps- Mylo 10 renecpouy. How does it affect your work? . B HexoTopom oTHomeHuM 9TO OGner4yaeT pabory MOCHA, Tak KaK py- KOBOAMTEIM CTpaH WIM O6nagalouMe BaaCTHIO OcpulManDHBIE wa MoryT 6bICTpo pemmuTb mpobsembt BMecTe. C Apyroli CTOpoHLt, 9TO OC- NOXKHAeT ETO padory, Tak Kak NlocHy HEOGXOAHMO GbITb B Kypce BCex MeperoBopos BOKpyr Hero, yYMeTb BCE YYECTS NPM TIaHMpoBaHuM CBO- ux cO6CTBCHHDIX JelicTButi u BEIPaGoTKU peKoMeHAALMit. Is it even possible to stay on top of all that? Heo6xogqumo, Take KOHTaKTbI CraHoBATCs BCe Goulee OGEIUHDIMH, 1 Hama paora KayecTBeHHO MenseTCA. Exercise 44 Complete the definitions of diplomatic terms. Some hints are given. Suggest their Russian equivalents. 1. 2. Accreditation implies giving official a to a diplomatic e___. Ambassador is a top-ranking 0, who is a, to a foreign state as aresident r__.152 UNIT Il 3, Ambassador-At-Large is a diplomatic agent a country. 4, Ambassador-Designate is a diplomat who has been a_____to 0. but has not p. hise____. Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary is a personal r__ of the head of one state a. to the head of another state. 6. Attache is (a) the lowest ranking o____of the diplomatic s__; (b) a s____diplomatic o____attached to a mission for specialized s. 7. Charge D’Affairs Ad Interim is a secretary of an e who assumes r. of an a, or minister in their absence. to no particular o 8. Consul is an o who is a____by a government to reside in a foreign country to p. the interests of citizens of his country. 9. Curriculum Vitae is a b. account of one’s previous c___ and qualifications especially in reference to a job application. 10. Credentials are a formal paper a, a diplomatic agent as one who isa, to act for his government or head of state. 11. Counsellor is a s_____ secretary at an e. who in the absence of the head of the m, acts as ‘Charge d’Affairs’. 12. Diplomatic Corps is the collective heads of foreign diplomatic m, and their s in the capital of a country. international r____; 13. Diplomacy is (a) the art of ¢ (b) skill and tact in bh, affairs. 14, Diplomat is (a) one who is e. in diplomacy; (b) a n. H a tactful person. 15. Dispatch is a written c_____ to the secretary of state or minister for foreign a. from a diplomatic or consular 0, abroad. 16. Envoy is a diplomatic a____ who ranks immediately below an a___. 17. Full Powers is a special written a. from the head of state given toan toc n. : 18. Good Offices are mediatory s. by a third party. 19. Legate is an e___ or minister, especially one who o__ r_____the Pope. 20. Persona Non Grata is the one who is not a. :Diplomacy as a Career 153 Exercise 45 a. Work in pairs. Ask your partner: 1 whether s/he thinks it is easy or difficult to enter the profession of a diplomat; why there are so many young people willing to enter the career of a Foreign Service officer; 8) what rewards the career of a diplomat may offer; x 4) how appealing those rewards are for your partner; 5) if there is anything that s/he does not accept about this career and why; 6) if the career of a Foreign Service officer is really for him / her; 7) ifs/he sees her/himself in the profession of a diplomat; 8) what and why is more important for your partner in his / her future career: money, interest, challenge, an opportunity to travel or promo- tion opportunities. b. Make notes and report your findings to the class. Exercise 46 Sum up the arguments ‘for’ and ‘against’ serving as a foreign officer in general and for you personally. Exercise 47 a. Read the text and point out the qualities which are required to be an ideal diplomat. Some Qualities Desirable in a Future Diplomat A popular notion which has done much in the past to discredit the diplomatic profession is that the chief duty of a diplomat is to secure some advantage for his own country over another, if necessary by means which154 UNIT II are not strictly straightforward. Past history affords many instances to sup- port this view. In the year 1604 Sir Henry Wotton defined an Ambassador as “an honest man sent to lie abroad for the good of his country”. Nations as to their proper qualifications of a diplomat vary today as much as they varied in previous centuries. The only invariable rule is to find the right man for the right place. It is difficult to lay down the law. Diplomats must be human, versatile and adaptable. A diplomat must pos- sess initiative and personality. He should have the faculty of mixing and getting on with anyone in any walk of life and of treating all as equals. He should have sufficient self-confidence to stand up to anyone in any walk of life, Sovereign, Prime Minister or whatever he may be. Powers of observation, of description, sound judgement and a faculty of hard work are so essential as to go without saying; so is the readiness to take responsibilities, provided it is certain that they are not of some senior officer. Certainly a diplomat should not be emotionally effusive in his behav- iour, however excellent the relations may be which he is called upon to conduct, And certainly he should preserve calm when things go wrong and relations become strained. A certain capacity for deception as far as ordinary good manners is needed. Like everyone else who aspires to be socially welcome, he must keep a good deal of what he thinks to himself and say for the sake of po- liteness a good many unimportant things he does not mean. Above all he must constantly steer a course between extremes. He must be intelligent, carefully refrain from any oppressive display of intellectual powers. He must invariably be dignified, have humour and wit, and there is one final virtue that must be specifically mentioned and which is the essence of the profession, this is patience, without which the would-be diplomat will never in reality become a diplomat at all. And finally it is difficult to exaggerate the importance of a thorough knowledge of languages for a diplomat. An envoy who can spare time to study the language of the country to which he is sent, will find its acquisi- tion of great advantage. The surest way to gain admission to the heart ofDiplomacy as a Career 155 the nation is to give this proof of a desire to cultivate intimate relations with, and to understand the feelings of, the people. (from On Diplomatic Practice) Note to the text: Wotton, Sir Henry (1568-1639) - English diplomat and poet, Ambassador to Venice (1604-1624). b. Answer the questions. 1. How would you rate the qualities mentioned? Which of them, do you think, are more or less valuable for a diplomat? Could you think of some other qualities that a diplomat must possess? Share your ideas with the class. 3. Why is patience emphasized as one of the most essential quality? 4, How important for a future diplomat is good professional education? Should diplomats be career or non-career? no Exercise 48 Translate some opinions of the qualities a diplomat should possess expressed by former Russian ambassadors. JOpuit Kamen, pexrop Jumomarmueckoli axayemun, upesspraaii- Hb H NOAMOMOUHDI HOCOM: “Or qumiomata TpeGylorcs Bbicoualimas spyqMuMa, sHaHMe cobcTReHHOI crpaHbt 1 sapyOexHEIx Crpatt, O6i3aTeIbHO MaTpHOTHSM, HUKOTa He 3a6bl Bab, YTO THI 3al|MMaeMb He CBOH KHTEpecbl, a HHTepecbI rocywapcrBa”. Anexcanap Bosuu, upesspruaiinpit u nonHomounstit nocon Poccun B Mspanne (1991-1997): “ Tiwmiomarwyeckoe HCKYCCTBO ~ 9TO YMEHME OTCTOATD CBOIO TOUKY Spe HUa H YOeqMTS MaprHepa, 4TO HYAHO CjeTaTh TAK, KaK TbI TOBOPHIIID, ATOBOpHTD Hafo Tak, YTOOBI BAM BEPHJIM H OTHOCHIMCh Cepbe3HO K BallHM conan. [ostomy Ha mepBoe MecTo s Opt HOCTaBW1 OOMIyIO KybTYpy MKS156 UNIT Il HeHHbiit onprr. Uro Kacaercs KayecTs, Mou TpeGoBanns ovleMenTapHl. Bo- TePBBIX, MOPsJOUHOCTS, BO-BTOpLIX, yM. B Tperbux, MHTeUIMPeHTHOCTS”. Anapeit Kpayon, mapubii conernax MUJfa, upesspraaiinntit 1 non HOMOUHDIt MocnaHANK BTOporo kacca, feHeparbubiii Kocyn Poccua B Canmopo (1995-1999): « Tluniomatua rpe6yer o4eHs Gosbuioro oMbITa, TOTOMY ¥TO HET TOTOBDIX pemennii. Ms uenoneyeckux Kavecrs 51 Ob HasBall BLUTEprKy, cHOKOHcTENe, TPesBOCTh, PACCyMTETBHOCTb, CMeNOCTb B MpuHsTHH pemenmit, Barto pacnoiOxuTh K cee coGeceAHUKA, YCTAHOBMTS C HM KOHTAKT. Bpitb or KPOBeHHDIM, HO B ONpeyeteHHBIX Mpegerax. Hayo roBopHTs mpaBay, TOIL KO MIpaBay, HO HeoSssaTeNbHO BCIO Mpapay ”. Anaronnit Ajamunm, spesspruaiinpiit 1 moxmoModHEtt nocom Poccmm 8 Hamm (1990-1992), Bennxo6puranan (1994-1997), nepspiii sammu- HUCTpa HHOCTpaHABIx Aer 0 Aexam CHT (1998): “JIumiomat gomKer ObiTh Mops_ouHDIM uM OGpasoBaHHbIM YETOBEKOM. ApTuctnaM, syBCTBO MepbI H TakTa TOxke He noOMemIaioT, “Ero6si reba yBa- 2KAIN, AYKHO pactoOxKUTs K cee cobecemHUKa, OvITh EMy MHTepPecHBIM, HMKOrga He OOMAHBIBaTb, He AeMOHCTpMpoRaTD cBoro spymuuMI. Hayo XOpouto 3HaTb CrpaHy npeprBanHa, ee KybTypy H OOEIYaH. BaxxHo Gmoc- TH JOCTOMHCTRO, HE CTOAbKO CBOE JIMYHOE, CKONbKO CBOei CTpatibI”. Exercise 49 Prepare to speak about a distinguished person in the diplomatic world (living or dead). Focus on his personality, skills and qualifications, and on the field in which the person distinguished himself. Exercise 50 Work in pairs. Exchange the information about a well- known diplomat. Listen to your partner attentively and then report what you have heard to the class.Diplomacy as a Career 157 Exercise 51 Complete the text with the words given below according to sense. Involving, signed, significance, involved, certain, relating (2), officials, communication(s) (2), unsigned, considerable, commonly, confidential, common practice, international intercourse (2), handling, distinguished. Diplomatic communications between states One major aspect of diplomatic work is (1) official documents. A (2) part of them are of intradepartmental nature, but of great (3) is another category of diplomatic documents through which official (4) goes on in written form. Such documents express the position of a state on a (5) issue of international affairs. Some of them are (6) by virtue of specific circumstances, but many of them, particularly (7) to important international problems, are made public. Until recently diplomatic practice (8) the following five forms of written official (9) : personal notes; verbal notes or notes verbales; aides-memoire; memoranda, and semi-official letters. A per- sonal note takes the form of a letter drawn up in the first person and (10) , it begins with a salutation and ends with a complimentary phrase; a verbal note is drawn up in the third person and either initialed or left (11) ; Nowadays verbal notes have become part and parcel of the (12) ___ and are considered the most (13) used form of diplomatic (14) . They begin and end with standard formulas of courtesy. An aide-memoire is a written statement recording the details of a pos- sibly (15) matter with the aim of facilitating further progress of a transaction and preventing the subject of a personal conversation from being misunderstood or misinterpreted. A memorandum is a detailed exposition of the factual or legal aspects of a particular question. Semi-official, or informal letters are sent to (16) ____, with whom one is acquainted, in cases (17) personal favours (thanks for an invita-